The Environmental Context and Function of Burnt-Mounds: New Studies of Irish Fulachtaí Fiadh Supplementary Data
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1 The Environmental Context and Function of Burnt-Mounds: New Studies of Irish Fulachtaí Fiadh Supplementary Data Site A024/22 A024/23 Feature Sample Volume (ml) Matrix (Relative abundance) Buds Bud scales Charcoal Gravel Insects Monocot stems Rootlets Wood fragments Plant macrofossils (Total counts) (c) Hordeum sp (Barley) charred grain (q) Hippuris vulgaris (Mare s tail) fruit (q) Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium sp(p) (Crowfoot) achene (r) Persicaria maculosa (Redshank) nutlet (r) Sonchus asper (Prickly sow-thistle) achene (t) Alnus sp (Alder) wood fragment (t) Alnus glutinosa (Alder) fruit (t) Alnus glutinosa (Alder) female cone (t) Betula/Alnus/Corylus sp (Birch/alder/hazel) wood fragment (t) Betula/Alnus sp (Birch/alder) wood fragment (t) Betula sp (Birch) charcoal fragment (t) Betula pendula (Silver birch) fruit (t) Betula pubescens (Downy birch) fruit (t) Betula pendula/pubescens (Silver/downy birch) fruit (t) Corylus avellana (Hazel) nut fragment (t) Corylus avellana (Hazel) charcoal fragment (t) Corylus avellana (Hazel) wood fragment (t) Eurynchium striatum (Moss) branch
2 (t) Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) charcoal fragment (t) Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) wood fragment (t) Ilex aquifolium (Holly) fruitstone (t) Pinus sp (Pine) wood fragment (t) Prunus domestica /spinosa (Plum/sloe) wood fragment (t) Prunus padus (Bird cherry) fruitstone fragment (t) Rubus fruticosus agg. (Bramble) fruitstone (t) Rubus idaeus (Raspberry) fruitstone (t) Sorbus sp (Whitebeams) fruitstone fragment (t) Taxus baccata (Yew) fruitstone (t) Taxus baccata (Yew) fruitstone fragment (t) Thuidium tamariscinum (Moss) branch (t) Ulmus sp (Elm) charcoal fragment (w) Ajuga reptans (Bugle) seed (w) Alisma cf. plantago aquatica (Water plantain) fruit (w) Calliergon giganteum (Moss) branch (w) Caltha palustris (Marsh-marigold) seed (w) Carex cf. paniculata (Greater tussock-sedge) biconvex nutlet (w) Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet) achene (w) Hydrocotyle vulgaris (Marsh pennywort) fruit (w) Mentha cf. aquatica (Aquatic mint) seed (w) Menyanthes trifoliata (Bogbean) seed (w) Neckera crispa (Moss) branch (w) Ranunculus flammula (Lesser spearwort) achene (w) Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Water-cress) seed (w) Sparganium erectum (Branched bur-reed) fruitstone (w) Sparganium erectum (Branched bur-reed) fruitstone fragment (w) Valerianaceae sp(p) (Valerian family) achene (x) Carex sp(p) (Sedges) biconvex nutlet (x) Carex sp(p) (Sedges) trigonous nutlet (x) Carex sp(p) (Sedges) utricle (x) Cenococcum geophilum (Soil fungus) sclerotia (x) Cerastium sp (Mouse-ear) seed (x) Cirsium sp (Thistle) achene (x) Hypericum sp (St. John s-wort) seed (x) Juncus articulatus type (Rushes) seed (x) Juncus effusus type (Rushes) seed
3 (x) Juncus sp(p) (Rushes) seed (x) Musci sp(p) (Indeterminate mosses) branch (x) Poaceae sp(p) (Grass family) caryopsis (x) Potentilla sp (Cinquefoils) achene (x) Prunella vulgaris (Selfheal) seed (x) Pteridophyta (Ferns) sporangium (x) Ranunculus subgenus Ranunculus sp(p) (Buttercups) achene (x) Rumex sp (Dock) nutlet (x) Urtica dioica (Nettle) achene (x) Viola sp (Violet) seed (x) Viola sp (Violet) seed fragment (c: cultivated plant; q: aquatic; r: ruderal; t: trees/shrubs and woodland taxa; w: wetland/damp ground; x: wide niche) Relative abundance is based on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest). Table S1 Plant macrofossils from Killescragh (A024/22 and A024/23)
