Draft Final Report Deliverable 8 For Tree Island Hydrology and Ecology Project Prepared for South Florida Water Management District 1480-9 Skees Road West Palm Beach, FL 33411 December 29, 2006 Prepared by Dr. Mary Ann Furedi Dr. John C. Volin Florida Atlantic University 2912 College Avenue Davie, FL 33314
Abstract The following is the draft final report for the Tree Island Hydrology and Ecology Project in Water Conservation Area (WCA) 3A and 3B. The overall objective of this project was to obtain annual hydrological data for up to 600 tree islands in WCA-3A and 3B. Over a 17 month period, hydrological data was collected for 200 islands, 175 in 3A and 25 in 3B. Hydrological data collected on the tree islands was linked to water surface height at known benchmarks to determine the absolute height of tree islands. This project was necessary to carry out one part of the Restoration, Coordination and Verification (RECOVER) program, which was established to implement the monitoring and adaptive assessment program for the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). In particular, the Monitoring and Assessment Plan (MAP) has been established as a tool for RECOVER to assess the success of CERP implementation through a series of performance measures representative of the natural and human systems found in South Florida. The statement of work described below is intended to support the Greater Everglades Wetland module of MAP and is directly linked to the Ridge and Slough Landscape Sustainability monitoring and research component. Introduction Tree islands are a unique and important component of the Everglades landscape (Loveless, 1959; Dineen, 1974; Zaffke, 1983). Tree islands support high plant species diversity, provide nesting habitat for a variety of fauna associated to forested wetlands, and serve as wetseason refuges for upland animals such as white-tailed deer (Loveless and Ligas, 1959). Although tree islands only compose 5-10% of the total area in the Everglades (Schneider, 1966), this small portion of the Everglades landscape supports more species of flora and fauna than any other habitat (Gawlik and Rocque, 1998). Tree islands are complex and diverse forest ecosystems that comprise a variety of plant communities associated with different hydroperiods, climatic regions, soils and salinities (Armentano et al., 2003). The elevation of tree islands are usually 0.3-0.9 m higher than the surrounding wetlands (Loveless, 1959); however, some islands rise as much as 1.5 m or more above the marsh, particularly tree islands located in Everglades National Park (Heisler et al., 2001). Changes in surface elevation, which are extremely gradual, are associated with gradients in vegetation, especially along the long axis of the many teardrop shaped islands of Central Everglades (Sklar and van der Valk 2002). Thus, relatively small changes in water depths and durations can produce distinct shifts in island hydroperiods, which in turn determine vegetation communities, health and sustainability of tree islands (McPherson, 1973). Although the size of tree islands can range from less than one acre to as large as several hundred acres, the proportion of an island that is relatively elevated (i.e., more than 0.5 m above the surrounding marsh) is typically less than 0.1 ha (Heisler et al., 2001). Thus, changes in water depth may profoundly affect the spatial extent of the shorter hydroperiod, drier portions of tree islands that provide scarce habitat for less flood-tolerant plants and animals. Tree islands in the central Everglades have been dramatically altered by hydrologic changes during the past century. Drought, wildfire and prolonged flooding of islands have been reported to be the principal sources of damage to island vegetation and soils (Loveless, 1959; Dineen, 1972; McPherson, 1973; Schortemeyer, 1980; Guerra, 1996). Accordingly, because of 2
the high water conditions that have occurred in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A), more than 85% of islands were reported to have disappeared between 1950 and 1970 (Dineen, 1974; Wu et al., 2003). Similarly, in Water Conservation Areas 3A and 3B (WCA-3A and WCA-3B), the spatial extent of tree islands decreased by more than 60% between 1940 and 1995 (Sklar and van der Valk 2002). Restoration of degraded tree islands and protection of intact islands are among the goals for restoration of the Everglades ridge and slough ecosystem. Current restoration plans predict dramatic changes in depth patterns over portions of the ridge and slough landscape having large numbers of tree islands. Thus, topographic differences across a broad spectrum of tree islands are needed to predict the effects of proposed hydrologic changes on island species composition, hydroperiod, health, and spatial extent. Predicting effects of changes in water depths and hydroperiods on tree islands or managing water to restore tree islands can not be accomplished until the spatial distribution of the different types and sizes of islands are better known. Methods Tree Island Identification The locations of tree islands in relation to the benchmarks established by the FDEP and SFWMD were determined using geo-rectified aerial photographs (Table 1; Figure 1). Tree islands were classified based on polygon area determined using Arcview software. In consultation with the SFWMD project manager, we classified tree islands into three different size classes, representing small (0.8-4.0 ha), medium (>4.0-8.0 ha), and large (>8.0 ha) size classes. All size classes were represented in the islands selected for hydrological measurements. To identify tree islands, the islands were named first by the WCA where they were located, then by the benchmark that they were associated with and finally, by the number corresponding to the order in which they were visited for measurements. For example: tree island 3A-3-1 is located in WCA 3A, is associated with benchmark 3, and was the first island where hydrological measurements were made for those islands corresponding to benchmark 3. Hydrological Data The collection of hydrological data necessary for determination of tree island elevation required a three-step procedure. First, the benchmark associated with the tree island of interest was located and the distance from the benchmark to the water surface was measured to the nearest mm. Next, a water depth measurement (measured to the nearest mm) was taken at a temporary benchmark established at the edge of the tree island adjacent to the island head. The edge of a tree island was defined as the transition area between Salix caroliniana and Cephalanthus occidentalis dominated community and Cladium jamaicense dominated community. The geo-referenced location of each sampled island was also recorded at the time of measurement. Once the benchmark measurements (permanent and temporary) were recorded, a total of nine measurements of surface or ground water were taken at the head of the tree island (Figure 2). 3
