Famil: Oleaceae Taxo: Olea europaea ssp cuspidata Som: Olea africaa Mill. Olea chrsophlla Lam. Olea cuspidata Wall. ex G. Do (basiom) Olea europaea subsp. africaa (Mill.) P. S. G Olea ferrugiea Role Olea sativa var. verrucosa (Willd.) Roem. & S Olea verrucosa (Willd.) Lik Commo Name: Wild Olive Brow olive Africa Olive Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata Idia olive Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: H(Hawai'i) Data Etr Perso: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 11 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 1 of 11
409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(Hawai'i) WRA Score 11 Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 2 of 11
Supportig Data: 101 2002. Gree, P.S.. A Revisio of Olea L. (Oleaceae). Kew Bulleti. 57(1): 91-140. 101 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 201 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 202 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 203 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 203 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 203 2008. Breto, C./Gueri, J./Ducatillio, C./Medail, F./Kull, C.A./Berville, A.. Tamig the wild ad wildig the tame: Tree breedig ad dispersal i Australia ad the Mediterraea. Plat Sciece. 175: 197 205. 204 2002. Gree, P.S.. A Revisio of Olea L. (Oleaceae). Kew Bulleti. 57(1): 91-140. [Is the species highl domesticated?? No] "This is the widespread wild olive which occurs from South to North-East Africa, ad from South-West Asia to the drier parts of Yua ad Sichua i Chia (see the maps as figs 1 & 2 i Gree & Wickes 1989)." [I cotrast to ssp. europaea "This is the cultivated olive, oe of the world's oldest cultivated plats, ad ol kow as such."] [Is the species highl domesticated? No] "Although part of the Olea europaea complex, Africa Olive is part of a tropical wild olive group, ad has a weed ecolog that is distict from Europea Olive." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "O. europaea ssp. cuspidata (Africa wild olive) is a sclerophllous evergree tree with a heav brached ad rouded crow. It grows to 5 15 m (maximum 25 m) tall ad is widel distributed i Afromotae forests, particularl i drier highlad forests i associatio with Juiperus procera Hochst. ex Edl. (Cupressaceae, East Africa pecil cedar), forest margis, riverie forests ad evergree motae scrub from 1250 to 3000 m above sea level i Suda, Somalia ad southward through east tropical Africa ito South Africa (Gree, 2003)." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "The major area of atural distributio for Africa Olive is easter Africa, where it exteds throughout the easter Africa states from the souther tip of Africa to the ortheast regios. It is commol recorded for the coutries of Tazaia, Kea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Suda, Namibia, Somalia ad South Africa. From easter Africa, the distributio exteds ito the Middle East regio with occurreces i Yeme ad Saudi Arabia. A sigificat Asia cetre of Africa Olive distributio is orther Idia, Afghaista, Pakista ad Kashmir. The most easterl atural distributio is Chia, particularl the drier parts of Yua ad Sichua (Gree 2002)." [Qualit of climate match data 2-high] "...widel distributed i Afromotae forests, particularl i drier highlad forests i associatio with Juiperus procera Hochst. Ex Edl. (Cupressaceae, East Africa pecil cedar), forest margis, riverie forests ad evergree motae scrub from 1250 to 3000 m above sea level i Suda, Somalia ad southward through east tropical Africa ito South Africa (Gree, 2003)." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "A medium-sized, evergree tree which is idigeous i wester Himalaa i the Ido Pakista subcotiet, ascedig to 2000 m." [Elevatio rage exceeds 1000 m] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "The capacit for Africa Olive to establish i both temperate ad subtropical zoes, uderlie the potetial for spread well beod curret distributio i New South Wales." "The establishmet of Africa Olive as major wood weed species i the subtropical climate of Norfolk Islad (average aual raifall 1325 mm, rage 784 1856 mm) is a clear idicatio of its adaptabilit to climatic zoes outside curret distributio i mailad Australia."..."Africa Olive appears to tolerate a wide rage of evirometal coditios ad is able to establish i temperate or subtropical eviromets." "Distributioal data show that Africa Olive has bee able to ivade a wide rage of habitats ragig from temperate regios with about 800 mm raifall through to subtropical zoes which receive 1200 mm aual raifall." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "The olive ad oleaster spread i thermo Mediterraea ad meso-mediterraea climates characterized b deep drought durig summer. The olive must be watered i arid climates. I cotrast subsp. cuspidata is foud i a variet of differet climates: arid i Yeme ad humid i the highlads of Idia ad East Africa. The adaptatio flexibilit of this subspecies ma icrease its ivasive potetial." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "This subspecies has become aturalized i Hawaii, Australia, New Zealad ad o Norfolk Islad, but how ad whe it was itroduced is ot kow." Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 3 of 11
204 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 204 2007. Besard, G./Her,P./Wille, L./Cooke, D./Chapuis, E.. O the origi of the ivasive olives (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae). Heredit. 99: 608 619. 301 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 301 2002. Gree, P.S.. A Revisio of Olea L. (Oleaceae). Kew Bulleti. 57(1): 91-140. 301 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 301 2010. Frohlich, D./Lau, A.. New plat records from O ahu for 2008. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 107: 3-18. 301 2010. Starr, F./Starr, K./Loope, L.L.. New plat records from the Hawaiia Archepelago. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 107: 61-68. 302 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "...from 1250 to 3000 m above sea level i Suda, Somalia ad southward through east tropical Africa ito South Africa (Gree, 2003)." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "This stud cofirmed that successful ivasio ca occur eve after a importat bottleeck (for example, Hawaii). Furthermore, subspecies cuspidata ad europaea ivaded differet areas, with the former mail foud i warm temperate to tropical areas ad the latter i areas displaig a tpical Mediterraea climate. However, as both subspecies icrease their rages, chaces for hbridizatio ad itrogressio will icrease, putativel leadig to higher withi populatio geetic diversit ad icreasig potetial for evolutioar chages (Kolbe et al., 2004; Faco et al., 2006)." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] " aturalized ad becomig a serious pest i the viciit of `Aiahou Rach, Hawaii." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "This subspecies has become aturalized i Hawaii, Australia, New Zealad ad o Norfolk Islad, but how ad whe it was itroduced is ot kow." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Africa Olive, Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Do) Cif. (famil Oleaceae) is a dese-crowed tree itroduced ito Australia for horticulture i the mid 19th cetur. I recet decades, Africa Olive has become a aggressive wood weed, capable of formig a dese ad permaet caop i a wide rage of vegetatio tpes i south-west Sde ad beod." "I Australia both the Europea Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea) ad Africa Olive (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata) have aturalised." "Africa Olive is listed b the Ba of Plet Regioal Eviromet Coucil as a weed of ope coastal scrub ad modified sites ear ative forest margis. It occurs o both ishore ad offshore islads such as Raoul Islad (Kermadec Islad group), where it is showig aggressive weed tedecies similar to o Norfolk Islad (BPRC 2006). A Africa Olive eradicatio program is curretl beig implemeted o Raoul Islad b the New Zealad Departmet of Coservatio (Ambrose pers. comm.). Occasioal occurreces have bee reported aroud Aucklad cit ad the ier Hauraki Gulf islads where it displaces coastal shrubs ad trees (BPRC 2006)." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes]"Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata, which is the wild form of the cultivated olive (Staples & Herbst 2005), is a frequetl cultivated hedge ad feature plat i the O ahu urba ladscape. Alread, it has bee collected as aturalized o Kaua i, Lāa i, Maui, ad the Big Islad (Lorece & Wager 1995; Herbst & Wager 1999; Starr et al. 1999, 2010). Birds are the most likel disperser of this plat, which produces abudat, flesh fruit (Staples & Herbst 2005). Material examied. O AHU: Pālehua Rd at secod gate before alphabetical drivewas begi, roadside vegetatio, 535 m (1760 ft), 14 Ma 2008, K. Kawelo USARMY 92." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Africa olive) spreads b fruit-eatig birds ad has bee documeted as aturalized o Kaua i, o ahu, Maui, ad Hawai i (Wager et al. 1999; Lorece et al. 1995; Starr et al. 1999; Frohlich & Lau 2010). o Lāa i, it is widel cultivated ad aturalized ear Lāa i Cit. This collectio represets a ew islad record for Lāa I" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Evirometal Weed. See 3.04] "Africa Olive ivasio leads to a loss i ative plat diversit, ad research ito restoratio ecolog is eeded, particularl for sites with a established cover of Africa Olive where bush regeeratio, ad cuttig ad poisoig are the mai methods of cotrol." 303 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Evirometal Weed. See 3.04] Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 4 of 11
304 1992. Satos, G.L. et al.. Herbicidal Cotrol of Selected Alie Plat Species i Hawai`i Volcaoes Natioal Park. Pp. 341-375 i Stoe, C.P. et al. (eds.) Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i. Uiversit of Hawaii CPSU, Hoolulu, HI 304 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 304 2009. Cueo, P./Jacobso, C.R./Leishma, M.R.. Ladscape-scale detectio ad mappig of ivasive Africa Olive (Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata Wall ex G. Do Ciferri) i SW Sde, Australia usig satellite remote sesig. Applied Vegetatio Sciece. 12( 305 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 401 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 402 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 403 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 404 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK [Evirometal weed? Yes] "Olive (plea europaea subsp. africaa), a relativel recet pest i Hawai`i Volcaoes Natioal Park, is foud o over 14,825 a (6,000 ha) o the former 'Aiahou Rach. Its curret elevatioal rage i the Park is betwee 1,640 ad 3,280 ft (500-1,000 m) (J.T. Tuiso, pers. comm.), ad the ifestatio has expaded rapidl sice the removal of cattle (Bos tauts) i the earl 1970s. Trees 16 ft (5 m) tall have bee observed, ad it is believed that olive will shade out ative species. This olive produces copious fruit, ad seedligs beeath a paret tree ma exceed 110 idividuals/ft2 (1,200/m2) (G.L. Satos, upub. data)." [Evirometal weed? Yes] "Africa Olive, Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Do) Cif. (famil Oleaceae) is a dese-crowed tree itroduced ito Australia for horticulture i the mid 19th cetur. I recet decades, Africa Olive has become a aggressive wood weed, capable of formig a dese ad permaet caop i a wide rage of vegetatio tpes i south-west Sde ad beod." "Africa Olive is a declared oxious weed i NSW ad South Australia, ad listed atioall as a potetial evirometal weed (Csurches & Edwards 1998)." [Evirometal weed? Yes] "Africa Olive (Olea europaea ssp cuspidata) was itroduced ito Australia for horticultural purposes i the mid 19th cetur, ad has established as a aggressive evirometal weed that is readil spread b frugivorous birds (Speema & Alle 2000). It is a evergree small to medium tree with a dese crow that is part of the Olea europaea complex, which icludes the Europea or edible olive. I recet decades, it has become ivasive i the Cumberlad Plai regio of wester Sde, Australia, ad is capable of formig a dese ad permaet mid-caop i a wide rage of vegetatio tpes (Cueo & Leishma 2006). It is highl ivasive i drier woodlads, riverie eviromets, coastal headlads ad due sstems (Mut 2001), outcompetig established ative vegetatio ad castig dese shade that prevets regeeratio of ative plats (DEH 2004). Africa Olive is also recorded as a serious wood weed i the Huter Valle ad Illawarra regios of New South Wales, Australia, as well as o Norfolk Islad ad the Hawaiia Islads of Maui ad Kauai The establishmet ad expasio of Africa Olive as a ivasive weed i the Cumberlad Plai regio is sigificat because the regio cotais 12 Edagered Ecological Commuities (EEC) that are listed uder the NSW Threateed Species Coservatio Act 1995." [Cogeeric weed? No. Subspecies europaea ca be ivasive, however] "Europea Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea) is well documeted as a evirometal weed i Australia, particularl i the Adelaide regio of South Australia where cultivated trees have bee abadoed ad their proge have established i remat bushlad (Speema & Alle 2000a, Crossma 2002)." [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Trees to 8-10 m tall with a broad crow, sometimes shrubb; oug