Famil: Poaceae Taxo: Setaria sphacelata Som: Chaetochloa aurea (Hochst. ex A. Brau) Hitc Paicum sphacelatum Schumach. Setaria almaspicata de Wit Setaria aceps Stapf Setaria aurea Hochst. ex A. Brau Setaria flabellata Stapf Setaria eglecta de Wit Setaria pereis Hack. Setaria spledida Stapf Setaria triervia Stapf Commo Name: Africa bristle grass broadleaf setaria spledida setaria Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 19 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 1 of 9
407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 19 Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 2 of 9
Supportig Data: 101 1979. Clato, W.D.. Notes o Setaria (Gramieae). Kew Bulleti. 33(3): 501-509. 101 2001. Sotomaor-Ríos, A./Pitma, W.D.. Tropical forage plats: developmet ad use. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 202 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 203 1993. Booma, J.G.. East Africa's grasses ad fodders: their ecolog ad husbadr. Kluwer Netherlads 203 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 204 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 205 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 301 2002. Starr, F./Martz, K./Loope, L.L.. New plat records from the Hawaiia archipelago. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 69: 16-27. 301 2003. Laegaard, S./Garcia, P.P.. Ivasive grasses i the Galapagos Islads. Loia. 6: 171-175. "Morphological relatioships are here re examied usig a sample of tropical Africa specimes assigable to the four commoest traditioal species...whe plotted (Fig. 2) it is evidet that S. sphacelata S. aceps ad S. spledida represet segmets of a cotiuous gradiet of plat size...it is evidet that, both i the ctogeetic ad morphological sese, these etities form a cotiuum, ad that there is o case for recogizig more tha oe species." Several cultivars & varieties, but o idicatio that a are highl domesticated to the poit i which there abilit to aturalize or ivade would be miimized "Tropical ad South Africa, Yeme, Arabia." [Species highl suited to tropical ad subtropical climates] " widespread i East Africa, mail i the humid Zoe II (3.4.2), idepedet of altitude (from sea level to 3000 m), ad the wetter parts of Zoe III. Setaria occurs i Kikuu- ad Stargrass zoe but also i the humid lowlads i cetral Zaire (Blouard & Behaeghe, 1961) Its atural occurrece at altitudes above 2500 m, occasioall to about 3000 m, makes it ot surprisig that Setaria tolerates light frosts well." [broad elevatioal rage withi the tropics] "Best suited to o-equatorial coditios. Foud i its ative eviromet from sea level to 3,300 m, most commol betwee 600 ad 2,700 m asl. Grows best at about 18 22 C. Moderate earl seaso growth i the subtropics ad uplad tropics, with 'Narok' ad 'Solader' producig up to four times the cool seaso ield of the other cultivars. Frost tolerace varies with proveace/cultivar, with 'Narok' ad 'Solader' the most frost tolerat, sustaiig little leaf damage at grass temperatures dow to -3 C (similar to Paspalum dilatatum ). 'Kazugula' is more cold tolerat tha 'Nadi' i which plats are killed at -4 C." "Tropical ad South Africa, Yeme, Arabia." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates] "Commol plated i Africa, Asia, ad Australia, becomig aturalised beod the plated areas." [refers to Setaria sphacelata var. aceps] "Setaria sphacelata Stapf & Hubb. Ex M.B. Moss New aturalized record Native to Africa, S. sphacelata is cultivated i experimet statios ad escaped alog irrigatio ditches i Califoria (Hitchcock, 1971: 720). I Hawai i, it has recetl bee foud i mesic pastures i Kokomo, Maui. R. Hobd recalls collectig this species ear the Pi iholo experimetal statio i the 1980s, about oe mile from the Kokomo site. This collectio documets the aturalized status o Maui ad represets a ew state record. Tufted pereial, glabrous or earl so, ofte with stout rhizomes; culms 0.5 1.5 m tall, flatteed; blades flat, rather lax, 4 10 mm wide; paicle dese, clidric, 8 15 cm log, usuall orage to purple, bristles mostl 5 or more, 3 6 mm log; spikelets 2.5 3 mm log; fruit fiel rugose (Hitchcock, 1971: 720). Material examied. MAUI: E. Maui, Kokomo, pastures o Kaupakulua Rd, 1500 ft [457 m], 4 Aug 1999, Starr & Martz 990804-1." "Setaria sphacelata is also of Africa origi. Ol i a couple of places i Galápagos it has bee observed as cultivated for grazig. I the mailad of Ecuador it ca become ivasive but mail at higher altitudes ad i rather moist climate." Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 3 of 9