The first measurement occurred at what was considered to be the center of the head of the tree island based on a combination of canopy height and surface or ground water depth. Under wet season conditions when lower lying portions of an island may be flooded, the head of an island was determined using highest canopy height and presence of dry land. In the absence of dry land, canopy height along with surface water depths were used to determine the location of the tree island head. Under dry season conditions when receding water levels expose more dry land, canopy height was the primary guide for determining the head of a tree island. Once the general area of highest canopy height was identified, random ground water measurements were made to determine the area of highest elevation and center of the island head. From the center point, random angles and distances (determined a priori) were used to determine the location of the remaining eight surface or ground water measurements (Figure 2). If the head of the island was inundated, surface water was measured using a weighted measuring rod to the nearest mm. If no standing water was visible, a small diameter soil core was removed from the tree island floor. The defect caused by the soil core was left for at least 24h after the initial coring to allow for equilibration with the surrounding marsh. After at least 24h, the soil core defects were revisited and the ground water surface to the soil surface was measured to the nearest mm. The locations of all points were geo-referenced using a Garmin GPS unit (E-trec Legend model) and all measurements were made in the early morning before water levels were affected by evapotranspiration from the vegetation. Calculation of Tree Island Height Several calculations were used to determine absolute tree island height. First, the height of the water surface at the benchmark (H W ) was calculated using the following equation: H W = H B + B W where H B (NAVD 88, m) is the known height of the benchmark and B W (m) is the depth of water above or below the benchmark. Based on the assumption that the water surface is flat within a three mile radius of the benchmark, we then used the following equation to calculate absolute tree island height (H TI ): H TI = H W - TI W where TI W (m) is either the surface water depth (positive water depth) or ground water depth (negative water depth) on the tree island. One-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) was used to determine if differences in height existed between compartments. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between tree island height and tree island area within compartments. Verification of Methods To test the repeatability of our calculations of absolute tree island height, we selected 10 islands, seven from WCA-3A and three from WCA-3B. In addition to the original set of hydrological measurements used to determine absolute tree island height, hydrological 4
measurements were collected on two other separate occasions, using the same angles and distances as were used for the first measurements. Using the three sets of hydrological measurements, absolute heights for each island were calculated and compared (Table 2). The repeated absolute height measurements for each island did not differ significantly. Overall, absolute island height only differed by a few centimeters for each island (Table 2) thus providing a level of confidence about the repeatability of the methods employed in this study. Vegetation Assessment A qualitative assessment of tree/shrub species and herbaceous species within a 1m radius of each of the nine hydrology points was recorded for each tree island. A species list was compiled for each of the nine points on each island. If invasive or endangered plants or animals were encountered while collecting hydrological data, their location was geo-referenced using a Garmin GPS unit. Results and Discussion Absolute Island Height Over a 17 month period, hydrological data was collected for 200 tree islands, 175 in central and southern WCA-3A and 25 in WCA-3B (Table 3; Figure 2). Overall, tree islands ranged in height from 1.51m to 3.38m (Table 4). Mean tree island height differed significantly between WCAs (ANOVA, p<0.0001). On average, tree islands were lower in WCA-3B than in WCA-3A (2.05m vs. 2.74m). However, this difference in height was not an effect of island size (area). Overall, there was no relationship between tree island height and tree island area (R 2 = 0.003). The same pattern was seen when WCAs were examined separately (3A R 2 = 0.092, 3B R 2 = 0.016). Although tree islands in WCA-3A were higher, the mean island area was significantly less than WCA-3B (p = 0.035) (12.73m vs. 34.23m). For the purpose of this report, we focused solely on examining the absolute height of tree islands. However, we are currently preparing a paper (for submission to Restoration Ecology) that will examine the relationships between tree island height, the height of surrounding sloughs, and annual hydroperiod in the context of possible changes that can occur under CERP. The draft version of the paper will be completed by the end of January 2007 and forwarded to Carlos Coranado-Molina and Fred Sklar for review. Vegetation Assessment Throughout both WCAs, the most common dominant canopy/shrub species on tree island heads were: Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Persia borbonia, and Salix caroliniana (Table 5). Moving south through the WCAs, additional tropical hammock species were present such as Chrysobalanus icaco and Magnolia virginiana. For those islands located on the western border of WCA-3A, Taxodium distichum was the dominant canopy species encompassing the islands. A common flood intolerant species found on the head of tree islands was Ficus aurea. The presence of F. aurea usually indicated a high point in the island s topography. Another flood 5
