Identifying Climate Suitability for Oregon White Oak
|
|
- Julie Morris
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction Identifying Climate Suitability for Oregon White Oak Lucas Rabins, Ben Larson, & Anders Dowell December 2016 As the earth s climate changes over the next century, many species adapted to specific climates will find themselves under increasing stress as their suitable habitat shifts beneath them. This can be especially harmful to sessile organisms such as plants that are unable to move as their ranges shift. Many of the ranges these plants inhabit can be defined in terms of a specific climate envelopes defined as the set of climatic variables that make up a species habitable range. Our analysis examines a potential climate envelope for Oregon White Oak (Quercus Garryana). Oregon white Oak, commonly known as Oregon White Oak, is one of the Pacific Coast s few native deciduous trees. Using the recent climate data as well as climate change model predictions for the region, combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we attempt to identify the climate envelope for Oregon White Oak. We use this to determine current and future areas with suitable climates of the species. The documented range for Oregon White Oak is along the west coast of the United States and stretches from southern British Columbia, Canada, to central California in the United States. Our findings suggest the current territory occupied by Oregon White Oak will become significantly less hospitable to the species towards the end of the century. However, large amounts of territory in neighboring mountain ranges enter a suitable climate envelope for the tree species, suggesting hope for conservation of Oregon White Oak. Data Data for this analysis included the current range of Oregon White Oak available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), as well as historical climate data ( ) and future climate scenario data ( ) Obtained from Andreas Hamman s personal website. Climate data was generated with the ClimateWNA v4.62 software package, available at based on methodology described by Hamann et al. (2013). The data for the current range of Oregon White Oak was available in the form of a single vector multipolygon shapefile, outlining the range of Oregon White Oak as compiled by Elbert Little of the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and others in This shapefile was created in the NAD 1927 geographic coordinate system (USGS). Current and future projected climate data was available in the form of a series of raster datasets each outlining either a single current or future climate variable. For our analysis this included current and future mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), mean temperature of the warmest month (MWMT), mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCM), and extreme minimum temperature (EMT) over a 30-year period using a total of 10 raster datasets. We selected Mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation as general suitability guidelines. We selected mean temperature of the warmest and oldest month as well as extreme minimum temperature due to the fact
2 that extreme temperatures, particularly low temperature, during the year can cause damage or even mortality to young Garry oak trees, limiting its dispersion (Gucker). All current and future temperature variables were originally created in units of degrees Celsius X 10, while precipitation was created millimeters. In order to correct the temperature variable units to Degrees Celsius, we simply used the raster calculator to divide all cell values of the temperature datasets by 10. Future climate data sets were generated using the A1B moderate emissions scenario and represent projected data from All raster datasets were created in the WGS 1984 Geographic coordinate system with a cell size of one hectare (1 km 2 ). Before any analysis was done, we projected the current and future raster climate data sets as well as the current Oregon White Oak range vector dataset into a custom variation of the USA Contiguous Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system with a central meridian of degrees using a bilinear resampling technique for the raster datasets. Methods To estimate the future range of Oregon White Oak, we first needed to build a climate envelope for the current range of Oregon White Oak by analyzing the current climate conditions in which Oregon White Oak is found. This involved running the zonal statistics as table tool for each current climate variable using the current range of Oregon White Oak as the vector zone field and the current raster datasets as the input raster. (Model 1) Model 1. Zonal Statistics as Table used for generating the mean and Standard Deviation for each of the current Climate variables. Statistics for each Climate Raster was calculated in the current range of Oregon White Oak. This model (Model 1) was run on each of the 5 current climate variables, generating a series of tables which included mean and standard deviation for each of the current climate variables inside of the current Oregon White Oak range. These tables were then compiled and exported to excel where we
3 calculated the upper and lower range of our current climate envelope by adding and subtracting 1.5 standard deviations from the mean (Table 1). Variable Mean Std. 1.5 Std. Mean std. Mean std. EMT ( C ) MAT ( C ) MWMT ( C ) MCMT ( C ) MAP (mm) Table 1. Statistics for each of the current climate variables within the Current Oregon White Oak Range. Mean 1.5 Standard Deviation and Mean +1.5 Standard Deviations represent the lower and upper ranges of each climate variable for our climate envelope. By using 1.5 standard deviations above and below the mean as the ranges of our climate envelope, we effectively eliminate any areas within the current Oregon White Oak range that are have a highly irregular climate, such as mountaintops, where Oregon White Oak is unlikely to grow. In order to map the current climate suitability range of Oregon White Oak according to our climate envelope, we used the raster calculator to select only the area that was within our climate envelope the current and future climate raster datasets. (Model 2) This generated a binary raster with a value of 1 representing all areas in which that specific climate variable was suitable for Oregon White Oak and a value of 0 representing unsuitable areas. We then used these outputs in raster calculator to generated a new raster with a value of one for each cell that had a value of one for all of the current climate variables, and a value of 0 for everywhere else, giving us the range where each climate variable was satisfied (Model 2. Expression2). This process was then repeated using the future climate data.