301 2004. Herbst, D.R./Staples, G.W./Imada, C.T.. New Hawaiia plat records for 2002-2003. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 78: 3-12. 301 2011. Calflora. The Calflora Database - Setaria sphacelata. http://www.calflora.org/cgibi/species_quer.cgi?where-calrecum=7538 302 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 303 1993. Booma, J.G.. East Africa's grasses ad fodders: their ecolog ad husbadr. Kluwer Netherlads 303 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, "First reported from the islad of Maui as a aturalized species i Hawai i (Starr et al., 2002: 23), Setaria sphacelata has ow bee documeted from three additioal islads: Kaua i, O ahu, ad Hawai i. Material examied. KAUA I: Haalei Natioal Wildlife Refuge, ucommo weed grass o bak of dried pod, 12 Jul 2002, C. Imada & T. Perkis 2002 11. O AHU: O roadcut above the H- 3 Freewa betwee the Käe ohe ad Kailua exits, above the Ho omaluhia Botaical Garde, growig alog 1 to 2 miles of the highwa, 21º23'N, 157º48'W, 250 ft, 22 Ma 2002, K. Kawelo & J. Rohrer s.. (BISH 687842). HAWAI I: Hooka a Sugar Compa, 18 Ma 1979, R. Kami s.. (BISH 427545, 516906)." "Setaria sphacelata, a moocot, is a pereial herb that is ot ative to Califoria; it was itroduced from elsewhere ad aturalized i the wild. " "Abilit to spread: Spreads effectivel b seed, readil coloisig disturbed areas such as roadsides. Weed potetial: Listed as a weed i some regios but rarel ivades udisturbed areas." [threates ative plat commuities i Australia. See 3.04] "A drawback of Setaria whe fields are ploughed is that seedligs voluteer i subsequet crops. Seedligs ca achieve a complete cover ad domiate other grasses. This characteristic is shared with Brachiaria ad Paicum, but ot with Rhodesgrass (Table 6.6)." "Weed potetial: Listed as a weed i some regios but rarel ivades udisturbed areas."" 303 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Possibl a agricultural weed, but apparetl of mior sigificace, as Setaria sphacelata is usuall cosidered a desirable species used for fodder 304 1998. Rhoades, C.C./Eckertl, G.E./Colema, D.C.. Effect of Pasture Trees o Soil Nitroge ad Orgaic Matter: Implicatios for Tropical Motae Forest Restoratio. Restoratio Ecolog. 6(3): 262-270. 304 2002. Batiaoff, G.N./Butler, D.W.. Assessmet of Ivasive aturalized plats i south-east Queeslad. Appedix. Plat Protectio Quarterl. 17: 27-34. 304 2003. NSW NPWS. Ivasio of ative plat commuities b exotic pereial grasses as a ke threateig process a overview. NSW Natioal Parks ad Wildlife Service, Hurstville, Australia 304 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Setaria sphacelata [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/setaria_sphacel ata/ 305 1992. Stoe, C.P./Cuddih, L.W./Tuiso, J.T.. Resposes of Hawaiia Ecosstems to Removal of Feral Pigs ad Goats. Pp. 666-704 i Stoe et al. (eds.). Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i: Maagemet ad Research. U of Hawaii Coop. Nat. "I lower-motae ecosstems of Ecuador, Setaria sphacelata (foxtail grass), the predomiat itroduced pasture species, forms a tussock grasslad that reduces soil itroge ad resists recoloizatio of forest vegetatio." [S. sphacelata raked #85 out of 200 ivasive aturalised plats i Southeast Queeslad] "Exotic pereial grasses are those that are ot ative to NSW ad have a lifespa of more tha oe growig seaso. More tha a hudred species of exotic pereial grasses occur i New South Wales. A relativel small umber of these pereial grasses threate ative plat commuities, ad it is these species which are of cocer. Exotic pereial grasses of special cocer iclude Hparrheia hirta (Coolatai grass), Cortaderia spp. (pampas grasses), Sporobolus fertilis (giat Parramatta grass), Nassella eesiaa (Chilea eedlegrass), Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock) ad ivasive forms of Eragrostis curvula (Africa lovegrass). Some other pereial grasses that