intolerant species that was found on a few of the higher islands was Bursera simaruba. A common shrub species found in the fringe of most tree islands was Cephalanthus occidentalis. Fern species such as Acrostichum spp., Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, and Thelypteris spp. dominated the herbaceous layer of most tree islands (Table 5). Other dominant herbaceous species included: Boehmeria cylindrical, Pontederia cordata, and Saururus cernuus. Commonly occurring vine species included: Ampelopsis arborea, Ipomea spp., Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Vitis spp. In addition to documenting dominant canopy, shrub, and herbaceous species on the tree islands included in this study, we also recorded all invasive and non-native species that were encountered while collecting hydrological data. Included in this list are: Carica papaya, Lygodium microphyllum, Melaluca quinquenervia, Musa x paradisiacal, Paratachardina lobata, Psidium guajava, and Schinus terebinthifolius (Table 6). Of all the invasive and non-native species found on the tree islands, P. lobata, was by far the most common (52% of the islands included in this study were infested with P. lobata). Challenges and Recommendations A large challenge encountered during the course of this project was hydrological differences due to seasonality. This project began in the wet season when water levels were above normal and most tree islands were flooded, creating ideal conditions for gathering hydrological data. However, dry season conditions created new challenges for measuring hydrological differences on tree islands. First, our method for determining the area of highest elevation on a tree island became more difficult. Under wet season conditions when lower lying portions of an island may be flooded, the head of an island was determined using highest canopy height and presence of dry land. In the absence of dry land, canopy height along with surface water depths was used to determine the location of the tree island head. Under dry season conditions when receding water levels expose more dry land, canopy height was the primary guide for determining the head of a tree island. However, Hurricane Wilma caused windfall to large trees on some of the islands, making visual determination of canopy height difficult. To overcome the lack of visual references, we often had to spend several hours locating what we considered to be the highest point. Once the general high area was identified and before we could create soil cores for our nine random points, we had to first remove soil cores to determine the area of highest elevation and center of the island head. Often times this process was timely. Soils may have been compacted due to occupation of the island or we may have encountered bedrock before encountering groundwater. If bedrock was encountered, the location of the island was noted and may have been revisited under more optimal conditions. Third, the seasonal dry down of the Everglades system limited our access to workable areas. During the months of June and July most of our work was focused on islands associated with benchmark 28 since this area was still accessible by a slick-bottomed airboat. If this project is continued in the future, those involved should consider seasonal changes to the Everglades system when planning their work schedule. Several challenges involved the placement of the permanent benchmarks. During the course of the project, we visited 27 of the 31 benchmarks. With the exception of benchmark 9, 6
all benchmarks were in the locations provided to us. However, benchmark 9 was located over a mile west of the original GPS coordinates (Table 1 contains the corrected coordinates for benchmark 9). Some of the benchmarks were difficult to access based on their locations adjacent to highly vegetated ridges. Most of the difficulties occurred in WCA-3B where the sloughs are degraded and the overabundance of Typha latifolia makes ridge jumping challenging. If the benchmarks and associated islands in WCA-3B are revisited in the future, it would probably best to plan this work during the rainy season when all areas are accessible. Another challenge associated with the benchmark was the construction of some benchmarks. On at least six of the benchmarks, the bar designating the actual known elevation was crocked. Depending on where you measured from the bar, the water depth measurement could differ by several centimeters. If possible, it may be important to recalibrate benchmarks over time in case additional settling occurs. Another suggestion associated with the benchmarks would be that if future tree island work is done using these benchmarks, it is probably necessary to establish additional benchmarks in WCA-3A. Many of the islands on the western edge are beyond the three mile radius of the nearest benchmark thus eliminating them based on the current methods employed in this study. Additional benchmarks are needed to develop an all inclusive picture of tree island height in central and southern WCA-3A. The number of benchmarks in WCA-3B were adequate. 7