4 Expression 2 ("%MTWM_Binary_Suitability%" == 1) & ("%MTCM_Binary_Suitability%" == 1) & ("%MAT_Binary_Suitability%" == 1) & ("%MAP_Binary_Suitability%" == 1) & ("%EMT_Binary_Suitability%" == 1) Expression 1 ("%EMT_Current%" >= ) & ("%EMT_Current%" <= ) Model 2. Calculation of the current and future climate suitability ranges for Oregon White Oak. The inputs and outputs depicted are for generating the current climate suitability range. Raster calculators 1-5 generate the binary suitability rasters for each of the individual climate variables (Expression 1), while raster calculator 6 generates the binary suitability for all the climate variables (Expression 2).
5 Results Figure 1 represents the observed range that the USGS has recorded for Oregon White Oak. This area spans approximately of 127, Km² along the west coast of the United States, with the biggest swaths of White Oak territory in Oregon, Southern Washington, and Northern California. The suitable area for Oregon White Oak based off our current climate envelope discussed above, represents an area of 153,191 Km² or nearly 25,000 Km² more than the USGS s current mapped range for Oregon White Oak. This calculated range is similar to the form and size to the observed area for Oregon White Oak. Our climate envelope found much more area in the sierra Nevada range on eastern California to be suitable for Oregon White Oak than is currently documented. Similar to the observed range, the current climate envelope identifies suitable habitat that follows the western coastline of the United States with a small amount of suitable territory located in southern, coastal British Columbia, Canada. While our identified suitable range for Oregon White Oak is not a perfect fit to the Documented Range data, we find the inconsistencies to be relatively minor. Figure 1: USGS defined Climate envelope for Oregon White Oak Suitability Figure 2: Current Climate envelope based on our analysis Figure 3: Projected climate envelope for 2080 Figure 3 represents our projected suitability for Oregon White Oak in the 2080 s and covers a territory of 117,762 Km². This area is 76.87% the size of the previous area indicating a loss of suitable territory of 23.13%. More troubling, however, is the smaller overlap of territory which remains in suitable climate envelope for both periods of time shown in figure 6. This area is only 27,221 km², or 17.77% of the area of the original climate envelope. This means the vast majority of the territory currently suitable for Oregon White Oak will not be suitable towards the end of the century. Such a reduction in the extent of the climate envelope could potentially cause vast damage to the species over the course of the century. Most suitability is lost along the coasts and central territory of the suitable climate extent. Most of the gains are concentrated in the cooler, higher elevations of mountain ranges stretching up and down inland of the coast.
6 Figure 4: Map of the current suitability envelope based on our analysis
7 Figure 5: Map of the projected changes in area for the year 2080.
8 Figure 6: Map of the projected changes in area for the year 2080.
9 Figure 7: This map details the current, future, and overlap of those two climate envelopes on top of a topographic base map. Orange represents the current envelope, green is the projected envelope for 2080, and blue represents where current and future overlap.
10 Conclusion Our analysis of the Oregon White Oak tree species has predicted rather drastic changes in the area habitable of this tree. Our model predicts a loss of 23.13% - or 35,429 Km² - in total habitat, a loss of 82.23% - or 125,970 km²- of territory within the current climate envelope, and an inland shift in the locations of that habitat. To improve our model, there are many other climatic variables, biotic variables such as slope and aspect, as well as biotic variables that could have been utilized. In particular, there is strong evidence to show that the presence or absence or other species of plants and animals play a large role in determining suitable ranges for Oregon White Oak. Unfortunately, many biotic variables for any given area are also climate dependent and would therefore not remain consistent over the next century, making them not appropriate for use in our model (Costanzo). Additionally, soil characteristics such as ph play a role in Oregon White oak suitability, however gathering consistent and accurate soil data for our entire area of study proved impossible. Finally acquiring higher resolution datasets would also improve the accuracy of our model (Stein). There are many environmental services that White Oak provide as well as wildlife species which rely on the Oregon White Oak for a host of services. These include shade, pollutant capture/filtration, carbon sequestration, food and nesting sites therefore the implications of this reduction in habitat directly threatens the well-being of wildlife interacting with the tree itself. In coastal areas, primarily in the pacific northwest and British Columbia, we can expect expedited erosion due to loss of the Oregon White Oak (Gucker). As the effects of climate change become more and more apparent we will see more and more White Oaks disappearing from the more coastal regions of the west coast and a shift to inland areas becoming more suitable. A loss in Oregon White Oak translates to a loss in habitat for many wildlife species, as well as a loss in a host of ecosystem services in these regions.
