Sacramento Valley Olive Day

Sacramento Valley Olive Day Olive Oil Production 4-16-07 Paul Vossen University of California pmvossen@ucdavis.edu

How important is Olive Oil?

6 million acres in Spain

WORLD OLIVE ACREAGE Spain ~ 6 million 25% Tunisia ~ 3.8 million 16% Italy ~ 3.5 million 15% Greece 2.5 million 11% Portugal 1.3 million 6% Turkey 1.2 million 5% Morocco 1.1 million 5% Syria 1.0 million 5% Argentina ~ 245,000 1% Australia ~ 100,000 0.4% Chile ~ 10,000 0.04% USA ~ 28,000 table 0.12% ~ 10,000 oil 0.04% World ~ 24 million (1 million acres planted in the last 10 years in Europe, North Africa, and new world) SHD in 1994 = 15 acres - 2006 = 90,000

Evolution of World Olive Oil Production and Consumption + USA Consumption (1,000 metric tons) PRODUCTION WORLD 1990/91 1,450 1995/96 1,740 1996/97 2,600 2003/04 3,170 2004/05 3,000 2005/06 2,580 + 90% CONSUMPTION WORLD USA 1990/91 1,670 88.8 1995/96 1,890 101.0 1996/97 2,240 130.5 2003/04 2,890 216.5 2004/05 2,890 217.0 2005/06 2,770 219.0 + 65% +146% Mercacei # 50 Feb-April 2007

World Olive Oil Production Olive oil represents ~3% of all fats and oils consumed

Olive Oil Consumption 2006 World PER CAPITA (liters) By Country 1. Greece 23.9 13. France 1.6 2. Italy 14.4 14. Libya 1.6 3. Spain 13.9 15. Australia 1.6 4. Cyprus 10.3 16. Algeria 1.4 5. Portugal 6.0 17. Lebanon 1.3 6. Syria 5.1 18. Belgium 1.2 7. Tunisia 5.0 19. Croatia 1.1 8. Palestine 3.5 20. UK 1.1 9. Jordan 3.1 21. Netherlands 0.8 10.Israel 2.6 22. Canada 0.8 11.Morocco 1.8 23. Turkey 0.7 12.Luxemborg 1.7 24. USA 0.7 Italy 30% Spain 20% Greece 9% USA 8% France 4% Syria 3% Other 26%

Olive Oil Sales in US Markets 1994 to 1995 + 12% 1995 to 1996 + 27% 1996 to 1997 + 31% 1997 to 1998 + 18% 1999 to 2000 + 10% 2000 to 2001 + 1% 1991 to 2003 + 100%

Olive Oil Profitability Potential in California Positives Big USA Market Competitive cost with mechanical harvest Excellent CA Quality Low Import Quality Early Productivity EU Subsidy decline Negatives Cheap imports Marketing Quality to US Consumers Unknowns of SHD System

TO MEET CURRENT USA DEMAND for OLIVE OIL We would have to grow 300,000 + acres of oil olives @ 5 tons per acre yield @ 40 gallons of oil per ton = 757 liters per acre How much might demand increase?

Central Valley Lower land cost Abundant cheap water Lower cost labor Hotter drier Higher yield Coastal California High cost land Limited expensive water High cost labor & housing Cooler more moist Lower yields High quality perception

CAL OIL OLIVE Growers and ACREAGE 2004 North Coast 268 growers 1,535 acres Central Coast 59 growers 376 acres S. Coast & S. Cal. 17 growers 70 acres Sacramento Valley 94 growers 3,216 acres* San Joaquin Valley 39 growers 707 acres* Sierra Foothills 51 growers 264 acres TOTAL 528 growers 6,168 acres (2005 and 2006) + 4,000 acres ~ 10,200 acres

Varieties and Acres Last 8 Years Top Ten Varieties Planted In California (1999-2006) Equivalent Acreage 5,000 ~ 4,600 4,500 4,000 NUMBER OF ACRES 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 ~ 1,700 ~ 1,100 ~ 800 ~ 640 ~ 550 ~ 280 ~ 240 ~ 50 ~ 40 0 Arbequina Arbosana Koroneiki Frantoio Leccino Mission Pendolino Manzanillo Taggiasca Coratina VARIETY

CA/US Olive Oil Production in Gallons 1996 1997 123,000 1997 1998 200,000 + 62% 1998 1999 236,000 + 18% 1999 2000 247,550 + 5% 2000 2001 138,446 44% 2001 2002 246,491 + 78% 2002 2003 265,300 + 8% 2003 2004 306,065 + 15% 2004 2005 383,050 + 25% 2005 2006 ~ 400,000 + 4%