Literature Cited Armentano, T. V., D. T. Jones, M. S. Ross, and B. W. Gamble. 2003. Vegetation Pattern and Process in Tree Islands of the Southern Everglades and Adjacent Areas. In: Sklar, F. and van der Valk, A. eds. Tree Islands of the Everglades. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, chapter 8. Dineen, J. W. 1974. Examination of Water Management Alternatives in Conservation Area 2A: In Depth Report (South Florida Water Management District), 2(3):1-10. Gawlick, D. E. and D. A. Rocque. 1998. Avain communities in bayheads, willowheads and sawgrass marshes of the central Everglades. Wilson Bulletin, 110: 45-55. Guerra, R. E. 1996. Imapcts of the high water period of 1994-95 on tree islands in Water Conservation Areas. In: Armentano, T. V. ed. Proceddings of the Conference: Ecological Assessment of the 1994-1995 High Water Conditions in the Southern Everglades. pp 40-57. Heisler, I. L., D. T. Towles, L. A. Brandt, and R. T. Pace. 2003. Tree island vegetation and water management in the central Everglades. In; Sklar, F. H. and van der Valk, A. eds. Tree Islands of the Everglades. Boston MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, chapter 5. Loveless, C. M. 1959. A study of the vegetation in the Florida Everglades. Ecology 40: 1-9. Loveless, C. M. and F. J. Ligas. 1959. Range conditions, life history, and food habits of the Everglades deer herd: North American Wildlife Conference Transactions, 24: 201-215. McPherson, B. F. 1973. Vegetation in relation to water depth in Conservation Area 3, Florida. United States Geological Survey Florida Open File Report No. 73025. Schortemeyer, J. L. 1980. An evaluation of water management practices for optimum wildlife benefits in Conservation Area 3A. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commision. Schneider, W. E. 1966. Water and the Everglades. Natural History Magazine 75:32-40. Sklar, F. H. and A. G. van der Valk. 2002. Tree Islands of the Everglades: An Overview. pp. 1-18. In; Sklar, F. H. and van der Valk, A. eds. Tree Islands of the Everglades. Boston MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, chapter 1. Wu, Y., F. H. Sklar, K. Rutchey, W. Guan, and L. Vilchek. 2003. Spatial Simulations of Tree Islands for Everglades Restoration. In; Sklar, F. H. and van der Valk, A. eds. Tree Islands of the Everglades. Boston MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, chapter 16. 8
Zaffke, M. 1983. Plant communities of Water Conservation Area 3A: Base-Line Documentation Prior to the Operation of S-339 and S-340. West Palm Beach, FL: South Florida Water Management District. Technical Memorandum. 3 6-5 6 6-8 8-2 8-1 9
Table 1. The location (NAD33, decimal degrees) and elevation (NADV88, meters) of permanent benchmarks in central and southern WCA-3A and 3B. Benchmark ID GPS Location (NAD83, decimal degrees) Latitude Longitude Elevation (NAVD88, meters) 2 26.122856-80.794634 2.908 3 26.116994-80.741327 2.749 4 26.108847-80.679147 2.691 5 26.076657-80.801466 2.783 6 26.047058-80.751783 2.559 7 26.033631-80.823079 2.628 8 26.027251-80.667324 2.63 9 25.99701-80.78059 2.584 10 25.978676-80.756368 2.426 11 25.951529-80.811289 2.537 12 25.950551-80.690982 2.496 13 25.924176-80.539193 1.933 14 25.906311-80.72978 2.491 15 25.901924-80.49275 1.744 16 25.889028-80.818185 2.472 17 25.882618-80.669794 2.422 18 25.86712-80.573837 1.881 19 25.850166-80.781778 2.46 20 25.84384-80.726454 2.449 21 25.842739-80.54963 1.699 22 25.837167-80.67932 2.394 23 25.83281-80.830501 2.488 24 25.817685-80.607475 1.863 25 25.801408-80.514137 1.62 26 25.793673-80.707171 2.362 27 25.792581-80.744602 2.369 28 25.790282-80.830562 2.381 29 25.787678-80.787278 2.385 30 25.785642-80.568533 1.731 31 25.776699-80.638766 1.796 10
Table 2. A comparison of absolute height calculations for tree islands (NADV88, meters). The hydrological data necessary for calculating absolute height was gathered on three separate occasions as a means of critiquing the accuracy of the method used to calculate tree island height. Tree Island ID Height Calculation 1 Height Calculation 2 Height Calculation 3 3A-8-9 2.997 3.020 3.004 3B-25-3 1.505 1.505 1.500 3B-25-5 2.111 1.954 1.946 3B-21-2 1.815 1.805 1.796 3A-28-3 2.354 2.374 2.380 3A-26-1 2.411 2.389 2.397 3A-6-20 2.745 2.703 2.716 3A-6-21 2.790 2.718 2.721 3A-6-19 2.987 3.004 2.989 3A-9-12 2.74 2.767 2.761 11
Table 3. The location of tree islands in central and southern WCA-3A and 3B where hydrological data was collected along with the date when the data collection occurred. GPS Location (NAD83, decimal degrees) Tree Island ID Date Completed Latitude Longitude 3A-4-1 8/8/05 26.11006-80.67557 3A-4-2 8/8/05 26.11144-80.6788 3A-4-3 8/8/05 26.10889-80.68317 3A-4-4 8/8/05 26.11861-80.69803 3A-4-5 8/9/05 26.13161-80.70164 3A-3-1 8/11/05 26.09329-80.74893 3A-3-2 8/11/05 26.08890-80.74661 3A-3-3 8/11/05 26.09275-80.75146 3A-3-4 8/16/05 26.08970-80.73324 3A-3-5 8/16/05 26.08983-80.75319 3A-3-6 8/18/05 26.08782-80.75785 3A-3-7 8/16/05 26.09056-80.75248 3A-3-8 8/17/05 26.08856-80.76068 3A-3-9 8/17/05 26.08801-80.75998 3A-3-10 8/18/05 26.08737-80.76129 3A-3-11 8/22/05 26.08765-80.76264 3A-3-12 8/22/05 26.08600-80.76079 3A-3-13 8/24/05 26.08564-80.76342 3A-3-14 8/30/05 26.08619-80.76818 3A-3-15 8/30/05 26.09050-80.76989 3A-3-16 8/30/05 26.09048-80.7715 3A-3-17 8/29/05 26.08641-80.76991 3A-3-18 8/31/05 26.08974-80.75056 3B-21-1 9/26/05 25.83430-80.53764 3B-25-5 9/23/05 25.80141-80.51421 3B-25-4 9/23/05 25.79778-80.53321 3B-25-3 9/23/05 25.79826-80.49232 3B-25-2 9/23/05 25.78455-80.51958 3B-21-2 9/26/05 25.82916-80.55269 3B-21-3 9/27/05 25.8363-80.57524 3B-21-4 9/26/05 25.8335-80.55354 3B-21-5 9/27/05 25.83362-80.56179 3B-30-1 9/28/05 25.76595-80.58153 3B-30-2 9/27/05 25.77479-80.56659 3B-30-3 9/29/05 25.80465-80.55652 3B-30-4 9/29/05 25.80502-80.57692 3B-30-5 9/29/05 25.80755-80.59229 3B-13-1 9/29/05 25.93755-80.5309 12
Table 3. cont. GPS Location (NAD83, decimal degrees) Tree Island ID Date Completed Latitude Longitude 3B-13-2 10/11/05 25.9236-80.5187 3B-13-3 10/13/05 25.90326-80.54314 3B-15-2 10/13/05 25.89322-80.50021 3B-25-1 10/13/05 25.77903-80.50982 3B-18-1 11/10/05 25.88931-80.56215 3B-18-4 10/18/05 25.86171-80.59855 3A-6-1 10/18/05 26.04065-80.73455 3A-6-2 11/3/05 26.08039-80.75952 3A-6-3 11/7/05 26.07097-80.75826 3A-6-4 11/7/05 26.07330-80.75763 3B-24-1 11/7/05 25.84085-80.59225 3B-24-3 11/8/05 25.82256-80.62554 3B-24-4 11/8/05 25.80884-80.62588 3A-6-5 11/10/05 26.08047-80.75941 3A-6-6 11/9/05 26.07242-80.76072 3A-6-7 11/9/05 26.07208-80.76176 3A-8-1 11/9/05 26.00427-80.64762 3A-8-2 11/16/05 26.01396-80.6886 3A-6-8 11/16/05 26.02636-80.75058 3A-6-9 11/21/05 26.02095-80.77009 3A-6-10 11/22/05 26.02215-80.77431 3A-10-1 11/23/05 26.00653-80.77483 3B-31-1 11/28/05 25.77871-80.62027 3A-10-2 11/29/05 25.99135-80.77165 3A-6-11 11/30/05 26.06656-80.72588 3A-6-12 12/1/05 26.07051-80.71861 3A-6-13 12/1/05 26.06492-80.72886 3A-6-14 12/1/05 26.07161-80.71656 3A-3-20 12/5/05 26.11102-80.75198 3A-6-15 12/5/05 26.04184-80.75253 3A-6-16 12/6/05 26.05118-80.73969 3A-10-3 12/6/05 25.99847-80.76299 3A-6-17 12/7/05 26.07337-80.72932 3A-6-18 12/8/05 26.07022-80.74171 3A-8-3 12/8/05 26.01870-80.71255 3A-12-1 12/13/05 25.96016-80.70101 3A-12-2 12/19/05 25.95192-80.71717 3A-11-1 12/19/05 25.96716-80.81908 13
