This paper should not be cited without prior reference to the Council~ V.M. Nikolaev ICES Statistician

This paper should not be cited without prior reference to the Council~ nternational Council for the, Exploration of the Sea, C.M.1976/D:O Statistics Committee Ref: Shellfish & Benthos Cttee HARVEST OF ANMALS N THE CES AREA by V.M. Nikolaev CES Statistician At the 1975 Statutory Meeting the Council" adopted aresolution that the CES Statistician should compile the available information on the quan tity and.value.. of ~lember countries ' harvest of seaweeds (including Lithothamnion), and of those marine animals (except'mammals) not currently include~in Bulletin Statistique,but on which catch data are reported on the STATLANT forms, andthat this information should be presented to the 1976 Statutory Meeting so that adecision may be made on whether these reported data should be published in Bulletin Statistique. nformation on such catches reported on the STATLANT forms, by area and country,' is submitted in Tables 2-7 for the period 1970-1975. Since in many cases data appeared to be scarce for the purposesof this review they were substantiated from other sources, both national and international, and the results aresummarized in Table 1. Due to the establishment ofthe CES FSHDAT System it was imperative to implement a species code for statistical purposes. Such a code, known as the CES/l code and described in Document C.M.1975/D:7, has been used in the processing of the 1973 and 1974 data for the ADPtablesof Bulletin Statistique,Volumes 58 and 59, and is currently being used for the 1975 data including the Advance Release of Bulletin Statistique, Volume 60 (Document C.M.1976/G~n:4). The CES/STATLANT tt1pecies were is~ued individual 4-digit ees/l code numbers with the indication of the relevant Bulletin Statistique species item numbers under which the data are published. Bulletin Statistique contains Table 'K' with particulars on catches of those species which,. although reported as individual i tems on the S~ATLANT forms submitted. by member countries, are grouped.togetherin ~he 'var.ious' categories in Table 5. Within.the CES FSHDAT System it will be possible to extract information on each.and any. particular species includedinto a 'various' category in Table. 5, provided. that.the,species..in question was.allotted an.individual CES/l code number.;~, Of,the species the. present paper.isconcerned with and which appear on the STATLANT forms,only.seaweeds;(particularly Phaeophyceae.and Rhodophyceae),.corals (Corallium spp.), grooved sea-squirt (Microcosmussulcatus), carpet shell (Tapes pullastra), striped. venus (Venus gallina)... and.lampreys (Petromyzon spp ~) do not. have individual code numbers (though one was proposed for lamp~eys pending the Council' S official approval of the CES/l' code). ~CES, Charlottenlund.. Slot, 2920'Charlottenlund, DENMARK