ma ivade ative plat commuities (i alphabetical order) iclude Agrostis capillaris (browtop bet), Adropogo virgiicus (whisk grass), Cechrus ciliaris (buffel grass), Chloris gaaa (Rhodes grass), Ehrharta erecta (paic veldtgrass), Meliis miutiflora (molasses grass), Paicum repes (torpedo grass), Paspalum urvillei (Vase grass), Peisetum cladestium (kikuu), Phalaris aquatica (phalaris), Setaria sphacelata (South Africa pigeo grass), Sporobolus atalesis (giat rat s tail grass) ad Urochloa mutica (Para grass). Refer to Table 1 for further iformatio." [threate ative plat commuities i Australia] Listed as a evirometal weed [Also see 3.02] "Yellow Himalaa raspberr (Rubus ellipticus), Hilo grass (Paspalum cojugatum), meadow ricegrass, strawberr guava, kahili giger, firetree, baaa poka (Passiflora mollissima), ad palm grass (Setaria palmifolia) are the rai forest ivaders of most cocer i the Park, oce feral pigs are goe." [Setaria palmifolia ivaded ative ecosstems] Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 4 of 9
305 2001. Dekker, J./Lathrop, J./Atchiso, B./Tode, D.. The weed Setaria spp. pheotpe: how eviromet & seeds iteract from embrogeesis through germiatio. Pp 65-74 I: Proceedigs 2001 Brighto Crop Protectio Coferece Weeds. CABI, Brighto, UK 401 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 402 1993. Booma, J.G.. East Africa's grasses ad fodders: their ecolog ad husbadr. Kluwer Netherlads 402 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 403 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 404 1993. Booma, J.G.. East Africa's grasses ad fodders: their ecolog ad husbadr. Kluwer Netherlads 404 1999. Wiersema, J.H./Leó, B.. World Ecoomic Plats: A Stadard Referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 404 2001. Sotomaor-Ríos, A./Pitma, W.D.. Tropical forage plats: developmet ad use. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 404 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 404 2005. Suttie, J. M./Reolds, S.G./Batello, C. (eds.). Grasslads of the world. Plat productio ad protectio series No. 34. Food & Agriculture Org., Rome, Ital "Setaria spp. are ver successful ivasive, agricultural weeds. Their success is fouded o geetic ad pheotpic biodiversit, which results i complex, damic soil seed bak behaviour (dormac, after ripeig, germiatio ad seedlig emergece). Observed seed behaviour is a cosequece of iteractios betwee heterogeeous seed ad chagig evirometal iputs. Give the restraits imposed b seed morpholog ad the stimulator effects of oxge ad carbo mooxide o seed germiatio, it is hpothesized that foxtail seed behaviour is regulated b the amout of oxge dissolved i water take ito the seed over time. This hpothesis implies that the sigal stimulatig foxtail behaviour is the quatit of oxge withi the water cotet of the seed smplast (caropsis) per time uit: mass O2-1 volume H2O-1 time-1 seed-1. If this hpothesis is true, the the ature of the sigal stimulatig foxtail seed behaviour ca be deduced b computatios with hourl soil temperature ad dail moisture weather data ad used as a predictive tool. We discuss the kowledge with which this hpothesis is derived ad preset sample calculatios of the acute ad chroic H2O-O2 sigals we are curretl attemptig to correlate with observed foxtail seedlig emergece patters i the field. Sustaiable weed maagemet sstems could be improved whe real-time iformatio is available to the producer about weed pests. Predictig foxtail seedlig emergece ma be possible b combiig iformatio about the heterogeeit of dormac states amog seed i the soil ad computatios of oxge mass per seed from realtime soil meteorological data." "Pereial tussock to 2 m tall, with short rhizomes. Leaves bluish gre-gree, leaf blades soft, glabrous, to 50 cm log ad up to about 1 cm wide. Lower parts of culms ad the basal leaf-sheaths flatteed. Iflorescece a tightl cotracted paicle producig a false spike, 7-25 cm log ad about 8 mm wide (excludig the dese, radiatig golde-ellow bristles); stigmata purple or white." [o spies, thors, or burrs] No evidece of allelopath "Compatibilit (with other species) "A ver competitive species, suppressig most weeds oce established. I the first seaso, it ca be suppressed b short-lived weeds, but assumes domiace i the secod or third ear. Setaria combies well with legumes if soil fertilit, particularl potassium, is maitaied. 