Table 3. cont. GPS Location (NAD83, decimal degrees) Tree Island ID Date Completed Latitude Longitude 3A-11-2 12/20/05 25.94794-80.80916 3A-11-3 12/22/05 25.92003-80.7948 3A-6-19 12/28/05 26.02813-80.74755 3A-6-20 12/28/05 26.02782-80.74599 3A-6-21 12/27/05 26.0291-80.74567 3A-6-22 12/27/05 26.02284-80.74865 3A-6-23 12/28/05 26.02592-80.74722 3A-6-24 12/29/05 26.02059-80.74815 3A-6-25 12/29/05 26.02592-80.7522 3A-14-1 12/29/05 25.92985-80.74734 3A-6-26 1/4/06 26.02725-80.75719 3A-6-27 1/5/06 26.02597-80.76132 3A-14-2 1/4/06 25.93769-80.7365 3A-12-3 1/5/06 25.95384-80.7281 3A-6-28 1/9/06 26.02178-80.76012 3A-6-29 1/9/06 26.01864-80.76385 3A-6-30 1/10/06 26.02138-80.76537 3A-6-31 1/10/06 26.02184-80.76684 3A-6-32 1/10/06 26.02064-80.76202 3A-6-33 1/10/06 26.02589-80.76257 3A-6-34 1/11/06 26.04766-80.76353 3A-6-35 1/12/06 26.04517-80.76324 3A-6-36 1/12/06 26.04121-80.76997 3A-11-4 1/12/06 25.95522-80.79678 3A-11-5 1/23/06 25.95934-80.79356 3A-6-37 1/23/05 26.05305-80.76432 3A-6-38 1/25/06 26.05168-80.76901 3A-11-6 1/25/06 25.95144-80.79409 3A-11-7 1/26/06 25.94998-80.79543 3A-16-1 1/30/06 25.90022-80.81977 3A-16-2 2/2/06 25.88349-80.80066 3A-19-1 2/9/06 25.85621-80.76926 3A-16-3 2/7/06 25.87251-80.79652 3A-14-3 2/13/06 25.90601-80.76071 3A-14-4 2/15/06 25.89470-80.73745 3A-29-1 2/16/06 25.80298-80.77944 3A-27-1 2/27/06 25.80323-80.75517 3A-22-1 2/21/06 25.83238-80.65728 14
Table 3. cont. GPS Location (NAD83, decimal degrees) Tree Island ID Date Completed Latitude Longitude 3A-26-1 2/27/06 25.79379-80.70715 3A-26-2 3/2/06 25.78837-80.70944 3A-26-3 3/8/06 25.79777-80.71557 3A-26-4 3/8/06 25.80288-80.70695 3A-26-5 3/8/06 25.81045-80.72665 3A-26-6 3/14/06 25.81946-80.69781 3A-23-1 3/15/06 25.82995-80.81146 3A-23-2 3/15/06 25.83079-80.81313 3A-9-1 3/20/06 25.99571-80.7822 3A-9-2 3/20/06 25.99809-80.77286 3A-9-3 3/22/06 26.00036-80.77371 3A-9-4 3/28/06 26.00126-80.7787 3A-27-2 3/28/06 25.79630-80.72724 3A-20-1 3/28/06 25.85995-80.73515 3A-20-2 3/27/06 25.88088-80.74198 3A-28-1 3/30/06 25.79035-80.83076 3A-27-3 3/30/06 25.76508-80.71951 3A-27-4 4/5/06 25.79694-80.73512 3A-28-2 4/6/06 25.78939-80.82999 3A-28-3 4/10/06 25.78867-80.83134 3A-28-4 6/19/06 25.7875-80.83276 3A-28-5 6/19/06 25.78733-80.83025 3A-28-6 6/20/06 25.78678-80.82713 3A-28-7 6/21/06 25.78755-80.82521 3A-28-8 6/21/06 25.77362-80.82602 3A-28-9 6/27/06 25.79022-80.82839 3A-28-10 6/27/06 25.79067-80.83204 3A-28-11 6/28/06 25.78466-80.82935 3A-28-12 7/5/06 25.78363-80.83506 3A-28-13 6/29/06 25.78995-80.83429 3A-28-14 7/10/06 25.78714-80.8344 3A-28-15 7/11/06 25.78715-80.83286 3A-28-16 7/26/06 25.79317-80.83227 3A-28-17 7/26/06 25.77516-80.82689 3A-28-18 7/6/06 25.77711-80.82915 3A-28-19 7/11/06 25.77775-80.83055 3A-28-20 7/11/06 25.79400-80.83316 3A-4-6 7/17/06 26.10871-80.66405 15
Table 3. cont. GPS Location (NAD83, decimal degrees) Tree Island ID Date Completed Latitude Longitude 3A-4-7 7/19/06 26.10867-80.70013 3A-4-8 8/3/06 26.10542-80.70091 3A-3-19 8/2/06 26.10257-80.72 3A-9-5 9/19/06 25.99328-80.76915 3A-9-6 9/19/06 25.9955-80.76575 3A-9-7 9/19/06 25.99542-80.76748 3A-9-8 9/19/06 26.00878-80.77253 3A-9-9 9/19/06 26.0076-80.77135 3A-9-10 9/25/06 26.00732-80.76957 3A-9-11 9/21/06 26.00949-80.77098 3A-9-12 9/25/06 25.98643-80.78405 3A-9-13 9/25/06 25.98348-80.78429 3A-9-14 9/26/06 25.98272-80.78687 3A-9-15 9/27/06 25.97522-80.79253 3A-9-16 9/26/07 25.97893-80.7891 3A-6-39 9/27/06 26.06105-80.75466 3A-11-8 9/28/06 25.93404-80.80608 3A-11-9 10/2/06 25.94825-80.80928 3A-11-10 10/4/06 25.97155-80.80701 3A-11-11 10/4/06 25.9698-80.79892 3A-11-12 10/9/06 25.93825-80.82504 3A-11-13 10/5/06 25.93324-80.82494 3A-11-14 10/10/06 25.93094-80.82057 3A-11-15 10/10/06 25.94582-80.8187 3A-11-16 10/11/06 25.97122-80.812 3A-11-17 10/12/06 25.96989-80.81767 3A-11-18 10/16/06 25.97021-80.81994 3A-11-19 10/19/06 25.94627-80.79358 3A-11-20 10/18/06 25.94464-80.79643 3A-29-2 10/19/06 25.7903-80.79044 3A-29-3 10/23/06 25.78335-80.78479 3A-19-3 10/26/06 25.83141-80.79759 3A-19-2 10/26/06 25.84088-80.79464 3A-16-4 10/30/06 25.90309-80.81265 3A-16-5 10/26/06 25.90261-80.81713 3A-19-4 10/26/06 25.83127-80.79556 3A-19-5 10/26/06 25.83106-80.79354 3A-8-5 10/31/06 26.03848-80.69102 3A-8-6 10/31/06 26.05975-80.67698 16
Table 3. cont. GPS Location (NAD83, decimal degrees) Tree Island ID Date Completed Latitude Longitude 3A-8-7 11/1/06 26.03979-80.6747 3A-8-8 11/1/06 26.03924-80.6982 3A-8-11 11/2/06 26.00236-80.66436 3A-8-12 11/2/06 26.01721-80.66795 3A-8-9 11/6/06 26.01299-80.68388 3A-8-10 11/6/06 26.00992-80.6764 3A-12-3 11/7/06 25.93087-80.70306 3A-12-4 11/7/06 25.93268-80.69934 17
Table 4. A comparison of water surface height at the permanent benchmark and absolute height of tree islands in central and southern WCA-3A and 3B (+/- 1 SE). The units for height are: NAVD88, meters. Tree Island ID Water Height at Bench Absolute Tree Island Height SE 3A-4-1 3.202 3.277 0.095 3A-4-2 3.202 3.06 0.112 3A-4-3 3.202 2.839 0.042 3A-4-4 3.202 3.156 0.068 3A-4-5 3.195 2.643 0.043 3A-3-1 3.234 3.375 0.020 3A-3-2 3.234 3.067 0.108 3A-3-3 3.234 2.954 0.045 3A-3-4 3.21 2.826 0.076 3A-3-5 3.21 2.729 0.048 3A-3-6 3.2 3.029 0.071 3A-3-7 3.21 3.058 0.114 3A-3-8 3.205 2.94 0.042 3A-3-9 3.205 3.238 0.060 3A-3-10 3.2 2.845 0.038 3A-3-11 3.182 2.877 0.051 3A-3-12 3.182 2.906 0.031 3A-3-13 3.172 2.886 0.045 3A-3-14 3.208 3.038 0.061 3A-3-15 3.208 2.868 0.054 3A-3-16 3.208 2.943 0.022 3A-3-17 3.209 3.219 0.057 3A-3-18 3.21 3.116 0.076 3B-21-1 2.101 2.578 0.125 3B-25-5 2.076 2.111 0.129 3B-25-4 2.076 1.624 0.039 3B-25-3 2.076 1.505 0.049 3B-25-2 2.076 2.142 0.070 3B-21-2 2.101 1.815 0.022 3B-21-3 2.111 1.828 0.043 3B-21-4 2.101 1.774 0.029 3B-21-5 2.111 1.888 0.029 3B-30-1 2.101 2.386 0.117 3B-30-2 2.101 2.155 0.086 3B-30-3 2.095 1.982 0.087 18