4 Site Caraunmore Coonagh West Feature Column Section Sample Volume (ml) Matrix (Relative abundance) Buds Bud scales Charcoal Gravel Insects Sand Wood fragments Plant macrofossils (Total counts) (h) Rumex acetosella (Sheep s sorrel) nutlet (q) Callitriche sp (Water star-wort) fruit (q) Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium sp (Crowfoot) achene (r) Sonchus asper (Prickly sow-thistle) achene (t) Alnus sp (Alder) charcoal fragment (t) Alnus sp (Alder) wood fragment (t) Alnus glutinosa (Alder) fruit (t) Alnus glutinosa (Alder) female cone (t) Betula pendula/pubescens (Silver/downy birch) bract fragment (t) Betula pendula/pubescens (Silver/downy birch) fruit (t) Corylus avellana (Hazel) nut fragment (t) Corylus avellana (Hazel) charcoal fragment (t) Corylus avellana (Hazel) wood fragment (t) Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) fruitstone (t) Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) wood fragment (t) Ilex aquifolium (Holly) fruitstone (t) Oxalis acetosella (Wood-sorrel) seed (t) Prunus domestica /spinosa (Plum/sloe) charcoal fragment (t) Prunus spinosa (Sloe) fruitstone (t) Prunus sp (Cherry) fruitstone fragment (t) Quercus sp (Oak) bud
5 (t) Quercus sp (Oak) charcoal fragment (t) Quercus sp (Oak) cupule fragment (t) Quercus sp (Oak) wood fragment (t) Rubus fruticosus agg. (Bramble) fruitstone (t) Rubus idaeus (Raspberry) fruitstone (t) Rubus sp (Brambles) fruitstone fragment (t) Salicaceae sp (Willow/poplar) charcoal fragment (t) Ulmus sp (Elm) charcoal fragment (t) Ulmus sp (Elm) wood fragment (w) Ajuga reptans (Bugle) seed (w) Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet) achene (w) Mentha cf. aquatica (Aquatic mint) seed (w) Ranunculus flammula (Lesser spearwort) achene (w) Ranunculus sceleratus (Celery-leaved buttercup) achene (w) Schoenoplectus cf. tabernaemontani (Grey club-rush) nutlet (x) Apiaceae sp (Carrot family) fruit (x) Asteraceae sp (Daisy family) achene (x) Brassicaceae sp (Cabbage family) seed (x) Carex sp (Sedges) biconvex nutlet (x) Carex sp (Sedges) trigonous nutlet (x) Cenococcum geophilum (Soil fungus) sclerotia (x) Juncus articulatus type (Rushes) seed (x) Juncus effusus type (Rushes) seed (x) Juncus sp (Rushes) seed (x) Musci sp (Indeterminate mosses) branch (x) Poaceae sp (Grass family) caryopsis (x) Ranunculus subgenus Ranunculus sp (Buttercups) achene (x) Rosaceae sp (Rose family) thorn (x) Rumex sp (Dock) nutlet (x) Stellaria holostea (Greater stitchwort) seed (x) Stachys sp (Woundwort) nutlet (x) Viola sp (Violet) seed (x) Viola sp (Violet) seed fragment (h: heathland; q: aquatic; r: ruderal; t: trees/shrubs and woodland taxa; w: wetland/damp ground; x: wide niche) Relative abundance is based on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest). Table S2. Plant macrofossils from Caraunmore (A024/17) and Coonagh West (A005/2021)
6 Depth (cm) Vol. processed (litre) Material Assessment Sparse, v. poor condition Sparse, poor condition Environmental Assessment Water dominated fauna (Hydraena riparia, Agabus sp., Limnebius truncatellus) indicates mixed stagnant/flowing regime. One Aphodius dung beetle present, some Carabidae of open ground, some Elateridae (Athous sp., Agriotes sp.) may indicate nearby woodland, supported by a fragment of elytra from the weevil Polydrusus sp.. Fewer water taxa (only Hydraena riparia). Weevils (Polydrusus sp., Strophosoma melanogrammum) indicate woodland proximity with a carabid fauna characteristic of both open (Pterostichus sp.) and shaded ground (Bembidion harpaloides). Table S3. Coleoptera assessment of Cahiracon, Co. Clare (BGE 3/37/7 No. 5). assemblage zones as described in Table 5.1.
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