11 Sources Cited Costanzo, Brenda, Et al. "Distribution and Description." Restoring British Columbia's Oregon White Oak Ecosystem. Ed. David Clemens Et al. Victoria: Oregon White Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team, Print. Gucker, Corey L Quercus garryana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: [2016, December 7]. Hamann, A. and Wang, T., Spittlehouse, D.L., and Murdock, T.Q A comprehensive, high-resolution database of historical and projected climate surfaces for western North America. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94: Stein, William I. "Oregon White Oak." USDA Forest Service, n.d. Web. 27 Nov United States Geological Survey. "Digital Representations of Tree Species Range Maps from "Atlas of United States Trees" by Elbert L. Little, Jr. (and Other Publications)." Gec.cr.usgs.gov. USGS, 21 Nov Web. 29 Nov
Abstract. Keywords: Gray Pine, Species Classification, Lidar, Hyperspectral, Elevation, Slope.
Comparison of Hyperspectral Gray Pine Classification to Lidar Derived Elevation and Slope Andrew Fritter - Portland State & Quantum Spatial - afritter@pdx.edu Abstract The gray pine (GP) tree has been
More informationColorado State University Viticulture and Enology. Grapevine Cold Hardiness
Colorado State University Viticulture and Enology Grapevine Cold Hardiness Grapevine cold hardiness is dependent on multiple independent variables such as variety and clone, shoot vigor, previous season
More informationResearch Proposal: Viticultural Terroir in Ashtabula County, Ohio
Research Proposal: Viticultural Terroir in Ashtabula County, Ohio Prepared for: Applications in Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Prepared by: Paul Boehnlein, Undergraduate June 3, 2008 Summary
More informationA.P. Environmental Science. Partners. Mark and Recapture Lab addi. Estimating Population Size
Name A.P. Environmental Science Date Mr. Romano Partners Mark and Recapture Lab addi Estimating Population Size Problem: How can the population size of a mobile organism be measured? Introduction: One
More informationIMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION IN UNDIVIDED SIVASAGAR DISTRICT
International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 8, Issue 1 Feb 2018, 51-56 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION
More informationCOMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.
More informationThe Napa Valley is a wine growing gregion with many appellations. Napa received its own AVA designation in 1981 making
The Napa Valley is a wine growing gregion with many appellations Each appellation has its own unique microclimate and soil type, making it more suited to different varietals Napa received its own AVA designation
More informationIntroduction Methods
Introduction The Allium paradoxum, common name few flowered leek, is a wild garlic distributed in woodland areas largely in the East of Britain (Preston et al., 2002). In 1823 the A. paradoxum was brought
More informationErosion Hazard (Off-Road, Off-Trail) Angelina County, Texas (Upland Island Erosion Hazard (Off-Road, Off-Trail))
Cypress Creek Erosion Hazard (Off-Road, Off-Trail) Angelina County, Texas () 31 7' 50'' 31 4' 50'' 3439500 3440400 3441300 3442200 3443100 3444000 3444900 94 24' 48'' 94 24' 51'' 365700 Graham Creek 365700
More informationOF THE VARIOUS DECIDUOUS and
(9) PLAXICO, JAMES S. 1955. PROBLEMS OF FACTOR-PRODUCT AGGRE- GATION IN COBB-DOUGLAS VALUE PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS. JOUR. FARM ECON. 37: 644-675, ILLUS. (10) SCHICKELE, RAINER. 1941. EFFECT OF TENURE SYSTEMS
More informationQuality of western Canadian flaxseed 2012
ISSN 1700-2087 Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2012 Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Tel : 204 983-3354 Email: ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax : 204-983-0724 Grain
More informationActivity 10. Coffee Break. Introduction. Equipment Required. Collecting the Data
. Activity 10 Coffee Break Economists often use math to analyze growth trends for a company. Based on past performance, a mathematical equation or formula can sometimes be developed to help make predictions
More information! " Alternatives to Ash: Native Trees for Southern Wisconsin" Compiled by the UW Madison Arboretum! January, 2014!