- 2 -,. t appears from Table 1 that besides seaweed only carpet shell/striped venus categoryis of substantial economic importance, but it isreported only by one country and on an irregular basis. Therefore it 8eems expedient to briefly describe in this compilation the situation with seaweeds only. A detailed description of northern seaweeds was given by Dud~ington (1966) and. of their'resourees bymichaneek(1975). These papers were used as a b~sis for the review. CES member countries are mainly engaged in harvesting the brown seaweeds,. or Phaeophyta". and the red seaweeds, or ~ho~~p~yta. Of the brown seaweeds the orders' of the Laminariales, or kelps, and of the Fucales, or wracks, are ofgreatest importanee, partieularly the oarweed (Laminaria spp.), the furbelows (Saccorhiza polyschides),the Fueus spp. ; and some.other fucoids, e.g. the ehannelled wrack (Pelvetia canaliculata), the knotted wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum) and the sea thong(himanthalia elongata). Of the red seaweeds the orders of the Gelidiales, the Cryptonemiales, the Gigartinales and the Rhodymeniales of the.sub-classflorideae are the most important ones, while of the sub-class Bangioideae the Porphyra spp. are best known as edible algae. Species of major. utilization include. Gelidium.spp., ' Mesophyllum.lichenoids,. Lythophyllum encrustans, Lithothaminion spp., the carragheen or,'rish moss' (Chondrus crispus), Gigartina spp. and the dulse (Rhodymenia palmata). Seaweeds are:brnadly used, though for human' consumption mainly as extracts. Exceptions are Porphira spp., particularly the purple laver (E. umbilicalis)~ still used in the U.K. and reland to make laver 'bread' ofboiled plants, the rish moss, and the dulse, which is being chewedlike tobacco after having beert washed and dried. Seaweeds may be useful on account of the iodine and the trace elements that they contain. The brown seaweeds; particularlythe Laminaria spp., the Fucus spp. and Ascophyllum nodosum, are~used to producealginic acid and alginates. The red seaweeds, particularly Gelidium spp., Gigartina stellata, and Chondrus crispus, are used in the production of agar-agar and carrageenin. Seaweeds, especially the brown seaweeds, are used directly as fodder for sheep and cattle and as seaweed meal in rations for feeding to cattle, pigs and poultry. n 1974 the Council noted with concern the recent increase in interest with i ~ regard to dredging for Lithothamniön for use in the fertilizer industry in F~ance, the U.K. and reland.' Seaweeds are an excellent manure for land due to their high nitrogen and potash content; the Corallinaceae, such as Lithothamnion spp., possess a high content of lime in their thalli and are thus good for use on acid soils. Denmark. Sinee the 1940's furcellaran, which is a kind of agar-agar, was produced in Denmarkfrom,the red seaweed Furcellaria fastigiata, which was collected by trawling off Tangen in the central part ofthe Kattegat, mainly at the depth of 3-4 metres. The peak of,the yield in the order of 20-30,000. 'tons took place.in the early 1960's, resulting in overharvesting, and since 1967 the Tangen area was.substituted by. smaller ones and gathering of cast Fureellaria from the shore was also.started. Since the bulk of the collected algae was 3 to 5 years old, it is possible to expect the rebuildment of the harvestable stock by now. France. There are indications that French statistics probably include only dry seaweed, since France reportedly was producing annually 1,200 tons of alginate and also using seaweed for fodder and manure. f this were the ease the 1975 French production would correspond to about 100,000 tons wet weight. There is a

- 3 - certain confusion,also, regarding to what particular species or group 'Goemon iod~' refers. tappears 'posoible that 'Goemon i~d~' ~ay correopond to.. Ascophyllum nodosum- and not,to Laminaria' as was thought' before, 'since recent French'statistics'report 'Laminaria separately. Generally, major commercial harvesting'and utilizat~on of seaweed in France is concentrated in Normandy and Brittany. Lithothamnion calcereum is used as manure. eeland', The dul"se, the knotted wrack and Alaria esculenta of the order of the' Laminariales, arereported,to be used for'sheep fodder either fresh or as seaweed meal (from Ascophyllu'm nodosu~), and for manure~ " reland. 'n'recent years -the harvest o~ Laminaria hyperborea, used as raw material foralginates, varied from 1,000 ~o 1,700 tons of-air-dried strips. '-Other brown.algae, e.g. Fucus and the knotted wrack, are collected for production of seaweed meal. No data are available on the occurrence of Lithothamnion spp. Netherlands. t is reported that in the 1950's-the bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus), was used as fodder for pigs Norway.. The..brown. algae.. of. Laminaria"spp. and. the,knotted wrack are used for.alginate. production.which now,has probably surpassed.the.1,000.tons annual,. level. Laminaria hyperborea.was.cut commercially for this.purpose since.1964 and the values givenin;table,1 for.the Norwegian crop of 15,000 tons in 1970 and 14,000' tons'in 1971 probably,refer to this,harvest. The remaining.. part of the total harvest of, the above-mentioned species is mainlyusedfor seaweed meal production~- Until the 1970's a small' amount of the red algae-gigartfna stellata was collected, and from 1973 onwards the Norwegian statistics began again to indicate the presence of that species in the yield. Portugal. Portugalhas'elaborate regulations ofharvesting seaweed. At the beginning of the 1970's there were 6'agar-producing'factories in Portugal with a total capacity:o~1,620 tons, using-mainly Gelidium spp. The predi6ted output in commercial products was 1,300' tons of agar-agar'and 400 tons of carrageenin of the red algae are cotected both in the tidal area and bydivers. n 1970 theindustries utilized 23,500 tons of wetseaweed (from the rish moss and Gigartina.spp.).These specie~ Spain. There areseven factories in Spain, mainly around Madrid and Burgos, producing agar-agar from Gelidium spp., both gathered on the beaches and in the tidal area and,collected.by divers. There were plans to produce annually up to. 580 tons of carrageenin from the rish moss and Gigartina stellata. A modest amount of the brlown-algae-of -thefucus spp. is \used for producing fodder. United Kingdom. The.t:.lost important area of the brown sea~eed production in the U.K. is Scot1and.,.with Laminaria. hyperborea heing.,the predominant..species. Amongst littoral resources.the knotted.wrack,is.reported to be dominant in the northernmost..areas, and the channeled. wrackis used-as.cat.tle.fodder,.. bearing. the name 'cow.tang'in Scotland.,. Ofthe. red. seaweed. some.porphyra. spp. are collected, and,in;wales some ~ulse. Lithothamnion lenormandi is very. common in rocky crevices in the littoral zone and on rocks which are wel covered with Fucus. As was summari'zed by Michaneckin..:the,FAO Fisheries Circular.128, -1971, the North-EastAtlantic is the 'aren with regions of very high.productivity, particularly..al-ong"the, open.atlanticcoast fram northern Norway to reland. The area' provides 'some of the major harvests' of red and brown algae (in the southern and northern areas respectively). The' potential' of brown algae off.. ;