Table 4. cont. Tree Island ID Water Height at Bench Absolute Tree Island Height SE 3B-30-4 2.095 1.758 0.070 3B-30-5 2.095 1.812 0.036 3B-13-1 2.24 2.743 0.132 3B-13-2 2.24 1.899 0.033 3B-13-3 2.24 2.542 0.104 3B-15-2 2.176 2.511 0.270 3B-25-1 2.031 2.607 0.093 3B-18-1 2.162 1.892 0.028 3B-18-4 2.162 1.916 0.024 3A-6-1 3.013 3.08 0.038 3A-6-2 3.027 2.781 0.074 3A-6-3 3.027 2.725 0.046 3A-6-4 3.027 2.962 0.153 3B-24-1 1.979 1.775 0.035 3B-24-3 1.979 2.05 0.044 3B-24-4 2.034 1.898 0.086 3A-6-5 3.043 2.81 0.043 3A-6-6 3.043 3.006 0.106 3A-6-7 3.043 2.928 0.093 3A-8-1 3.101 3.194 0.077 3A-8-2 3.101 3.132 0.043 3A-6-8 3.054 3.192 0.042 3A-6-9 3.049 3.236 0.043 3A-6-10 3.049 2.784 0.042 3A-10-1 2.85 2.594 0.082 3B-31-1 2.024 2.022 0.056 3A-10-2 2.861 2.749 0.056 3A-6-11 2.944 3.149 0.039 3A-6-12 2.944 2.702 0.050 3A-6-13 2.944 2.989 0.028 3A-6-14 2.903 3.125 0.062 3A-3-20 2.984 2.793 0.043 3A-6-15 2.917 2.989 0.028 3A-6-16 2.917 2.647 0.041 3A-10-3 2.827 2.606 0.037 19
Table 4. cont. Tree Island ID Water Height at Bench Absolute Tree Island Height SE 3A-6-17 2.907 2.617 0.041 3A-6-18 2.907 2.781 0.073 3A-8-3 2.974 3.193 0.059 3A-12-1 2.688 2.397 0.049 3A-12-2 2.688 2.383 0.097 3A-11-1 2.725 2.592 0.042 3A-11-2 2.692 2.696 0.038 3A-11-3 2.684 2.473 0.183 3A-6-19 2.779 2.987 0.097 3A-6-20 2.77 2.745 0.084 3A-6-21 2.77 2.79 0.055 3A-6-22 2.779 3.098 0.109 3A-6-23 2.757 3.119 0.118 3A-6-24 2.757 2.574 0.032 3A-6-25 2.757 2.752 0.077 3A-14-1 2.581 2.775 0.036 3A-6-26 2.729 3.106 0.033 3A-6-27 2.735 2.803 0.048 3A-14-2 2.562 2.725 0.064 3A-12-3 2.591 2.407 0.060 3A-6-28 2.706 2.803 0.032 3A-6-29 2.704 3.036 0.139 3A-6-30 2.7 2.91 0.134 3A-6-31 2.7 2.734 0.047 3A-6-32 2.7 2.782 0.045 3A-6-33 2.7 2.771 0.051 3A-6-34 2.698 2.686 0.076 3A-6-35 2.698 2.744 0.067 3A-6-36 2.698 2.675 0.047 3A-11-4 2.555 2.861 0.047 3A-11-5 2.555 2.555 0.071 3A-6-37 2.682 2.778 0.054 3A-6-38 2.682 2.971 0.145 3A-11-6 2.551 2.57 0.052 3A-11-7 2.549 2.601 0.025 20
Table 4. cont. Tree Island ID Water Height at Bench Absolute Tree Island Height SE 3A-16-1 2.562 2.478 0.086 3A-16-2 2.577 2.781 0.046 3A-19-1 2.654 2.763 0.024 3A-16-3 2.559 2.287 0.050 3A-14-3 2.624 2.311 0.096 3A-14-4 2.621 2.735 0.050 3A-29-1 2.575 2.783 0.034 3A-27-1 2.442 2.5 0.044 3A-22-1 2.606 2.309 0.095 3A-26-1 2.498 2.411 0.120 3A-26-2 2.498 2.622 0.026 3A-26-3 2.498 2.663 0.037 3A-26-4 2.45 2.568 0.036 3A-26-5 2.443 2.643 0.017 3A-26-6 2.443 2.633 0.027 3A-23-1 2.438 2.889 0.027 3A-23-2 2.438 2.83 0.046 3A-9-1 2.481 2.743 0.069 3A-9-2 2.45 2.752 0.071 3A-9-3 2.45 2.647 0.066 3A-9-4 2.45 2.542 0.017 3A-27-2 2.368 2.549 0.082 3A-20-1 2.617 2.979 0.054 3A-20-2 2.617 2.644 0.024 3A-28-1 2.302 2.371 0.077 3A-27-3 2.261 2.714 0.029 3A-27-4 2.256 2.501 0.042 3A-28-2 2.086 2.248 0.072 3A-28-3 2.086 2.354 0.030 3A-28-4 2.086 2.203 0.039 3A-28-5 2.086 2.354 0.075 3A-28-6 2.086 2.306 0.096 3A-28-7 2.167 2.317 0.054 3A-28-8 2.167 2.324 0.057 3A-28-9 2.167 2.217 0.019 21
Table 4. cont. Tree Island ID Water Height at Bench Absolute Tree Island Height SE 3A-28-10 2.173 2.246 0.121 3A-28-11 2.167 2.213 0.026 3A-28-12 2.325 2.273 0.069 3A-28-13 2.325 2.314 0.089 3A-28-14 2.396 2.244 0.056 3A-28-15 2.369 2.209 0.044 3A-28-16 2.173 2.342 0.050 3A-28-17 2.325 2.383 0.062 3A-28-18 2.325 2.301 0.058 3A-28-19 2.325 2.489 0.297 3A-28-20 2.325 2.346 0.023 3A-4-6 2.718 2.654 0.040 3A-4-7 2.708 2.621 0.082 3A-4-8 2.708 2.686 0.076 3A-3-19 2.777 2.693 0.085 3A-9-5 2.893 2.673 0.020 3A-9-6 2.893 2.585 0.083 3A-9-7 2.893 3.006 0.052 3A-9-8 2.954 3.038 0.047 3A-9-9 2.923 2.624 0.038 3A-9-10 2.954 2.693 0.062 3A-9-11 2.954 2.705 0.020 3A-9-12 2.95 2.74 0.117 3A-9-13 2.948 3.045 0.027 3A-9-14 2.95 2.63 0.048 3A-9-15 2.948 2.759 0.091 3A-9-16 2.944 2.593 0.033 3A-6-39 3.004 3.212 0.083 3A-11-8 2.877 2.936 0.029 3A-11-9 2.877 3.006 0.039 3A-11-10 2.845 2.977 0.036 3A-11-11 2.871 2.863 0.052 3A-11-12 2.849 2.605 0.037 3A-11-13 2.849 2.565 0.076 3A-11-14 2.841 2.617 0.038 22
Table 4. cont. Tree Island ID Water Height at Bench Absolute Tree Island Height SE 3A-11-15 2.832 3.065 0.032 3A-11-16 2.806 2.523 0.032 3A-11-17 2.79 2.612 0.102 3A-11-18 2.79 2.595 0.087 3A-11-19 2.785 2.922 0.025 3A-11-20 2.755 2.901 0.035 3A-29-2 2.515 2.892 0.121 3A-29-3 2.515 2.564 0.036 3A-19-3 2.585 2.853 0.053 3A-19-2 2.594 2.836 0.050 3A-16-4 2.653 2.865 0.030 3A-16-5 2.653 2.832 0.085 3A-19-4 2.579 2.77 0.029 3A-19-5 2.579 2.851 0.032 3A-8-5 2.722 2.484 0.037 3A-8-6 2.722 3.005 0.057 3A-8-7 2.72 2.525 0.016 3A-8-8 2.72 2.506 0.041 3A-8-11 2.708 2.538 0.021 3A-8-12 2.708 2.473 0.073 3A-8-9 2.703 2.997 0.024 3A-8-10 2.703 2.875 0.052 3A-12-3 2.65 2.91 0.106 3A-12-4 2.656 2.424 0.044 23
Table 5. The dominant tree, shrub, and herbaceous species found on the heads of tree islands in central and southern WCA-3A and 3B. Tree Island ID Dominant Canopy/Shrub Dominant Herbaceous 3A-4-1 Ficus aurea Stenotaphrum secundatum 3A-4-2 Ficus aurea Stenotaphrum secundatum 3A-4-3 3A-4-4 3A-4-5 Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana Stenotaphrum secundatum Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrical Acrostichum spp., Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-3-1 Celtis occidentalis Boehmeria cylindrical 3A-3-2 3A-3-3 3A-3-4 Persea borbonia, Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Persea borbonia, Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Boehmeria cylindrical, Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta Boehmeria cylindrical, Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta, Blechnum serrulatum 3A-3-5 Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp. 3A-3-6 3A-3-7 3A-3-8 Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra, Ficus aurea Annona glabra, Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Boehmeria cylindrical Boehmeria cylindrical, Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Boehmeria cylindrical 24
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID 3A-3-9 3A-3-10 Dominant Canopy/Shrub Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera, Ficus aurea Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Dominant Herbaceous Acrostichum spp. Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrical 3A-3-11 Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta, Blechnum serrulatum 3A-3-12 Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupt, Boehmeria cylindrical 3A-3-13 Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera Boehmeria cylindrical, Osmunda regalis 3A-3-14 3A-3-15 Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum Acrostichum spp., Blechnum serrulatum 3A-3-16 Annona glabra, Persea borbonia Thelypteris interrupta, Blechnum serrulatum, Boehmeria cylindrical 3A-3-17 Ficus aurea, Sabal palmetto Boehmeria cylindrica, Saururus cernuus 3A-3-18 Sabal palmetto, Myrica cerifera, Persea borbonia Acrostichum sp., Blechnum serrulatum 3A-6-1 Ficus aurea Acrostichum spp., Osmunda regalis, Saururus cernuus 3A-6-2 3A-6-3 Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Persea borbonia, Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis Blechnum serrulatum, Cladium jamaicense 25