" Alternatives to Ash: Native Trees for Southern Wisconsin" Compiled by the UW Madison Arboretum January, 2014 The UW Madison Arboretum recommends planting native tree species to replace ash trees (Fraxinus
More informationSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WINERY CONTAMINATION
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WINERY CONTAMINATION The Spatial Analysis of Winery Contamination project used a previously created MS Access database to create a personal geodatabase within ArcGIS in order to perform
More informationHeat stress increases long-term human migration in rural Pakistan
Supplementary Methods: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE2103 Heat stress increases long-term human migration in rural Pakistan Our sample includes the households surveyed by the International
More informationWideband HF Channel Availability Measurement Techniques and Results W.N. Furman, J.W. Nieto, W.M. Batts
Wideband HF Channel Availability Measurement Techniques and Results W.N. Furman, J.W. Nieto, W.M. Batts THIS INFORMATION IS NOT EXPORT CONTROLLED THIS INFORMATION IS APPROVED FOR RELEASE WITHOUT EXPORT
More informationProtium glabrum Question number Question Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for United States. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R. and C.A. Gantz. 2008. Potential impacts on the horticultural industry of screening
More informationTAXONOMY Plant Family Scientific Ranunculaceae 6
Plant Propagation Protocol for Ranunculus orthorhynchus ESRM 412 Native Plant Production Protocol URL: https://courses.washington.edu/esrm412/protocols/raor3 TAXONOMY Plant Family Scientific Ranunculaceae
More informationQuality of western Canadian peas 2009
ISSN 1920-9053 Quality of western Canadian peas 2009 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204-983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationStand structure and aridity alter tree mortality risk in Nevada s PJ woodlands
Stand structure and aridity alter tree mortality risk in Nevada s PJ woodlands Sam Flake and Peter Weisberg Dept. of Natural Resource and Env. Science, Univ. Nevada, Reno 10/12/2016 Pinyon-Juniper Symposium
More informationGreenhouse Effect Investigating Global Warming
Greenhouse Effect Investigating Global Warming OBJECTIVE Students will design three different environments, including a control group. They will identify which environment results in the greatest temperature
More informationFleurieu zone (other)
Fleurieu zone (other) Incorporating Southern Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island wine regions, as well as the remainder of the Fleurieu zone outside all GI regions Regional summary report 2006 South Australian
More informationPeach and Nectarine Cork Spot: A Review of the 1998 Season
Peach and Nectarine Cork Spot: A Review of the 1998 Season Kevin R. Day Tree Fruit Farm Advisor Tulare County University of California Cooperative Extension Along with many other problems, fruit corking
More informationDistribution of climate suitability for viticulture in the United Kingdom in 2100 ECRC Research Report Number 177
Distribution of climate suitability for viticulture in the United Kingdom in 2100 ECRC Research Report Number 177 Lucien Georgeson & Mark Maslin January 2017 1 Distribution of climate suitability for viticulture
More informationRUST RESISTANCE IN WILD HELIANTHUS ANNUUS AND VARIATION BY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN
RUST RESISTANCE IN WILD HELIANTHUS ANNUUS AND VARIATION BY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Dr. Tom GULYA USDA Northern Crop Science Lab, Fargo, ND 58105, USA Dr. Gary KONG, DPI, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia Mary BROTHERS
More informationPEEL RIVER HEALTH ASSESSMENT
PEEL RIVER HEALTH ASSESSMENT CONTENTS SUMMARY... 2 Overall River Health Scoring... 2 Overall Data Sufficiency Scoring... 2 HYDROLOGY... 3 Overall Hydrology River Health Scoring... 3 Hydrology Data Sufficiency...
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *8122929106* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11 Paper 1 October/November 2015 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates
More informationCoffee weather report November 10, 2017.
Coffee weather report November 10, 2017. awhere, Inc., an agricultural intelligence company, is pleased to provide this map-and-chart heavy report focused on the current coffee crop in Brazil. Global stocks
More informationSuitability for Haul Roads (MI) Macomb County, Michigan, and Oakland County, Michigan (River Bends Park, West Side, Shelby Twp.)