Super-High High-Density

Key components of SHD system Harvesters available at reasonable cost Site well drained and not too fertile (N S) Varieties precocious less alternate etc. Tree spacing 4ft x 12ft to 5ft x 13ft Push young trees fill space in 3-5 years Train trees central leader, little pruning Prune trees remove 3+ year old wood Fertility low after 3 rd year Controlled deficit irrigation after 4 th year Control disease no peacock spot

Planting small trees with lightweight stake

SHD Tree Spacing 2 months

September to September

Arbequina Arbosana Koroneiki

Over-the the-row harvest

Beater bars inside the olive harvester

Straddle Harvester Efficiency Ave. 95% Removed Arbequina ~ 99% FS-17 ~ 96% Arbosana ~ 95% Koroneiki ~ 93% Joan Tous 2006

Broken branches (4th 5th years) Arbequina i 18 Arbosana FS-17 Koroneiki c bc ab a 0 10 20 30 40 50 Broken branches / 100 olive trees Joan Tous 2006

Bruising and oxidation = rapid milling

Average Yield 3 rd to 6 th years Tons/acre (Spain) Catalonia Arbequina = 3.9 Arbosana = 3.3 Joanenca = 3.0 Koroneiki = 2.8 FS-17 = 1.7 Córdoba Arbequina = 6.9 Arbosana = 5.9 Koroneiki = 4.9 FS-17 = 1.9 Joan Tous 2006

Yield Precocity (3 rd year) Italy 0.6 to 1.6 tons per acre Arbequina Arbosana FS-17 (4th year) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 1,000 0.5 2,000 1.0 3,000 1.5 4,000 2.0 Bari (Godini et al., 2006)

Yield Precocity (3 rd year) Arbequina i 18 Arbosana Koroneiki FS-17 Northern Spain 1 to 3.4 tons per acre 0 2,000 1 4,000 2 6,000 3 8,000 4 Catalonia (Tous et al., 2006)

Yield Precocity (3 rd year) Southern Spain 1.8 to 9.4 tons per acre Arbequina i 18 Arbosana Koroneiki FS-17 0 5,000 2 10,000 4 6 15,0008 20,000 10 25,000 Córdoba (León et al., 2006)

Super-high-density Orchard 12.5 25000 Yield (Tons/acre) (Spain) 10.0 20000 15000 7.5 10000 5.0 2.5 5000 0 0 Maximum observed Mean observed 1 2 3 4 5 6 Orchard age (years) Minimum observed Joan Tous 2006

Super-high high-density mature orchard PROBLEMS Low light inside the canopy (< 10-20% full sunlight) Decrease flower bud initiation Decrease fruit set Decrease fruit size and oil content Poor ventilation inside the canopy Foliar diseases Lower fruit oil content Can drop 2-4% Oil Quality Don t know yet for sure

Light interception effect on fruit size and maturity Top canopy Mid canopy Lower canopy Joan Tous 2006

SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards PROBLEMS Don t t plant on vigorous sites Plant the right varieties Space the trees properly Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader) Deficit irrigate at orchard maturity Keep trees small and open with good light exposure

After Pruning Before Pruning

Topping Periodically according to vigor Removes a narrow top

Hand Pruning Maintain central leader Remove branches that have fruited 2 years Renew fruiting wood back to the leader 2-44 cuts per tree + skirt

Thinning out to increase light

VEGETATIVE GROWTH DUE TO IRRIGATION Branch Length (cm) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 All Repetitions Red 15% Orange 25% Yellow 40% Brown 57% Green 71% White 87% Blue 107% 0 2 Mayo 2 29 May Mayo 29 June 26-Jun July 22-julio Sept. 1-Sep1 15-Oct Oct. fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff White Blue Green + white Red Orange Green Yellow ffffff

15% ET 41% ET 87% ET 107% ET

FRUIT June 25, SIZE 2002 15% ET 40% ET 71% ET 107% ET

OIL EXTRACTION PER TREE 1.0 0.8 First and second harvest y = -1E-07x 2 + 0.0005x + 0.125 R 2 = 0.8705 Optimum 40-70% 0.6 0.4 0.2 y = -9E-08x 2 + 0.0004x + 0.2957 R 2 = 0.7051 0.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Irrigation water applied (L/tree)

POLYPHENOLS CONTENT OF OLIVE OILS RECEIVING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF IRRIGATION. 600 Polyphenols content (mg/l caffeic) 500 400 300 200 100 0 15 25 40 57 71 87 107 ETc (%)

MEANS OF FRUITINESS, BITTERNESS, AND PUNGENCY Treatment Fruitiness Bitterness Pungency 15% ETc 3.6 a 6.0 a 4.9 a 25% ETc 3.2 a 4.2 b 3.9 b 40% ETc 2.7 b 1.7 c 1.9 c 57% ETc 2.6 b 0.93 d 1.1 d 71% ETc 2.1 c 0.30 d 0.30 e 87% ETc 1.8 c 0.22 d 0.22 e 107% ETc 1.7 c 0.20 d 0.20 e

BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL FOR PRODUCTION 50-70% Higher crop yield Makes up for less oil per fruit Good shoot growth Good return bloom

BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL FOR FLAVOR 35-55% 55% High level of pleasant fruitiness Both ripe fruit and green character More complexity and depth Artichoke, apple, grass, and nuts Balanced bitterness Balanced pungency More water = bland oils Greatest influence on very dry treatment

SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards PROBLEMS Don t t plant on vigorous sites Plant the right varieties Space the trees properly Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader) Deficit irrigate at orchard maturity Consider high density instead 18ft. to 24ft. between rows 9ft to 12 ft. between trees Trunk shaker harvest Joan Tous 2006

Southern Spain Andalusia modern

Comparison of Harvest Types (Spain) Shaker umbrella 2-3 acres/day $120 to $180/ton Straddle 7-10 acres/day $48 to $84/ton Joan Tous 2006

Pruning Costs (Spain) High-density (Shaker) 8-10 hours/acre Super-high high-density 15-20 hours/acre 121 trees/acre 809 trees/acre Joan Tous 2006

Establishment costs (Spain) High-density (Shaker) Super-high high-density $2,134/acre $ 5,075/acre Break even 7 th yr. Break even 11 th yr 121 trees/acre 809 trees/acre Joan Tous 2006

Spain - mature orchard oil yield/acre High-density 156 to 412 gal./acre Super-high high-density 172 to 257 gal./acre 121 trees/acre 24ft. X 15ft. 809 trees/acre 11.5ft. X 5ft. Pastor, Hidlgo,, Vega, Fereres 2007

Oil Styles by Variety Mild Arbequina Ascolana Empeltre Kalamon Leccino Pendolino Maurino Picudo Sevillano Taggiasca Medium Aglandau Barnea Bosana Bouteillan Farga Hojiblanca Manzanillo Strong Arbosana Chemlali Coratina Cornicabra Frantoio Koroneiki Mission Moraiolo Picual Picholine

Australia and Argentina Can harvest trees 15 ft. tall and 12 ft. wide

Comparison of HD and SHD High-Density Little experience in CA 30 years of good orchards Shaker harvest works $850/a Harvest cost + $600 Colossus may be possible Establishment cost OK Management is easier Pruning cost is lower $100/ac Early yield is slow Mature tree yield is better 7 t/a 400 gallons per acre $10,000/a at $25/gallon + $3,750/a gross advantage - $500/acre higher mgmt. cost + $3,250/acre overall advantage Fruit @ $10/gallon = $4,000 gross + $1,000 advantage Will this work in California? Super-High High-Density Little experience in world 10 years of good orchards Straddle harvest is better $250/a Harvest cost - $600 Grape harvesters available Establishment cost is High Management is difficult Pruning cost is higher $200/ac Early yield is very good Mature yield is OK 5 t/a 250 gallons per acre $6,250/a at $25/gallon - $3,750/a gross disadvantage + $500/acre lower mgmt. cost - $3,250/acre disadvantage Fruit @ $10/gallon = $2500 gross - $1,000 disadvantage What happens with great mgmt?

Consider Oil Before Removing a Table Olive Orchard Oil quality can be Excellent from Manzanillo, Mission, Ascolano, Sevillano, and Baruni Price per ton for oil ($300 to $600) Lower water need (~ 45% of ETo) Lower harvest cost (trunk shaker onto nets or catch frame ~ $120/ton) Lower pruning costs (periodic mechanical topping)

On-farm mill ~ $100,000 (0.5 to 1 ton/hour)

Central Valley Olive Oil

Paul Vossen University of California Cooperative Extension 133 Aviation Blvd. Santa Rosa, CA 95403 (707) 565-2621 pmvossen@ucdavis.edu http://cesonoma.ucdavis.edu

Catalonia-Tarragona 4 years old Catalonia-Lleida 4 years old Tunisia 3 years old Andalusia 4 years old

Varieties for super-high high- density orchards Breeding programs in Spain Very few comparison trials Cultivars with low vigor: Arbequina, Arbosana, Koroneiki, FS-17, Ascal, Joanenca, Cantera, Chiquitita. Chiquitita very low vigor, 30% oil content, mild flavor, cold hardy, very precocious

10 year old hedgerow Severe Pruning and Shearing Remove every other row Rejuvenation pruning

SUPER-HIGH HIGH-DENSITY SYSTEM YIELD Year 2 0.5 tons/acre Year 3 1.9 tons/acre Year 4 2.5 tons/acre Year 5 & up 3.5 to 6 tons/acre (One orchard produced 12.5 tons per acre