Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LVIII, 4 Print ISSN 85-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 85-566, Online ISSN 86-58, ISSN-L 85-5653 BEHAVIOR OF VINE VARIETIES WITH BIOLOGICAL RESISTANCE UNDER THE SOUTH ROMANIAN CONDITIONS Lumini a VI AN, Ricu a DOBRINOIU, Silvana GUIDEA-D N IL University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Biotechnology, 59 Mara ti, District, zip code 464, Bucharest, Romania, tel. 38 66 Abstract Corresponding author email: l_visan@yahoo.com Main behavior of vine varierieties with biological resistance in the south romanian climatic conditions were analyzed during 3 years of study. Thus they was determined: phenology varieties, fertility and productivity for table and wine varieties, behavior of these varieties at the main attack of major diseases and pests attack, physico-mechanical characteristics, the technological attributes of varieties, the physico-chemical characteristics of wines. For content of grapes in volatile compounds was used the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. The wine varieties studied were: 'Moldova' and '' (table wine varieties), '', '' and 'Brumariu' (varieties of wine).in ecopedoclimatic terms from the southern Romania, varieties mature later, in maturation ages IV ('', V ('') and VI ('Moldova', '' and 'Brumariu'). From the point of view of fertility and productivity varieties, variety had the best behavior, also the same variety with the table wine 'Moldova' had the lowest degree of the main attack of vine diseases (powdery mildew, downy mildew, grey mold) and phylloxera attack. Regarding the accumulation of sugars in the grape, sugar content varied between 64 and 9 g/l at the wine varieties and between 54 and 7 g/l of table wine varieties, distinguishing varieties are '' and ''. Regarding the analysis of the main volatile compounds shows that limonene, hexanol, -methyl propanol and 3-methyl butanol is found in highest concentration in all varieties; as regarding terpenes, at the expression of olfactory characteristics of grapes, in the highest proportion is limonene, in lower concentration being found terpens as: cymene, pinene, myrcene. Key words: gas chromatography method, downy mildew, powdery mildew,grey mold, phylloxera attack INTRODUCTION Vine varieties with biological resistance are improved varieties, derived by crossing varieties of vinifera vines with American hybrid direct producers (Grecu V., ). They are also called green varieties because they require a much smaller number of treatments against diseases and pests compared with vinifera varieties. Although their quality doesn t equal the noble varieties, these varieties have their importance in winemaking, both in improving vine and obtaining green products (juice, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, in different type of food industry). Using organic varieties are suitable for industrialization in getting juices is a wellknown practice in countries like Europe, USA etc. These drinks, originating from a healthy raw material, the green environment have been the subject of study of many researchers and nutritionists as an outstanding source of 9 antioxidants, vitamins, minerals etc. (Visan et al., 7). The behavior of these varieties, and here we refer to their biological resistance, productivity and applied technology depends on several factors including crop area, year of harvest, ecopedoclimatic conditions etc. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed study on some of vine varieties with biological resistance was conducted in ecopedoclimatic conditions in southern Romania. The studied grapevine varieties were '' and 'Moldova' (table varieties), '', '' and 'Brumariu' (wine varieties). The study, conducted over a period of three years referred to determining phenology variety, fertility, the agrobiological characterization of varieties (percentage of fertile shoots, the fertility coefficients, productivity indices, reaction to major diseases and pests of the vine) and technological
characterization of variety (total production grapes/ha, physical and mechanical characteristics of the grapes, technological indices). Grape musts were analyzed under sugar and total acidity terms (after the standardized methods in effect) and characterized in terms of concentration in volatile compound by gas chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry. The extraction of compounds was achieved by headspace technique under the vacuum dynamic method (Serot T. et al., ) with Tekmar device and identification of volatile compound and their quantification were achieved using complex devices Varian Star 34 gas chromatograph with FID detector CX/gas system Hewlett Packard 589 Series II chromatograph/mass spectrometer Hewlett Packard 597 Series II. Identification of volatile compounds was realized based on retention index and standard database. In order to extract the aromatic compounds was chosen version of ml sample that is mixed with, mg/ml of the internal standard -methyl--patenal, the extraction temperature below 4 C (35 C) and the extraction time of minutes. To identify the isolated aromatic compounds we use the GC/MS system (Guth, 997). For each sample were made every two repeats. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The '' table variety, genitors SV 3-8 x Queen vineyards, with selection in F (Oprea et al., 994) breaking leaf buds around 3 April (Table ) and has the shortest vegetation of 84 days (Fig.) fits in IV maturation era. 'Moldova' table variety (genitors Guzali kara x Villard blanc) is a variety with a late breaking leaf buds, in early May (Table ) has a vegetation period of 87 days and fits in the VI maturation era. Both varieties have large force, a percentage of 64-67% fertile shoots (Fig.), weighing more than 5 g (Table ) and productivity index with high values, grater in '' variety. The total production from the grape varieties exceed 4-5 t/ha, the highest production from the studied varieties (Figure 3). 3 Physico-chimical analysis of grapes showed a higher sugar content at '' variety (7 g/l) towards 'Moldova' (54 g/l) and a glucoacidimetric index of 3.9 due to an optimum total acidity of 5. g/l sulphuric acid (Figure 4). Behavior at diseases and Phylloxera is different at the two table variety, the '' being characterized by a higher biological resistance. The highest degree of infection was recorded in 'Moldova' variety in case of powdery mildew on grapes (Table 3). '' variety (genitors Villard noir x Pearl Csaba) breaking leaf buds on April 3, has a vegetation period of 89 days and fits in the V maturation era. '' variety, genitors Traminer Pink x descendant Villard blanc x Queen vineyards (Moldovan et al., 994) breaking leaf buds earlier, on April but has the longest vegetation period (9 days) thus sweeping later, in the VI maturation era. 'Brumariu' variety breaking leaf buds on April 7, has vegetation period of 94 days and fits in VI maturation era. The last three vine varieties with technological traits shows the average force ('' and 'Brumariu') and high force (''), a greater percentage of fertile shoots in '' and 'Brumariu' varieties and quite low at '' variety (6%). The Grape weight had record optimum values for category in which the 3 varieties are (46-77 g). Among wine varieties the largest production was recorded for the '' variety (3.9 t/ha), '' records a smaller production under t/ha. Regarding the potential of the alcoholic variety, the highest concentration of sugars was recorded in '' variety with 9 g/l sugars, so with a vol% alcohol potential, followed by '' with 75 g/l sugars. Wine analysis results confirmed evaluating the alcoholic potential, wine variety '' recorded a vol% alcohol (Fig.5). Wine obtained from '' variety presented the best characteristics of the varieties of wine; thus, on an alcoholic background concentration comparable with some vinifera wine varieties, total acidity was 5 g/l sulfuric acid and total extract of.55 g/l. Regarding the biological resistance of wine varieties the best behavior
has 'Admirra' variety, recording r th he lowest leevel of attack both hannd, mildew w and m mold. Varieties ''' and a 'Brumaariu' showss a lower resisstance at mold. m The GC/MS G analyysis of volatilee compoundds revealed d a numberr of compounds that chharacterize the studdied varieties, some of thhese comp pounds can be found in hhigher concentration in compariison with the otther compouund identified (Table 44). Thus, regaarding esterrs were identified: Etthyl acetate, M Methyl hexaanoate, Eth hyl hexanooate, Methyl capprylate (Figure 6). Esters are fformed in grape g fermen ntation proccess in large quuantities byy enzymaticc esterificattion and in the process off maturation n and agingg of n (Chisholm m et wine by cchemical essterification al., 994). It distinguishes these varieties v a vvery small numb mber and a loow concentrration of essters compared with vinifeera varieties (Baek et al., 997). Am mong aldehhyde were identifiedd Methylproppanal, in thhe highest co oncentrationn of all examinned varietiees, -Meth hyl butanal,, 3Methyl bbutanal, Pentanal, P -hexenal, Heptenal, Octaanal, -Octen--al, Benzaldehyyde, Nonannaldehyde ettc. (Figure 77). The higheer alcoholss were reepresented by: Propan--ool, -Methyyl--propano ol, -Methyyl-butanol, -Ethyl--bbutanol, Ethyl proopyl carbinol, 33-Hexanol; This alcohol that leavve a taste of greenery is found d in highhest concentratiion in the studied vaarieties (Figg.8). The terpeenes identified were, in order of concentratiion tracedd at most of studdied varieties: limonene, p-cymene, ȕ-pinene, Įpinene, ȕ--myrcene etc. e We can c observee a higher cooncentrationn of limo onene, in all varieties oof case, thiss terpene being b majorrity, with exception of 'A ' variety, v thaat terpenes ccharacterizeed this variiety: limonnene and p-cym mene (Figuree 9). Figure. Veg getation periodd of the varietties (days) Figure. Fertiliity and producctivity of orgaanic varieties Table. Phhenology of thhe biological resistant varietties flowering veraison maturation fall leaves Moldova Brumãriu breaking leaf buds Variety Aveerage data of ph henophases 3 4.5 3.4 7.4 6.6 8.6 8.6 5.6 4.6. 8 6.8.8.8 5.8.9 6. 5.9 5.. 3. 77. 55. 77. 77. Figure 3. Pro oduction of vaarieties with biological b resistancee (t/ha) 3