Suitability for Haul Roads (MI) Macomb, and Oakland () MAP LEGEND Area of Interest () Soils Soil Ratings Area of Interest () Soil Map Units Poorly suited Moderately suited Well suited Political Features
More informationQuality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2017
ISSN 2560-7545 Quality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2017 Bert Siemens Oilseeds Section Contact: Véronique J. Barthet Program Manager, Oilseeds Section Grain Research Laboratory Tel : 204 984-5174
More informationErosion Hazard (Road, Trail) Angelina County, Texas (Upland Island Erosion Hazard (Road, Trail)) Web Soil Survey National Cooperative Soil Survey
Cypress Creek Erosion Hazard (Road, Trail) Angelina County, Texas () 31 7' 50'' 31 4' 50'' 3439500 3440400 3441300 3442200 3443100 3444000 3444900 94 24' 48'' 94 24' 51'' 365700 Graham Creek 365700 366600
More informationCoffee Eco-labeling: Profit, Prosperity, & Healthy Nature? Brian Crespi Andre Goncalves Janani Kannan Alexey Kudryavtsev Jessica Stern
Coffee Eco-labeling: Profit, Prosperity, & Healthy Nature? Brian Crespi Andre Goncalves Janani Kannan Alexey Kudryavtsev Jessica Stern Presentation Outline I. Introduction II. III. IV. Question at hand
More informationAn Examination of operating costs within a state s restaurant industry
University of Nevada, Las Vegas Digital Scholarship@UNLV Caesars Hospitality Research Summit Emerging Issues and Trends in Hospitality and Tourism Research 2010 Jun 8th, 12:00 AM - Jun 10th, 12:00 AM An
More informationQuality of western Canadian pea beans 2009
ISSN 1920-9096 Quality of western Canadian pea beans 2009 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204-983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationwestern Canadian pulse crops 2005
ISSN 1712-8315 Quality of western Canadian pulse crops 2005 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel: 204 983-2154 Email: nwang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationCOFFEE YIELD VARIATIONS AND THEIR RELATIONS TO RAINFALL EVENTS IN NICARAGUA
PA 254 COFFEE YIELD VARIATIONS AND THEIR RELATIONS TO RAINFALL EVENTS IN NICARAGUA LARA, Leonel 1,2 *, HAGGAR, Jeremy 3, STOIAN, Dietmar 1, RAPIDEL, Bruno 1,4 1 2 Research Unit Sustainability and Global
More informationwestern Canadian flaxseed 2003
Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2003 Douglas R. DeClercq Program Manager, Oilseeds Services James K. Daun Section Head, Oilseeds and Pulses Contact: Douglas R. DeClercq Program Manager, Oilseeds Services
More informationProposal for the Approval of a New Subdivision of the. Okanagan Valley Geographical Indication NARAMATA BENCH SUB-GI.
Proposal for the Approval of a New Subdivision of the Okanagan Valley Geographical Indication NARAMATA BENCH SUB-GI 23 April 2018 Prepared by the Sub-GI Committee, Naramata Bench Introduction This document
More informationSC 75/ September Original: English. Statistics Committee 13 th Meeting
SC 75/17 20 September 2017 Original: English E Statistics Committee 13 th Meeting 26 September 2017 Yamoussoukro, Côte d Ivoire Advances in coffee economics: Recent studies on the impact of climate change
More informationLIVE Wines Backgrounder Certified Sustainable Northwest Wines
LIVE Wines Backgrounder Certified Sustainable Northwest Wines Principled Wine Production LIVE Wines are independently certified to meet strict international standards for environmentally and socially responsible
More informationQuality of western Canadian flaxseed 2013
ISSN 1700-2087 Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2013 Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Tel : 204 983-3354 Email: mailto:ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax : 204-983-0724
More informationUC BERKELEY McCOWN ARCHAEOBOTANY LABORATORY REPORT #84 Pachacamac Archaeological Capsicum seed analysis II
UC BERKELEY McCOWN ARCHAEOBOTANY LABORATORY REPORT #84 Pachacamac Archaeological Capsicum seed analysis II Written for: Dr. Peter Eeckhout and Tatiana Stellian, Université Libre de Bruxelles Authors: Katherine
More informationAngela Mariani. University of Naples Parthenope
Angela Mariani University of Naples Parthenope Workshop Mediterranean products in the global market Section 6: The global market for wine: issues and prospects p 17 June 2008 BRIEF COMMENTS ON THE FOLLOWING
More informationANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA
ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA Agatha POPESCU University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, 59 Marasti, District
More informationModule 6. Yield and Fruit Size. Presenter: Stephan Verreynne
