Case Histories: Biocide Interactions and. Tolerance/Resistance to Biocides in the Paper Making Process
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1 Case Histories: Biocide Interactions and Development of Microbial Tolerance/Resistance to Biocides in the Paper Making Process Philip M. Prichard, Ph.D Philip M. Prichard Consulting LLC PaperCon 2011 Page 2038
2 Table of Contents - ISSUES Health and Safety Biocide Addition Biocide Chemical / Environment Incompatibility Tolerance / resistance to Biocides Maintenance of microbiological i l control MB Control in Paper Coating PaperCon 2011 Page 2039
3 HEALTH and SAFETY Worker Exposure - Carcinogenicity Formaldehyde - Toxicity Spills: Bucket Brigade, Totes Leaks: Pumps, Lines, etc - Corrosiveness Burns (Boots) - Lachrymation/ Irritation - Sensitization Paper Mill employees (isothiazolin, neat chemical) - Chemical Fumes MITC (Paper customer s customer) Formaldehyde Glutaraldehyde PaperCon 2011 Page 2040
4 BIOCIDE ADDITION Addition / Mixing Addition to top of slurry Injection into outlet side of recirculation pump Inadequate mixing Improper p blade type/size Inadequate rpm Improper baffle design Improper tank design Absence of recirculation system Flocculation ph Non-uniform distribution Untreated slurry Inadequate biocide/pigment contact PaperCon 2011 Page 2041
5 BIOCIDE CHEMICAL/ENVIRONMENT INCOMPATIBILITY Biocide Biocide - Thione incompatible with Glutaraldehyde Isothiazolin Benzisothiazolin Biocide Chemical - ph (alkaline isothiazolin, glutaraldehyde) - Temperature - Dye - Protein (primary amines) - Ammonia (other primary amines) - Reductants (bisulfite, hydrosulfite) - Oxidants H2O2 Hypochlorite Chlorine Chlorine dioxide PaperCon 2011 Page 2042
6 DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE/RESISTANCE TO BIOCIDES (initially effective) Definition - Tolerance - Resistance Causes - Biofilm (inadequate housekeeping) - Use of minimal level of biocide(s) - Use of single biocide Prevention - Dual biocide or biocide/oxidant programs - Alternating biocide programs - Housekeeping Examples - Benzisothiazolin olin (Screen blinding e.g, DTBBA) - Glutaraldehyde (Valerolactone) - Isothiazolin - Hydrogen peroxide (Catalase - all aerobic organisms) - Sodium ortho phenyl phenate - Bromonitropropanediol PaperCon 2011 Page 2043
7 MAINTENANCE OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL Frequency (typically inadequate) - Exponential growth (don t wait until TNTC to treat) Sampling (typically improper) - Representative - Contamination Sampling site Sampling container Testing - Microbial Procedures Microbial specs Challenge testing - Chemical KEY Simultaneous microbial and chemical testing are critical for making treatment decisions. PaperCon 2011 Page 2044
8 COATING PROCESSES Coating Preparation - MB quality of individual components Knowledge of what biocide(s) the supplier is using (FDA, compatibility) Clay/Carbonate/TiO2 pigments Latex Starch (butyric acid) Protein Water based dyes CMC (other stabilizers) Intermediate Coating Storage Coating - Recycled to/from coater run tanks - Dead headed to coater run tanks Coater Run Tanks - Recycled coating (contaminated) Housekeeping / Biofilm (typical source of tolerant/resistant microbes) Water Quality Closed water systems Recovery of Spoiled Coating - Odor - Color - Viscosityit PaperCon 2011 Page 2045
9 SUMMARY Paper Mill Supplier relationship - Agreement Biocides (type, level, regulatory) Microbial and biocide levels when vessel is unloaded Biocide(s) in incoming slurry will not control microbes subsequent to vessel Paper Mill - Housekeeping Unloading and storage systems (clean frequently) Preventing biofilm formation (recontamination, tolerance/resistance development) - MB control (stored raw materials) Frequent sampling / testing for microbes and biocides Safe handling Facilitate biocide addition and mixing - Coating Raw material MB control Biocide addition to coating / coating storage time Housekeeping Recycled coating MB control Water quality - Water quality PaperCon 2011 Page 2046
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