'Kazugula' is more competitive tha other cultivars." [competitive grass, but o evidece of allelopath] Not parasitic " preferred b dair farmers, especiall i the wetter areas towards the higher altitudes." [forage for cattle] "Aimal food (forage)" "High oxalate cocetratios ma reduce aimal itake." "Extremel palatable whe oug but becomes stemm ad uacceptable with maturit." "Importat grass species that cotribute sigificatl to cattle productio iclude Paicum maximum, P. deustum, Digitaria eriatha ad Setaria sphacelata." Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 5 of 9
405 1972. Joes, R.J./Ford, C.W.. Some factors affectig the oxalate cotet of the tropical grass Setaria sphacelata. Australia Joural of Experimetal Agriculture ad Aimal Husbadr. 12(57): 400-406. 406 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 407 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 408 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 409 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 410 2001. Sotomaor-Ríos, A./Pitma, W.D.. Tropical forage plats: developmet ad use. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 410 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 411 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 412 1997. Sarmieto, F.O.. Ladscape Regeeratio b Seeds ad Successioal Pathwas to Restore Fragile Tropadea Slopelads. Moutai Research ad Developmet. 17(3): 239-252. "Cattle deaths through oxalate poisoig followig grazig of Setaria sphacelata have bee reported (Joes, Seawright ad Little 1970) ad differeces i oxalate cotet betwee itroductios of this grass oted. The earlier work suggested that higher oxalate cotets were associated with higher itroge levels i the plat material (Joes, Seawright ad Little 1970)...The suggestio made i the earlier work that itroge cocetratio i setaria was related to the oxalate cocetratio (Joes, Seawright ad Little 1970) was cofirmed i the preset studies although o clear-cut relatioship has emerged...from the practical poit of view this work has established that itroge ad potassium fertilizer ca lead to icreased oxalate i the plat tissue ad that the cotet is highest at ight. Where cattle deaths occurred (Joes, Seawright ad Little 1970) the setaria o offer had bee dressed with heav amouts of both itroge ad potassium before grazig, the sward was etirel leaf ad the pasture was grazed durig the ight ad da. From the results reported, the combiatio of these factors could have resulted i a ver high oxalate itake." [ca be toxic i certai circumstaces & uder some fertilizer regimes] "Pests ad diseases: Leaf spot caused b Pricularia grisea affects 'Nadi' ad 'Narok' uder hot, humid coditios but usuall ot 'Kazugula'. Fugal diseases caused b Tilletia echiosperma (but) i Kea ad Sphacelotheca sp. ad Fusarium ivale var. majus i Zaire ca seriousl reduce seed crops. The buffel grass seed caterpillar (Mampava rhodoeura) ca also damage seed crops. Attacked b isects such as arm worm (Pseudaletia covecta i Australia ad Spodoptera exempta i Africa) that attack other tropical grasses." No evidece of toxicit to humas [but probabl allergeic to susceptible idividuals] "Rarel grow i areas where fire is a issue." "Moderate shade tolerace, producig to 60-70% of full light ield at 50% light." "It is ot well adapted to acid soils below about ph 5.0 or to alkalie soils." "Most commol foud o soils with texture ragig from sad to cla loam ad light cla, but will grow o heav cla. Survives low fertilit coditios but respods to improved fertilit. Not well adapted to alkalie or ver acid soils, most wild collectios comig from soils of ph 5.5-6.5. Geerall low salt tolerace...adapted to a wide rage of soils. " "Pereial tussock to 2 m tall, with short rhizomes. " [ot climbig or smotherig] "Studies were udertake o the lack of regeeratio of motae forests i orthwester Ecuador (Figure 1), where the presece of a itroduced tussock grass (Setaria sphacelata) is ow the domiat feature of the ladscape. Here, arrested successio has preveted recoloizatio b forest trees ito cleared slopelads ad has exacerbated soil erosio ad overall degradatio of the area. Other grasses (Table 1) are also used for pasturelads i the area; however, the popularit of 'pasto miel' amog the local farmers is regrettable...whe Setaria sphacelata grass was removed from the quadrat b had, the regeeratio icluded a great proportio of forbs from Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, ad Poaceae." Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 6 of 9