Presenter: Stephan Verreynne definition Yield Yield refers to the amount of fruit produced, and can be expressed in terms of: Tree yield kg per tree kg/tree Orchard yield tons per hectare t/ha Export yield
More informationBiologist at Work! Experiment: Width across knuckles of: left hand. cm... right hand. cm. Analysis: Decision: /13 cm. Name
wrong 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 right 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 score 100 98.6 97.2 95.8 94.4 93.1 91.7 90.3 88.9 87.5 86.1 84.7 83.3 81.9
More informationCupania cinerea Question number Question Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for United States. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R. and C.A. Gantz. 2008. Potential impacts on the horticultural industry of screening
More informationMigratory Soaring Birds Project. SEA & Wind Energy planning
Migratory Soaring Birds Project SEA & Wind Energy planning Strategic Environmental Assessment SEAs provide overall assessment and guidance to inform where specific developments could occur SEA is a key
More informationSugarcane Expansion: Land Use Changes and Social Impacts in the São Paulo State, Brazil
Sugarcane Expansion: Land Use Changes and Social Impacts in the São Paulo State, Brazil Flávio Luiz Mazzaro de Freitas Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy
More informationTAXONOMY Plant Family. Species. Scientific Name GENERAL INFORMATION
Plant Propagation Protocol for Lupinus amphibius ESRM 412 Native Plant Production Protocol URL: https://courses.washington.edu/esrm412/protocols/luam2.pdf 3 TAXONOMY Plant Family Scientific Name Common
More informationPacific Madrone. Scientific Name: Arbutus menziesii Family: Ericaceae. Statistics
Pacific Madrone Scientific Name: Arbutus menziesii Family: Ericaceae Statistics Height: 20-80 feet (6-24 m) Diameter: 2 feet (0.6 m) Habit: Evergreen Range: British Columbia Southern California (Coastal
More informationTropentag 2009 University of Hamburg, October 6-8, 2009
Tropentag 2009 University of Hamburg, October 6-8, 2009 Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development The implications of climate change on Mesoamerican
More informationPRUNUS AMERICANA (ROSACEAE) IN THE ARKANSAS FLORA
Johnson, G.P. 2013. Prunus americana (Rosaceae) in the Arkansas flora. Phytoneuron 2013-33: 1 5. Published 20 May 2013. ISSN 2153 733X PRUNUS AMERICANA (ROSACEAE) IN THE ARKANSAS FLORA GEORGE P. JOHNSON
More informationEvergreen Huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum
Evergreen Huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Evergreen huckleberry grows at low elevations from British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, and south into California. Evergreen huckleberry is an erect,
More informationTEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND TOLERANCE OF AVOCADO FRUIT TISSUE
California Avocado Society 1961 Yearbook 45: 87-92 TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AND TOLERANCE OF AVOCADO FRUIT TISSUE C. A. Schroeder and Ernest Kay Professor of Botany. University of California, Los Angeles;
More informationSkamania-Klickitat County Knotweed Control Project
Skamania-Klickitat County Knotweed Control Project Agreement K1752 Skamania County Noxious Weed Control Program Post Office Box 369 704 SW Rock Creek Drive Stevenson, WA 98648 509-427-3942 soliz@co.skamania.wa.us
More informationMonitoring the Spread of Magnolia kobus within the Royal Botanical Gardens Nature Sanctuaries. Katherine Moesker October 14, 2015
Monitoring the Spread of Magnolia kobus within the Royal Botanical Gardens Nature Sanctuaries Katherine Moesker October 14, 2015 Magnolia kobus at RBG Thousands of Magnolia kobus plants (also known as
More informationRegression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran
Regression Models for Saffron ields in Iran Sanaeinejad, S.H., Hosseini, S.N 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk, nasir_nbm@yahoo.com, Abstract: Saffron
More informationLanghorne Creek Wine Region
SA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 Langhorne Creek Wine Region Vintage overview VINTAGE REPORT The Langhorne Creek wine region experienced a long, slow vintage in 2017, beginning with
More informationTree diversity effect on dominant height in temperate forest
Tree diversity effect on dominant height in temperate forest Patrick Vallet, Thomas Pérot Irstea Nogent-sur-Vernisson CAQSIS, 28 29 March 2017, Bordeaux 2 Overyielding in mixed forest Context For many
More informationWhich of your fingernails comes closest to 1 cm in width? What is the length between your thumb tip and extended index finger tip? If no, why not?