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID 3A-6-4 3A-6-5 Dominant Canopy/Shrub Ficus aurea, Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Persea borbonia Ficus aurea, Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Dominant Herbaceous Blechnum serrulatum, Saururus cernuus, Osmunda regalis Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp., Pontederia cordata 3A-6-6 3A-6-7 Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra, Persea borbonia Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp., Saururus cernuus Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp. 3A-6-8 Ficus aurea Saururus cernuus, Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-9 Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrica 3A-6-10 Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-11 Ficus aurea Stenotaphrum secundatum 3A-6-12 Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Pontederia cordata 3A-6-13 Schinus terebinthifolius, Ficus aurea, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Saururus cernuus 3A-8-1 Ficus aurea Saururus cernuus, Rivina humilis 26
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID 3A-6-7 Dominant Canopy/Shrub Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra, Persea borbonia Dominant Herbaceous Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp. 3A-6-8 Ficus aurea Saururus cernuus, Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-9 Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrica 3A-6-10 Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-11 Ficus aurea Stenotaphrum secundatum 3A-6-12 Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Pontederia cordata 3A-6-13 Schinus terebinthifolius, Ficus aurea, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Saururus cernuus 3A-8-1 Ficus aurea Saururus cernuus, Rivina humilis 3A-8-2 3A-10-1 Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Acrostichum spp., Saururus cernuus Saururus cernuus, Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Pontederia cordata 3A-10-2 Ficus aurea Osmunda regalis, Boehmeria cylindrica, Acrostichum spp., Blechnum serrulatum, Andropogon glomeratus 3B-13-1 Ficus aurea, Annona glabra Rivinia humilis, Pluchea rosea 27
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID Dominant Canopy/Shrub Dominant Herbaceous 3B-13-2 Annona glabra Pontederia cordata, Acrostichum spp. 3B-13-3 Schinus terebinthifolius no herbaceous layer on head 3B-15-1 Ficus aurea Stenotaphrum secundatum 3B-15-2 3B-18-1 3B-18-4 Schinus terebinthifolius, mostly dead Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Vitis spp., Rivinia humilis Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta, Pontederia cordata Blechnum serrulatum 3B-21-1 Ficus aurea Rivina humilis. 3B-21-2 Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera, Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum 3B-21-3 Myrica cerifera, Persea borbonia, Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Pontederia cordata 3B-21-4 Annona glabra Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta 3B-21-5 Ficus aurea, Annona glabra Acrostichum spp. 3B-24-1 Persea borbonia, Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp. 3B-24-3 Ficus aurea Acrostichum spp., Osmunda regalis, Saururus cernuus 3B-24-4 Persea borbonia, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp., Pontederia cordata 3B-25-1 Bursera simaruba, Ficus aurea Rivina humilis, Sambucus canadensis 28
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID Dominant Canopy/Shrub Dominant Herbaceous 3B-25-2 Ficus aurea Rivina humilis, Acrostichum spp. 3B-25-3 3B-25-4 3B-25-5 3B-30-1 3B-30-2 Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Ficus aurea, Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera Schinus terebinthifolius, Ficus aurea Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Chrysobalanus icaco Acrostichum spp., Pontederia cordata Blechnum serrulatum, Pontederia cordata, Acrostichum spp. Rivina humilis, Acrostichum spp. Rivinia humilis, Sesbania herbacea Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrica, Acrostichum spp. 3B-30-3 Ficus aurea, Annona glabra Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrical 3B-30-4 3B-30-5 3B-31-2 Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana, Chrysobalanus icaco Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera, Persea borbonia, Chrysobalanus icaco Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Boehmeria cylindrical, Pontederia cordata Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta, Pontederia cordata Acrostichum spp. 29
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID Dominant Canopy/Shrub Dominant Herbaceous 3A-6-14 Annona glabra, Salix caroliniana Saururus cernuus, Ribina humilis, Ludwigia peruviana, Ampelopsis arborea 3A-3-20 3A-6-15a 3A-6-15b Salix caroliniana dominated mixed with Annona glabra and Myrica cerifera Ficus aurea mixed with Myrica cerifera and Magnolia virginiana Ficus aurea mixed with Myrica cerifera and Magnolia virginiana Acrostichum spp., Blechnum serrulatum, Salix caroliniana seedlings Saururus cernuus, Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Ampelopsis arborea Saururus cernuus, Blechnum serrulatum, Boehmeria cylindrical, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-16 Salix caroliniana Acrostichum spp., Pontederia cordata 3A-10-3 Salix caroliniana, Myrica cerifera, Magnolia virginiana Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum 3A-6-17 Salix caroliniana Thelypteris interrupta, Pontederia cordata 3A-6-18 3A-8-3 3A-12-1 Ficus aurea mixed with Myrica cerifera, Magnolia virginiana, and Salix caroliniana Head cleared for camp, remaining trees were Taxodium distichum, Sabal palmetto, Syzgium cumini Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana, Ilex cassine Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta Stenotaphrum secundatum Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum, Pontederia cordata, Cladium jamaicense 30