- 4 - Scot1and isestimated at 1 million tons. Bearing in mind the further production from the great 1ength: of the Norwegian coast1ine and other areas, the Scottish potential may be not more than one-third of the total. Red a1gae offer fewer prospects for expansion, but it shou1d be possib1e to double present harvests.' REFERENCES DUDDlNGTON, C.L., 1966. Seaweeds and other a1gae. Faber and Faber Limited, 24 Russe11 Square, London. GRlFFlTH, D. de G. (ed.), 1976. Bulletin Statistique des peches maritimes, Vo1. 58 pour l'annee 1973. GRlFFlTH, D. de G., 1975. Current list of species items in the lces Statistica1tt System (as at 31 Ju1y 1975). C.M.1975/D:7. MlCHANECK,G., 1975. Seaweed resources of the ocean. FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (138): 127p. Anon. Estadistica de Pesca 1971. Madrid 1972. Anon. FAO Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics on Catches and Landings and Fishery Commodities.(1971-76). Anon., 1968. Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. OECD, Paris, 16e. Anon., 1976. Northeast At1antic (area 27-lCES). and plants for statistica1.purposes. C1assification of aquatic anima1s FAO Fish.Circ.441 (Revision 2). Anon. Proces-Verba1 de 1a Reunion (1974, 1975). Char1otten1und Slot, DK-2920 Char1otten1und, Danemark (1975, 1976 ). Anon., 1976. Report of the Working Group on the eventual establishment ofan lces ADP System for fishery statistics (Char1otten1und, 23-26 February 1976). C.M.1976/D:9. Anon. Reviews of fisheries in OECD member countries (1970-1975). OECD, Paris (1971-1976). Anon. Statistique des peches maritimes (annee 1971-1973). Paris, lmprimerie Nationale. Anon. Statistique Mensue11e des peches maritimes (1973-1975). Anon. STATLANT forms comp1eted by national statistica1 offices of the lces member countries for 1970-1975. Anon. The Spanish Fishing Fleet. Oficina de informacion dip1omatica, 94.