wrong 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 right 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 score 100 98.5 97.0 95.5 93.9 92.4 90.9 89.4 87.9 86.4 84.8 83.3 81.8 80.3 78.8 77.3 75.8 74.2
More informationWine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts
Wine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts When you need to understand situations that seem to defy data analysis, you may be able to use techniques
More informationBusiness opportunities and challenges of mainstreaming biodiversity into the agricultural sector
Business opportunities and challenges of mainstreaming biodiversity into the agricultural sector Mainstreaming biodiversity into the agricultural sector what does this mean? Cultural service Regulating
More informationFigure 1: Quartely milk production and gross value
Million Litres Million Rands QUARTERLY DAIRY MARKET ANALYSIS BULLETIN 1 OF 215 1. INTRODUCTION The following discussion is a review of the dairy market environment. The analysis is updated on a quarterly
More informationReligions of the Boyne City and the Charlevoix County area
Religions of the Boyne City and the Charlevoix County area The Mound Builders The Mound Builders is a term used to describe First Nation's cultures that built earthen burial mounds and other earthworks
More informationConifers of the Pacific Slope: An exploration into the world of ancient plants
Conifers of the Pacific Slope: An exploration into the world of ancient plants What is the Pacific Slope? A phrase used by early explorers to describe the western slopes of the Continental Divide indicating
More informationAdelaide Plains Wine Region
SA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 Adelaide Plains Wine Region Adelaide Plains Vintage overview OVERVIEW OF VINTAGE STATISTICS A total of 3,496 tonnes of Adelaide Plains winegrapes
More informationThe Wild Bean Population: Estimating Population Size Using the Mark and Recapture Method
Name Date The Wild Bean Population: Estimating Population Size Using the Mark and Recapture Method Introduction: In order to effectively study living organisms, scientists often need to know the size of
More informationTree Rings and Water Resource Management in the Southwest
Tree Rings and Water Resource Management in the Southwest Connie Woodhouse* School of Geography and Regional Development and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona Water Management and
More informationSA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 South Australia - other
SA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 South Australia - other Vintage overview South Australia (other) includes the GI region of Southern Flinders Ranges, the Peninsulas zone, and the
More informationCoffee and climate change. Effectively guiding forward looking climate change adaptation of global coffee supply chains
Coffee and climate change Effectively guiding forward looking climate change adaptation of global coffee supply chains The future of coffee production The future of coffee production Picture: N. Palmer
More informationChrysophyllum venezuelanense Question number Question Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for United States. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R. and C.A. Gantz. 2008. Potential impacts on the horticultural industry of screening
More informationQuality of western Canadian flaxseed 2014
ISSN 1700-2087 Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2014 Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Tel : 204 983-3354 Email: ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax : 204-983-0724 Grain
More informationPlant Propagation Protocol for Prunus subcordata ESRM 412 Native Plant Production
Plant Propagation Protocol for Prunus subcordata ESRM 412 Native Plant Production Photo courtesy of http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php Family Names Family Scientific Rosaceae
More informationFor sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C Price 10 cents Stock Number
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 10 cents Stock Number 0101-0222 BUTTERNUT (Juglans cinerea L.) James G. Schroeder 1 DISTRIBUTION
More informationProduct Consistency Comparison Study: Continuous Mixing & Batch Mixing
July 2015 Product Consistency Comparison Study: Continuous Mixing & Batch Mixing By: Jim G. Warren Vice President, Exact Mixing Baked snack production lines require mixing systems that can match the throughput
More informationThe Acadian Expulsion: a Canadian Tragedy
Maptour: The Acadian Expulsion: a Canadian Tragedy Maptour Page 1 The Acadian Expulsion: a Canadian Tragedy The British decision, in 1755, to expel allegedly disloyal Acadian (French) settlers from the
More informationCocculus laurifolius (cocculus)
Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in
More informationQuality of western Canadian pea beans 2010
ISSN 1920-9096 Quality of western Canadian pea beans 2010 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204 983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationRecipe for the Northwest
Recipe for the Northwest States: Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming Latitude: 41 N to 49 N Elevation: The lowest areas are at sea level along the Pacific Ocean and the Snake River in Idaho
More informationFood and beverage services statistics - NACE Rev. 2