Table. The physico-mechanical and technologicall indices of biological resistant varieties Variety Characteristics Moldova Brumariu Mechanical composition / kg grapes (g) Grain weight Weight of must Skin and pulp Rahis Seeds Marc The composition of berriess (g) grain weight Skin weight pulpp weight seed weight Technological indices Index structure off the grape Index berry Index compositionn of berry Yield index 98 7 4 9 9 79 375 56 3 8 5.6 8. 4.8.6 975 9677 96 75 7 69 8 88 88 5 33 38 3 39 45 75 8 37 39 4 6 46 35 36 38 955 4 6 39. 9.33 5.3 8. 39. 4. 5.3 4.33.5.6.66.7 967 635 3 33 65 35 45 84 6 9.3 55..6.7 Table 3. Behavior of vine varieties with biological resistance to majorr diseases and pests of the vine Variety downy mildew behavior of vine diseases powdery mildew on leavess on grapes grey mold phylloxera attack galicola Moldova Brumãriu.8 (attack degree %) 4 4 4 Figure 4. Composition characteristics of grapes Figure 5. Thee Main Physico-Chemical Parameters Analyzed d wines 3
CONCLUSIONS Figure 6. The main esters of a Analyzed musts Figure 7. Aldehydes concentration in musts Figure 8. Concentration of higher alcohols The longest period of vegetation was recordedd by variety ''; Wine varietiess have force average and large and a higher percentage of fertile shoots in wine varieties, especially the variety ''. Table varieties, '' and 'Moldova' showss a weight of grapes beyond 5 g and an production index with high values, productionn of variety exceeds 4-5 t/ha. At wine varieties the most production wass recorded by ''' variety with 3.9 t/ha, '' records thee lowest productionn between studied varieties. The concentration of grape sugars record the highest values at '' variety, resulting wine reachingg a degree of alcoholl above vol% alcohol and a a high value of extract. Although withh increasedd biologicall resistancee to disease and phylloxera, the varieties had different degrees of attack, the best behavedd variety was '';; 'Moldova' varietyy registered higher attackk degree mildew on grapes. GC/MS analysis of volatile compounds revealed a number of compounds thatt characterize the varieties studied; so, identifiedd esters are: Ethyl acetate, Methyl hexanoate, Ethyl hexanoate, Methyl caprylate. Is distinguished from these varieties a very smalll number and a low concentrationn of esterss compared withh vinifera varieties. Among aldehyde were identified: -- Methylpropanal, in the highest concentrationn examined in all varieties, and 3-Methyll butanal, Pentanal, -hexenal, -Heptenal,, Octanal, -Octen--al, Benzaldehyde, Nonanaldehyde etc. Higher alcohols found: Propan--ol, -Methyl-- -propanol, -Methyl-- - butanol, -Ethyl--butanol, Ethyl propyll carbinol, 3-Hexanol; thiss alcohol that leaves a taste of greenery is found in the t highest concentration of studied varieties. Identified terpenes were, in orderr of traced concentration at the majority of studiedd varieties: limonene, p-cymene, -pinene, -observe a pinene, -myrcene, etc.. We can higher concentration of limonene, in alll varieties of case, this terpene being majority, with exceptionn of '' variety, to that terpenes characterized this variety: limonenee and p-cymene. 33
Table 4. Volatile compounds from mustss analyzed Volatile compounds Brumariu μg equivalence I.S -Methylpropanal Propan--ol Ethyl acetate n-butanoic acid 6.4 6.4.7.8.9 4.86 4.3.6.87.35 8.67 4.3 4.54.7 9.36 -Methyl--propanol 3-Methyl butanal -Methylbutanal -Methyl--butanol Pentanal 3-Methyl--butanol -Methyl--butanol -Ethyl--butanol -Hexanol (Z)--hexenal Ethyl propyl carbinol 3-Hexanol 7.933.49..74.8.33 6.7..5.3 5.57.3.77.47.44.87 3.7 9.35.39.45.37.8 7.6 3.57.7.4.4.4 3.5 6.75.34.9.6.45 34.74.64. 4..87 6.47 6.9 3.57.6 3.4.6.47.59 3-Methyl--butanol acetate a Heptan--one Methyl hexanoate -Heptenal (Z) Benzaldehyde -carene -octanone -myrcen Ethyl hexanoate Octanal delta-3-carene β-pinene p-cymene Limonene (E)--Octen--al α-pinene -Nonanone Nonanaldehyde Methyl caprylate Naphthalene.9.7.9....6..6..3 5.93 5.7.6.8..8.6.9.3....8.6..7.8.94..6.46.3..85.8.4..3..4.53.35 7.9.7...4...94.44.3..5..33.93 6.4.9.38.8.6.. Figure 9. Concentration of terpenes 34
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