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID 3A-12-2 3A-11-1 3A-11-2 Dominant Canopy/Shrub Salix caroliniana dominated mixed with Myrica cerifera Magnolia virginiana, Chrysobalanus icaco, Myrica cerifera, Salix caroliniana Eugenia axillaries mixed with Magnolia virginiana, Chrysobalanus icaco, Myrica cerifera Dominant Herbaceous Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Typha latifolia Blechnum serrulatum, other species scarce Ampelopsis arborea 3A-11-3 Salix caroliniana, Annona glabra Pontederia cordata and Cladium jamaicense dominated some Blechnum serrulatum and Acrostichum spp. 3A-6-19 3A-6-20 3A-6-21 3A-6-22 3A-6-23 Ficus aurea mixed with Myrica cerifera, Magnolia virginiana, and Salix caroliniana Ficus aurea mixed with Myrica cerifera, Magnolia virginiana Myrica cerifera, Magnolia virginiana Ficus aurea, Salix caroliniana, Taxodium distichum, Annona glabra Ficus aurea, Salix caroliniana, Annona glabra Saururus cernuus, Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Thelypteris interrupta Thelypteris interrupta, Blechnum serrulatum, Pontederia cordata Blechnum serrulatum, Ampelopsis arborea, Aster carolinianus Saururus cernuus, Acrostichum spp., Thalia geniculata Boehmeria cylindrical, Ludwigia peruviana, Ampelopsis arborea, Vitis spp., Sambucus canadensis 31
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID Dominant Canopy/Shrub Dominant Herbaceous 3A-6-24 Salix caroliniana, Annona glabra Cladium jamaicense, Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum, Pontederia cordata 3A-6-25 Annona glabra Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta, Acrostichum spp., Ampelopsis arborea 3A-14-1 Salix caroliniana, Annona glabra Saururus cernuus, Ludwigia peruviana, Acrostichum spp., Boehmeria cylindrical, Polygonum spp. 3A-6-26 Annona glabra mixed with Salix caroliniana, and Ficus aurea Ludwigia peruviana, Stenotaphrum secundatum 3A-6-27 Annona glabra, Ficus aurea Acrostichum spp., Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta, Saururus cernuus, Boehmeria cylindrical 3A-14-2 Salix caroliniana, Ficus aurea Thelypteris interrupta, Saururus cernuus, Boehmeria cylindrical, Ampelopsis arborea, Sambucus canadensis 3A-12-3 Salix caroliniana Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp. 3A-6-28 Persia borbonia, Magnolia virginiana Blechnum serrulatum, Osmunda regalis, Acrostichum spp. 3A-6-29 Ficus aurea (tipped over) Saururus cernuus, Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp. 3A-6-30 Magnolia virginiana, 1 Ficus aurea, and 1 Sabal palmetto Blechnum serrulatum 32
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID 3A-6-31 Dominant Canopy/Shrub Magnolia virginiana mixed with Myrica cerifera and Salix caroliniana Dominant Herbaceous Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-32 Magnolia virginiana Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-33 Persia borbonia, Magnolia virginiana, Annona glabra, Ficus aurea, Myrica cerifera and Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Acrostichum spp., Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-34 Salix caroliniana Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrical, Cladium jamaicense, Pontederia cordata 3A-6-35 Annona glabra dominated mixed with Magnolia virginiana and Ficus aurea Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-36 Annona glabra Acrostichum spp., Osmunda regalis 3A-11-4 Magnolia virginiana, Salix caroliniana, Chrysobalanus icaco Sparse herb layer, few mixed ferns (Acrostichum spp., Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta) 3A-11-5 Salix caroliniana Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-6-37 Acer rubrum Acer rubrum saplings, Boehmeria cylindrical 3A-6-38 Mix of Ficus aurea, Annona glabra, Persia borbonia, Myrica cerifera Blechnum serrulatum, Boehmeria cylindrical, Saururus cernuus, Amphicarpaea bracteata 33
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID 3A-11-7 Dominant Canopy/Shrub Magnolia virginiana, Salix caroliniana, Chrysobalanus icaco Dominant Herbaceous Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-16-1 Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Thelypteris interrupta, Pontederia cordata 3A-16-2 3A-19-1 Salix caroliniana, central Ficus aurea Chrysobalanus icaco, Salix caroliniana Boehmeria cylindrical, Saururus cernuus, Thelypteris interrupta, Ampelopsis arborea Amphicarpaea bracteata 3A-16-3 Salix caroliniana Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum 3A-14-3 Salix caroliniana, Annona glabra Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum 3A-14-4 Salix caroliniana Osmunda regalis, Blechnum serrulatum, Sambucus canadensis 3A-29-1 1 Ficus aurea, and 2 Sabal palmetto Boehmeria cylindrical, Ludwigia peruviana, Thelypteris interrupta 3A-27-1 3A-22-1 Chrysobalanus icaco, Salix caroliniana 1 Annona glabra surrounded by Salix caroliniana Blechnum serrulatum, Amphicarpaea bracteata Thelypteris interrupta, Typha latifolia 3A-26-1 Chrysobalanus icaco Blechnum serrulatum 3A-26-2 Chrysobalanus icaco, Salix caroliniana Amphicarpaea bracteata 34
Table 5. cont. Tree Island ID Dominant Canopy/Shrub Dominant Herbaceous 3A-26-4 Chrysobalanus icaco Absent under Chrysobalanus icaco 3A-26-5 Salix caroliniana, Annona glabra Amphicarpaea bracteata, Ampelopsis arborea 3A-26-6 Chrysobalanus icaco Absent under Chrysobalanus icaco 3A-23-1 Bursera simaruba Smilax spp., Parthenocissus quinquefolia 3A-23-2 3A-9-1 Salix caroliniana, Chrysobalanus icaco, Bursera simaruba Magnolia virginiana, Myrica cerifera Seedlings/saplings from, Chrysobalanus icaco, Myrica cerifera, and Eugenia axillaris Thelypteris interrupta, Osmunda regalis 3A-9-2 Tipped Ficus aurea Thelypteris interrupta, Acrostichum spp., Amphicarpaea bracteata 3A-9-3 Ficus aurea surrounded by Salix caroliniana Thelypteris interrupta, Boehmeria cylindrical, Saururus cernuus, Ampelopsis arborea 3A-9-4 Salix caroliniana Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris interrupta, Cladium jamaicense, Pontederia cordata 3A-27-2 Salix caroliniana Sparse Blechnum serrulatum 35