Food and beverage services statistics - NACE Rev. 2 Statistics Explained Data extracted in October 2015. Most recent data: Further Eurostat information, Main tables and Database. This article presents
More informationPeaches & Nectarines and Cherry Annual Reports
THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: GAIN Report
More informationStatistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat , Assam. ABSTRACT
Two and a Bud 59(2):152-156, 2012 RESEARCH PAPER Global tea production and export trend with special reference to India Prasanna Kumar Bordoloi Statistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental
More informationtheir cultivation in and 36% of expansion in crop NCARE). growing in olive Area: sq km (UN, 2008) (UN, 2010/ /15) GNI per Bank, 2010) 2009)
Policies - Jordan 2012 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OLIVE GROWING IN JORDAN 1.1. Introductionn The olive tree is one of the most important and oldest crops in Jordan where it is ntertwined with the daily
More informationIMPORTATION OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA
IMPORTATION OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTNER (WATERLILY, LOTUS) AS ROOTS FROM EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS AND NICARAGUA INTO THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment
More informationMangifera griffithii Question number Question Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0
Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for United States. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R. and C.A. Gantz. 2008. Potential impacts on the horticultural industry of screening
More informationMBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
MBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview There are two summative assessments for this course. For your first assessment, you will be objectively assessed by your completion of a series of MyAccountingLab
More informationQUARTELY MAIZE MARKET ANALYSIS & OUTLOOK BULLETIN 1 OF 2015
QUARTELY MAIZE MARKET ANALYSIS & OUTLOOK BULLETIN 1 OF 2015 INTRODUCTION The following discussion is a review of the maize market environment. The analysis is updated on a quarterly 1 basis and the interval
More informationESTIMATING ANIMAL POPULATIONS ACTIVITY
ESTIMATING ANIMAL POPULATIONS ACTIVITY VOCABULARY mark capture/recapture ecologist percent error ecosystem population species census MATERIALS Two medium-size plastic or paper cups for each pair of students
More informationPasta Market in Italy to Market Size, Development, and Forecasts
Pasta Market in Italy to 2019 - Market Size, Development, and Forecasts Published: 6/2015 Global Research & Data Services Table of Contents List of Tables Table 1 Demand for pasta in Italy, 2008-2014 (US
More informationTo be officially certified organic, it is necessary to meet the requirements listed below.
Introduction to organic Japanese tea If you walk around at both an organic tea farm and a non-organic tea farm in the summer season, you will quickly understand that an organic tea farm lives together
More informationWashington Vineyard Acreage Report: 2011
Washington Vineyard Acreage Report: 2011 COMPILED BY USDA/NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS SERVICE WASHINGTON FIELD OFFICE DAVID KNOPF, DIRECTOR DENNIS KOONG, DEPUTY DIRECTOR P. O. BOX 609 OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON
More informationQuality of western Canadian pea beans 2011
ISSN 1920-9096 Quality of western Canadian pea beans 2011 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204 983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More information96 of 100 DOCUMENTS FEDERAL REGISTER. 27 CFR Part 9. Napa Valley Viticultural Area. [TD ATF-79; Re: Notice No. 337] 46 FR 9061.
Page 1 96 of 100 DOCUMENTS FEDERAL REGISTER 27 CFR Part 9 Napa Valley Viticultural Area [TD ATF-79; Re: Notice No. 337] January 28, 1981 ACTION: Final rule; Treasury decision. SUMMARY: This rule establishes
More informationA Study on the Characteristics of Distribution of Creeks on the Tsukushi Plain
A Study on the Characteristics of Distribution of Creeks on the Tsukushi Plain Akira USHIJIMA 1, Haruna NISHIMURA 2 and Mahito NAKAZONO 3 1 Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Science and Engineering,
More informationGI Protection in Europe
GI Protection in Europe Product approach Currently 4 kinds of goods can be protected under the EU quality schemes: Wines (Regulation 1308/2013) Aromatized wines (Regulation 251/2014) Spirit drinks (Regulation
More informationCoffee Season 2013/14 Finishes in Balance but Deficit Expected Next Year
Coffee Season 2013/14 Finishes in Balance but Deficit Expected Next Year Coffee prices were volatile again over the course of September, mostly reacting to weather news from Brazil. Daily prices fell initially
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *9073589209* BIOLOGY 0610/62 Paper 6 Alternative to Practical February/March 2015 1 hour Candidates
More informationEffect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality
Effect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality Brian Jenks, John Lukach, Fabian Menalled North Dakota State University and Montana State University The concept of straight
More informationAdelaide Hills Wine Region
SA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 Adelaide Hills Wine Region Adelaide Hills Vintage overview VINTAGE REPORT The annual rainfall in 2016 (1240mm at Lenswood) was the highest in the
More information