412 1998. Rhoades, C.C./Eckertl, G.E./Colema, D.C.. Effect of Pasture Trees o Soil Nitroge ad Orgaic Matter: Implicatios for Tropical Motae Forest Restoratio. Restoratio Ecolog. 6(3): 262-270. 412 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 501 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 502 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 503 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 504 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 601 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. Volume I. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 602 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 603 1979. Clato, W.D.. Notes o Setaria (Gramieae). Kew Bulleti. 33(3): 501-509. 603 1993. Booma, J.G.. East Africa's grasses ad fodders: their ecolog ad husbadr. Kluwer Netherlads 604 1950. Gildehus, P. J.. Fertilit studies i Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf ad Hubbard. Sciece Bulleti No. 314. Departmet of Agriculture ad Forestr,,Uio of South Africa 605 1994. Zomlefer, W.B.. Guide to Flowerig Plat Families. The Uiversit of North Carolia Press, Chapel Hill & Lodo "Setaria pastures form a dese root mat that ma deter establishmet of other plat species." "A ver competitive species, suppressig most weeds oce established. I the first seaso, it ca be suppressed b short-lived weeds, but assumes domiace i the secod or third ear." Terrestrial Poaceae [A large proportio of the grass famil (Poaceae/Gramieae) are weeds i some cotext. As with cogeeric weed species, there is a high probabilit that a species from this famil will be a weed.] Poaceae [ot a itroge fixig wood plat] Poaceae [Not a geophte] No evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat "Establishes easil from seed." "Setaria sphacelata is a aggregate of tropical Africa taxa whose cosiderable morphological amplitude has led to the descriptio of ma segregate species (Stapf & Hubbard 1930). Despite evidece of hbridizatio at least some of these appear to maitai their idetit i the field (Bogda 1961), although the morphological boudaries betwee them are ver idistict (Clato 1966)." "Setaria sphacelata is a polmorphous species ad differet ames were used at times at the (sub)species level. However, iter-specific hbridizatio with other Setaria species was eas (Bogda, 1961d). Withi Setaria sphacelata a whole rage of ploid levels ca be foud; diploid (adi) ad tetraploid (Kazugula; Narok), but Hacker (1966) reported accessios also of 2 = 45, 54, 72, ad 90 with chromosome pairig i most of the combiatios that had eve chromosome umbers. Betwee ploid levels cross-fertilizatio commol occurs." "Two ew methods of estimatig the fertilit of several morphologicall distict ecotpes of S. sphacelata are described, with data from statistical aalses. The results of fertilit tests show that high ope ad self fertilit is accompaied b a stoloiferous growth habit, ad low self fertilit is geerall foud i vigourous sigle-tufted ecotpes. It is cocluded that this species is ormall cross polliated; the small amout of segregatio i the proge of the highl self fertile tpe idicates the occurrece of a certai degree of atural self polliatio. Differet methods of breedig ad their applicatio to improvig seed settig i this species are discussed." [self-compatible uder certai coditios] Wid-polliated [Poaceae] Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 7 of 9
