ADAPTING VINEYARDS TO THE NEW CLIMATIC CONTEXT Alain CARBONNEAU Professeur de Viticulture de Montpellier SupAgro ORIENTATION TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE VITICULTURE Definition: «A sustainable Viticulture is one that, over the long term, enhances environmental quality and the resource base on which it depends; provides for human requirements of products of the vine, in particular wines and grapes; is economically viable and enhances the quality of life for vine growers and society as a whole.» SUSTAINABLE VITICULTURE IS THE MOST CONCERNED BY THE CLIMATE CHANGE, BECAUSE OF SUSTAINABILITY! 1
Heat waves are increasing: an example Extreme Heat Wave Summer 2003 Europe Les précipitations sur les continents changent significativement Accroissement Diminution GIEC 2007 2
Observations Les changements observés sont en accord avec les réponses du forçage par les GES Ils sont en désaccord avec d autres explications Tous les forçages Solaire+volcans Les scénarios climatiques (GIEC 2007) 3
Jean Jouzel 2009 Les scénarios climatiques (GIEC 2007) 4
fin 300 octobre TRENDS IN VINE PHENOLOGY. Pinot noir (Champagne) début 250 septembre Stade C Stade I50 mi-juin 200 Stade Déb Vér Jours Stade Déb R fin mai 150 Moyenne mobile du stade C sur 5 ans Moyenne mobile du Stade I50 sur 5 ans début avril 100 Moyenne mobile du stade déb vér sur 5 ans Moyenne mobile du stade déb R sur 5 ans mi-février 50 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Année Source : CIVC Production t/ha (moyenne mobile 5ans) 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 1976 1978 Simulation STICS Vigne Unités AGROCLIM - CSE 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Bourgogne Vallée du Rhône 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 5
SYNTHESIS OF POSSIBLE ADAPTATIONS Particularly in non-irrigated vineyards GEOGRAPHICAL ADAPTATION : Possibilities: Latitude: + 1 c 200km towards North(n.h.) Altitude: + 1 c 150m in altitude North Exposure (n.h.) Consequences: Economical conditions? Terroir Typicity? New northern viticulture Reconversion at the southern limit? 6
CULTIVATION SYSTEMS: WATER MONITORING: water reservoirs, plot & soil preparation, erosion control, reasoned IRRIGATION TRAINING SYSTEM :rooting, modularity (foldable Lyre, modulated VSP), self-regulation (Minimal Pruning no pruning, Precision Close Pruning) HARVEST DATE / TYPICITY LYRE ARCHITECTURE Maximum SFE Developped old wood Aerated & protected grapes 7
Foldable LYRE Foldable LYRE 8
NIMODULATED VERTICAL TRAINING MINIMAL PRUNING: 9
black pepper,clove grape berry sugar loading violet laurel,thyme derivated aromatic evolutions of the berry (skin?) rock powder liquorice,cacao black olive, dried plum leather green pepper citrus black currant leaf black currant strawberry whortleberry or black currant jam maximum of colour intensity basic aromatic evolution the grape berry (pulp?) maximum of polyphenol complexity time UNFOLDING OF TYPICITY (links between aromatic impressions) Complex SYRAH SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION SYSTEMS : SUPPORT by possible advantages of diminution of parasite pressure in summer ENVIRONMENT: improved conscience of the society leading to the necessity of sustainability SUSTAINABLE VITICULTURE : a rational alternative to organic or biodynamic ADVANTAGE TO MEDITERRANEAN ZONES 10
Températures de maturation pour les différentes cépages Côtes du Rhône 1967-1989 1990-2005 Source: Jones, 2002, 2004, 2005 INTERNATIONAL CÉ VARIETIES PLASTICITY?: MERLOT: expansion to North, limitation under drought and high temperature, reference fé of fruity CABERNET SAUVIGNON: limited expansion to North, generalization due to better maturity SYRAH: limited expansion to North, reference of full maturity and complexity CHARDONNAY: New vineyards to North, reinforcement of wine technology SAUVIGNON: New vineyards to North, tendancy to reach Chardonnay success due to more freshness Others Advantage to: hard maturing (TANNAT, COT, PETIT VERDOT, MOURVÈDRE, BARBERA, PRIMITIVO..), to earliness pré (PINOT noir, gris ), to less popular (VIOGNIER, RIESLING..) 11
NEW, RESISTANT, VARIETIES: New interest for new varieties with a great adaptability and high quality potential ex: MARSELAN Integration of new poly-resistant varietes in Sustainable Viticulture : BC5,6 Muscadinia rotundifolia (~ 1%) x Vitis vinifera Diversification towards new products: low sugar content-maturing varieties, for grape juice ŒNOLOGICAL OPTIONS, NEW PRODUCTS: Alcohol: adjustment by desalcoholization ph: adjustment by electrodialysis Secondary metabolites : precise analysis, optimization of harvesting date and extraction Diversification: low alcohol wines (9% 0%), grape juice, grape-issued beverages, verjuce Tentation for 100% technological wines : Grape must + coloration + aromatization +? 12
IF MEANS ARE AVAILABLE, WE CAN RELY ON SERIES OF TECHNICAL ADAPTATIONS. BUT THE QUESTION IS: CAN WE ADAPT TO MORE THAN B1? IH = Heliothermal Index Effets sur l indice de Huglin (1970 à 2003) Avignon Colmar Bordeaux Dijon SEUIL DE RUPTURE & CHANGEMENT DE CLASSE 13
+ 1 c by mean = + 1 class of IH: B1-2050: > + 1 class of IH / 1980 * B1-2100: > + 2 classes of IH / 1980 * CONCLUSION: EVOLUTION or REVOLUTION? Merci de votre attention 14