- 5 - Table 1. Harvest of seaweeds and some marine animals in the CES area in 1970-75 (quantity - in metric tons, value - in'~ooo)us t).,# Species/Country Seaweeds (total) 1970 1971 1972 Q. V Q. V Q. V France 18 100 1 ) '810 15 980 913.9 13 661 807.8 Germany, Fed.Rep. 2 ;-636 6 2 2.6 ) - ) 649.3 8 Norway 79 500 74 200 ) 1 ) 568.2 7 74 200 1 ) ' ~ Portugal 23 500... 23,500... 23 500 Scotland 3i~~) 22 5253) :'240 3 ) 29\133 340 27 126 Spain 12 000 1 429 11 184 1 200.2 6 461 193.2 10 ) 1) Brown Seaweeds France 7 400 1 ) 3446) 6 819 499.7 7 ) 6 768 465.6 8 ) Norway 79 500 2 ) 630 74 200 568.2 74 200 6499)3 Scotland 22 525 240 29 733 340 27 126 310 '10) Sp!3-in..... 205 13.6 109 4.2 " 2) Red Seaweeds France 3 200 1 ) 253 3 612 ' 298.4,2 562 249.5) Spain ' 9 825.. 10 979 1 186.6 6 358 789 10, 3) Miscellaneous Aguatic Plants, France 7 500 1 ) 213 5 489 115.8 4 331 92.7 Germany, Fed.Rep. 2 3 2 2.6 - - 11 Lampreys Portugal 5 5.4 21 30.4 38 69.7 111 Striped/venus/ Carpet Shell ~ Spain,- 5 334 11 ) 12 296 10 ) -e..... t f V Sea-sguirts and Urchins France,<200 <74 65 32.4 41 23.7 1) Estimated. 2) Various seaweeds. 5) Mainly sea urchi'ns. 6) Value of 8) Estimated value of 15 000 tons fit 10) Estimated value at the 1971 pric~. 3) Total national catch. 4)' Red seaweeds incl. 15 000 tonsonly. 7) Value of 14 000 tons only. the 1971 price. 9) Estimated value at the 1971 price'. 11) ncludes groovedcarpet shell. \ ' " -\... /...

- - - -- ~ -- - - - -- --- - ----, - Table 1 (Continued). Species/Country - 6 -. 1973 1974 1975 Q. V Q. V Q. V... Seaweeds (total) France 17 140 1 216.2 14 971 1 137 3 21 287 3 ) 1 418.8 3 ) Germany, Fed.Rep. - 739 8 - ) 779.2 8 - Norway 74 200 ) 871 8 ) 1 ) 74 200 1 ) 74 200 1 ) Portugal 25 000 9 ) 25 000 297.8 9 25 000 Scotland 24 0911) 275.,3 ) 292.5 9) 10 ) 26 688 26 214 Spain ' 9 400 1 263.5 12 082 7 315 6 160 4 545.4 1) Brown Seaweeds --, - France 11 9174) 7 84 939 3 ) 929 y3) ä } 9 480 675 15 Norway 74 200 74 200 4 ) 779.2 8 ) 74 200 4 ) 871 A 139 9) Scotland 24 091 1 ) 275.310) 26 688 297.8 9 ) 26 214 292.5 9 ) Spain 200 8.5 251... 980 2) Red Seaweeds France 3 7 82 1 ) 406 10 ) 3 979 445.8 2 813 3 ) 458.4 3 ) Spain 9 200 1 255 11 831... 5 180... 3) Miscellaneous Aquatic P1ants France 1 441 ':26 1 512 16.5 2 534 3 ) 30.7 3 ) Germany, Fed.Rep. - - - - - - 11 Lampreys Portugal 50 108.7 45 12~.7...... 111 Striped Venus/ Carpet Shell, V Spain...... 1 272 3192,10 Sea-squirts and Urchins France 50 33.6 325 ) 21.6-5 128 13 614 10 ) -- 141 12 )3) 142 3 ) -e-, 1) Estimated. 2) Various seaweeds. Total na~i6nal catch. Red seaweeds ind., 5) Mainly sea urchins. 6) Value of 15t 000 tons only. Value of 14 000 tons only 8) Estimated va1ue of 15 000 tons a"t the 1971 price. Estimated value a't the 1971 price. 10) Estimated va1ue "at the 1971 price. 12) On1y grooved sea-squirt. 11), nc1udes grooved carpet she11.