606 1993. Booma, J.G.. East Africa's grasses ad fodders: their ecolog ad husbadr. Kluwer Netherlads 607 2010. Mushtaque, M./Ishaque,, M./Ahmad, M./Bukhsh, H.A.. Growth ad herbage ield of Setaria sphacelata grass i respose to varig clippig stages. The Joural of Aimal & Plat Scieces. 20(4): 261-265. 701 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 702 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, "Vegetative propagatio is eas Mortalit of root splits is much less tha i Rhodes-grass. However, sice the grass is tufted ma splits eed to be plated to achieve a closed sward. I Zaire, vegetative propagatio is possible whe seed storage facilities are poor (Behaeghe, 1960) Ufavourable growth coditios favour the developmet of leaf shoots i the ripeig paicles. This is called vivipar or vegetative proliferatio (Lager & Rle, 1958) ad occurs usuall over the whole legth of the paicle. Whe such paicles are removed ad plated, root formatio occurs ad ma ew plats grow up." "Four clippig stages i.e. clippig at 1 moth (CS1), 2-moth (CS2), 3-moth (CS3) ad 4 moth (CS4) were studied where CS1, CS2, CS3 ad CS4 represeted vegetative, flowerig, seedig ad seed fall growth stages, respectivel." [able to set seed i <1 ear] "Spreads effectivel b seed, readil coloisig disturbed areas such as roadsides." "Commol plated i Africa, Asia, ad Australia, becomig aturalised beod the plated areas." 703 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. No evidece, but possible if grow with other desirable pasure grasses 704 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 705 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece of water dispersal "Spreads effectivel b seed, readil coloisig disturbed areas such as roadsides." [presumabl wid-dispersed for short distaces, as well as gravit] 706 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece of bird-dispersal, ad ot flesh fruited. 707 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece of exteral dispersal b aimals [o meas of exteral attachmet] 708 1991. Joes, R.M./Noguchi, M./Buch, G.A.. Levels of germiable seed i topsoil ad cattle faeces i legume-grass ad itroge-fertilized pastures i south-east Queeslad. Australia Joural of Agricultural Research. 42(6): 953-968. 801 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 802 1987. McIvor, J.G.. Chages i germiable seed levels i soil beeath pastures ear Towsville, North Queeslad. Australia Joural of Experimetal Agriculture. 27(2): 283-289. 803 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, "Seedligs of the sow species were ver rare; the highest levels recorded were 0.02 Siratro seedligs g-l of faeces from the stable legume pasture ad 0-02 setaria seedligs g-i i the lightl-grazed itroge fertilized pasture, both i the autum samplig. The calculated aual output of germiable seed i faeces withi each pasture (Table 6) is based o the average of four sampligs from October 1979 to Jul 1980. The impact of stockig rate o the umber of seeds dispersed i faeces per uit area of pasture is also show i Table 6. The overgrazed itroge fertilized pasture had fewer seeds per gram of faeces tha the overgrazed legume pasture, but had more faecal seed per uit area of pasture." "Flowerig occurs over a log period. Presetatio ields ragig from 40-560 kg seed/ha are quoted i the literature, although good commercial ields are usuall of the order of 100 kg/ha. Crops fertilised with 100-150 kg/ha N are usuall direct headed whe 10-15 percet of the seed has shattered." [high seed output i cultivated settig. Possibl high seed output i atural settigs. See 4.12] "The pereial ative grasses also had low germiable seed umbers. I a stud i south-easter Queeslad (R. M. Joes, pers. comm.), the sow grass Setaria sphacelata also had low soil seed levels." [apparetl does ot produce a persistet seed bak] "Herbicide effects: Established setaria is tolerat of 2,4-D, dicamba ad MCPA. It ca be cotrolled with glphosate." Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 8 of 9
804 1993. Booma, J.G.. East Africa's grasses ad fodders: their ecolog ad husbadr. Kluwer Netherlads 804 2005. Cook, B.G./Pegell, B.C./Brow, 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow "Nadi Setaria is relativel susceptible to damage b fire. For istace, whe grow i seed fields i wide rows, regrowth is greatl impaired whe the grass catches fire i or at the ed of the dr seaso." "Fairl tolerat of cuttig ad grazig...mostl ot burt, but will survive the occasioal fire. Higher basal area ad tiller umber uder late burig compared with earl or o burig." Prit Date: 2/1/2011 Setaria sphacelata (Poaceae) Page 9 of 9