- 7 - Table 2.. Harvest of seaweeds and some marine animals in the CES area in 1970 (Data from STATLANT forms, in metric tons) Country S ~ision a Vb..Va Va Vlld,e V X pec~es France Carragheen..... Goemon iode..... Miscellaneous seaweeds.. Gröoved seasquirt.. Area Unspecified.. Germany, Corals Fed.Rep. Aquatic plants 2 Norway Brown seaweeds......... 79 500 1 ) --.tt:.r t uga1 Lampreys 52 Scotland Brown seaweeds 5 280 17 245 Spain Striped Venus/ Carpet shell '....... Seaweeds..., 0 Table 3. Harvest of seaweeds and.somemarine animals in the CES area in 1971 (Data from STATLANT forms, in metric tons). Country s~ion pec~es a Vb Ya Va VLld,e V X X " France Carragheen 3 028 644 Goemon iode 5 746 1 073 Miscel1aneous seaweeds 5 489 - ' Grooved.sea- 653) squirt Area Unspecified Germany, Corals 0 Fed.Rep. Aquatic p1ants 2 ~--".-~ Norway Brown seaweeds 41 000 33 200 Portugal Lampreys 21... Scot1and Brown seaweeds 5 280 24 453 Spain Striped -venus/, Carpet shell Seaweeds...... '.... 1) Various seaweeds. 2) nland, freshwater areas. 3) ncludes sea urchins.

- 8 -, Table 4. Harvest of seaweeds and some marine animals in the CES area in 1972 (nata from STATLANT forms, in metric tons). Country,~iSion a Va Va Vlld,e V X X Species ' France Carragheen 1 996 596 Goemon iode, 5 913 855 Miscellaneous seaweeds 4 331' Grooved seasquirt 25 16 Norway Erown seaweeds 41 000 33 200 Portugal Lampreys 38... Scotland Erown seaweeds 1 376 25 750 Spain Striped venus/ Carpet shell 1 346 3 988 Red seaweeds" 6 358 Erown seaweeds 109 Goose barnacle 137 Table 5. Harvest of seaweeds and somemarine animals in.the CESarea in 1973 (nata from STATLANT forms, 'in metric tons). Country ~Sion a Va Va Vlld,e V X X Species France Carragheen 3 000 782 Goemon iode 678 100 Fucus 5 796 800 Laminaria 4 143 400 Miscellaneous seaweeds 1 300 141 Grooved seasquirt 50 1 ) Norway Erown seaweeds2~ 44 000 30 200 Portugal Lampreys 50... Scot1and Erown seaweeds 515 23 576 Spain Striped venus/ Carpet shel1...... Seaweeds...... 1) ncludes sea urchins. 2) Red seaweeds included.

- 9 - Table 6. Harvest of seaweeds and some marine animals in the CES area in 1974 (Data from STATLANT forms, in metric tons). - ~ViSion Country a Va Va Vd Ve V X X Species France Carragheen 330 2 800 849 Goemon iode - 1 251 100 Fucus.. - 1 478 800, Laminaria - 5 087 400 Brown seaweeds - 364 - Miscellaneous seaweeds - 1 400 112 Grooved sea- " squirt/urchins 32 1 ) Norway Brown seaweeds 2 ) 44 200 30,000,t[0rtugal Lampreys.45 Scotland Brown seawee,ds 873 25 815 - Spain Striped venus/ Carpet shell 1 000 272 Red seaweeds 11 831 Brown seaweeds 251 -- Table 7. Harvest of seaweeds and some marine animals in the CES area in 1975 (bata from STATLANT forms, in metric tons). Country ~ision a Va Va Vd,e V X Species France Seaweeds...... Grooved seasquirt/urchins... Norway Brown seaweeds 2 ) 54 000 20 200 Portugal Lampreys...... Scotland Brown seaweeds 1 517 24 697 Spain Striped 'venus 79 34 Carpet. shell' 5 094 Red seaweeds 5 180 Brown seaweeds 980,1) Mainly sea urchins. 2) Red seaweeds included.