braches graish lepidote. Leaves arrowl elliptic to oblog or laceolate, (1-) 2-8 cm log, (0.3-) 0.5-1.5 (-2) cm wide, upper surface glabrous, lower surface moderatel to desel graish, gree, or golde lepidote" "Lower leaf surface moderatel to desel gree or golde lepidote ad thil flesh fruit ca. 6-7 mm log" [Subspecies cuspidata] [Allelopathic? Ukow] "A distictive bare soil zoe is evidet alog the margis of established stage Africa Olive stads, beod the tree crow, but it is ot kow whether the developmet of a dese Africa Olive crow has a allelopathic effect o ative species, similar to that described for weed Europea Olives i Australia (Plat & Aimal Cotrol Commissio 2006)." [Parasitic? No] "Trees to 8-10 m tall " [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "It is a slow growig, shade, drought, ad fire tolerat tree, ofte lopped for fodder." Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 5 of 11
404 2009. Aekulu, E./Deich, M./Tsegae, D.. Regeeratio Respose of Juiperus procera ad Olea europaea subsp cuspidata to Exclosure i a Dr Afromotae Forest i Norther Ethiopia. Moutai Research ad Developmet. 29(2): 143 152. 404 2009. Cueo, P./Jacobso, C.R./Leishma, M.R.. Ladscape-scale detectio ad mappig of ivasive Africa Olive (Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata Wall ex G. Do Ciferri) i SW Sde, Australia usig satellite remote sesig. Applied Vegetatio Sciece. 12( 405 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 406 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 407 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 408 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 409 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 409 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 410 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 411 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "The Afromotae forests of orther Ethiopia have bee degraded ad fragmeted for ceturies. Recetl, efforts have bee made to restore these forests b protectig them from livestock iterferece. I this stud, the atural regeeratio of Juiperus procera Hochst. Ex Edl. ad Olea europaea L. subsp cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Do) Cif. Is ivestigated uder protected coditios after 3 ears of eclosure ad uder ope maagemet sstems i a dr Afromotae forest i orther Ethiopia. Data o the floristic ad structural compositios of the vascular plats were collected usig 32 radoml selected plots (20 m 3 20 m), while ested plots (10 m 3 10 m) were used to ivestigate the seedlig bak at the protected ad adjacet ope sites. The results reveal that there was a sigificatl higher regeeratio of O. europaea o the protected site tha o the ope site (P 5 0.01). However, there was o sigificat differece betwee the 2 sites for J. procera (P 5 0.16). Thus, protectig the degraded forest i orther Ethiopia seems to be a appropriate maagemet optio for the regeeratio of O. europaea. The regeeratio status of J. procera at both sites is poor, which idicates that protectig the forest from livestock ad huma disturbace is ulikel to lead to regeeratio of this species. Further ivestigatio of other factors that hider the regeeratio of J. procera is therefore recommeded." [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "The prevalece of Africa Olive o steeper terrai ma be due to lower accessibilit for grazig stock to steep slopes, as stock are kow to ihibit the growth ad establishmet of oug seedligs (Parsos & Cuthbertso 2001)." [Toxic to aimals? No] "It is a slow growig, shade, drought, ad fire tolerat tree, ofte lopped for fodder." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Potetiall] "Pests recorded Isects: Zgia oleae Sails: Helix aspersa (commo sail) Fugus diseases: Eupelte amicta Pests recorded at the geeric level (Olea): Isects: Aspidiotus erii (aucuba scale) Ceroplastes rubes (red wax scale) Coccus hesperidum (brow soft scale) Cossus cossus (carpeter moth) Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (pear oster scale) Diaspidiotus periciosus (Sa José scale) Metcalfa pruiosa (frosted moth-bug) Nipaecoccus ipae (spiked mealbug) Saissetia oleae (olive scale) Siphoius phillreae (ash whitefl) Pests recorded at the famil level (Oleaceae): Isects: Aspidiotus erii (aucuba scale) Crptotermes brevis (powderpost termite) Taeiothrips icoseques (pear thrips)" [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "The fruits are also eate b mokes, mogoose ad humas (Poole 1993). The leaves are used to make a tea, a gargle for sore throats ad a ee lotio (Uiversit of Pretoria 2004)." [No evidece] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? Possibl] "Africa Olive regeerates readil from a ligotuber structure at the base of the truk after fire, i a similar maer to the ative shrub Bursaria spiosa with which it commol cooccurs i the Sde regio. Africa Olive seedligs up to 1 m high are killed b low itesit fire (vo Richter et al. 2005)." [Dese thickets of trees could possibl icrease fire risk] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "It is a slow growig, shade, drought, ad fire tolerat tree, ofte lopped for fodder." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "I udisturbed forest, germiatio results i populatios of shade tolerat ad slowl growig seedligs (Teketa ad Grastrom, 1997), ad both i set-aside areas ad grazig lad, atural regeeratio has bee documeted uder earlsuccessioal shrubs (Aerts et al., 2006a)." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Soil descriptors - Soil texture: light; medium - Soil draiage: free - Soil reactio: acid; eutral - Special soil toleraces: shallow; ifertile" [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Trees to 8-10 m tall with a broad crow, sometimes shrubb " Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 6 of 11
412 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 412 2009. Cueo, P./Jacobso, C.R./Leishma, M.R.. Ladscape-scale detectio ad mappig of ivasive Africa Olive (Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata Wall ex G. Do Ciferri) i SW Sde, Australia usig satellite remote sesig. Applied Vegetatio Sciece. 12( 501 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 502 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 503 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 504 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 601 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 601 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 602 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 603 2007. Besard, G./Her,P./Wille, L./Cooke, D./Chapuis, E.. O the origi of the ivasive olives (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae). Heredit. 99: 608 619. 603 2008. Breto, C./Gueri, J./Ducatillio, C./Medail, F./Kull, C.A./Berville, A.. Tamig the wild ad wildig the tame: Tree breedig ad dispersal i Australia ad the Mediterraea. Plat Sciece. 175: 197 205. 604 2008. Breto, C./Gueri, J./Ducatillio, C./Medail, F./Kull, C.A./Berville, A.. Tamig the wild ad wildig the tame: Tree breedig ad dispersal i Australia ad the Mediterraea. Plat Sciece. 175: 197 205. [Forms dese thickets? Yes] "Africa Olive is oe of the worst wood weeds o Norfolk Islad, occurrig as isolated plats, scattered clumps, ad impeetrable thickets (DEH 2004). Norfolk Islad was settled b Europeas i 1788 ad cosiderable deforestatio occurred soo after (Hill 2002). As the ative forest was cleared Africa Olive became a major weed, ad quickl established dese closed mooculture forests." [Forms dese thickets? Yes] "I recet decades, it has become ivasive i the Cumberlad Plai regio of wester Sde, Australia, ad is capable of formig a dese ad permaet mid-caop i a wide rage of vegetatio tpes (Cueo & Leishma 2006) The total area of dese Africa Olive ifestatio mapped i the stud area for the ear 2000 imager was 1907 ha, which is sigificatl more tha the 1361 ha idetified as olive uderstore b NPWS mappig for the etire Cumberlad Plai regio i 2002." [Aquatic? No] "Trees to 8-10 m tall with a broad crow, sometimes shrubb; oug braches graish lepidote." [Grass? No] "Trees to 8-10 m tall " [Oleaceae] [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Oleaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Trees to 8-10 m tall with a broad crow, sometimes shrubb; oug braches graish lepidote." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No. Although threateed due to overharvestig] "Oce established, the tree is drought resistat, but because of its multiple uses (e.g. durable timber, traditioal oxploughs, firewood ad charcoal) both oug ad mature trees have bee overharvested dramaticall i Ethiopia. As a result this valuable tree is ow uder threat of local extictio (Negash, 2003)." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No. Threateed from overexploitatio] "Due primaril to over exploitatio of its useful timber, Africa Olive is cosidered threateed i some Africa regios ad is a protected tree i the Norther Cape, Free State ad North-west Provices of South Africa." [Produces viable seed? Yes] " It coppices well, produces root suckers ad ma also be grow from seed ad cuttigs." [Hbridizes aturall? Possibl Yes] "Furthermore, Besard et al. (2007) idetified hbridizatio ad reticulatio amog the olive subspecies. Cosequetl, subspecies europaea ad cuspidata are likel to hbridize or itrogress whe i smpatr (Besard et al., 2001c; Rubio de Casas et al., 2006). This pheomeo could alleviate the loss of geetic diversit due to bottleecks arisig from small iitial fouder populatios durig coloizatio evets (Husbad ad Barrett, 1991; Lee, 2002) ad cotribute to the ecological success of coloizig populatios. However, geomic icompatibilities ma affect the fitess of earl geeratios of hbrids (Rieseberg et al., 1996)." [Hbridizes aturall? Possibl No] "However, eve though both subsp. have bee itroduced i Australia, subsp. cuspidata x subsp. europaea ma ot cross aturall. This is suggested b experimets provided b P. Villemur (upublished) i the urser of Istitut Natioal de la Recherche Agroomique i Motpellier which show a shift i bloomig b 1 moth betwee the two subspecies. A equivalet situatio is foud i Morocco where the two subsp. Maroccaa ad europaea are i smpatr (thrive i the same area), but the did ot cross because subsp. maroccaa blooms 1 moth earlier tha subsp. europaea [85,86]." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Possibl No] "About 60 cultivars have bee itroduced ad feral olives are expected to derive from some of them. However, due to self-icompatibilit for most of them we expected that crosses occurred betwee those cultivars." Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 7 of 11
604 2008. Seifi, E.. Self-icompatibilit of Olive. PhD. Dissertatio. Uiversit of Adelaide, Adelaide, Austraila 604 2009. Paudel, S.. Curret Status of Wild Olive (Olea cuspidata Wall.ex G. Do) i Bajura District of Nepal. B. Sc. Thesis. Kathmadu Forestr College, Tribhuva Uiversit, Kathmadu, Nepal 605 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 606 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 606 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 607 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 701 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 702 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 702 2007. Besard, G./Her,P./Wille, L./Cooke, D./Chapuis, E.. O the origi of the ivasive olives (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae). Heredit. 99: 608 619. 703 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 704 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 704 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive [Self-compatible or apomictic? Possibl No] "Most olive cultivars are selficompatible ad do ot produce a commercial ield after self-polliatio." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Possibl] "The flowers are largel wid polliated with most olive varieties beig self-polliatig, et fruit set is usuall improved b cross polliatio with other varieties. There are self icompatible varieties that do ot set fruit without other varieties earb, ad there are varieties that are icompatible with certai others. Icompatibilit ca also occur due to evirometal reasos such as high temperatures." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "Polliatio uder Australia coditios is ot documeted, but is cosidered to be primaril b wid (as for Europea Olive) ad a rage of isects." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] No evidece [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] No evidece [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 5+] "Seedlig growth rate is highl variable ad depedet o aspect ad moisture availabilit, with plats growig vigorousl alog creek ad draiage lies. Plats i dr, ope, exposed sites are commol less tha 1 m high after 5 10 ears (D. Beso, pers. comm.). I moist, more protected sites, plats reach sexual maturit after 5 6 ears ad are commol shrubs 3 4 m high ad 3 4 m wide, with a average stem diameter of 35 mm at this earl fruit-bearig age." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "Fruit purple black thil fleshed drupe, roud 6 7 mm diameter"..."the establishmet of Africa Olive alog roadsides ad exclusio of ative species has a sigificat impact o ative plat diversit, as roadsides are ofte the last refuge for uderstore species that have bee lost through grazig ad clearig of adjacet properties." [No evidece, ad o meas of exteral attachmet, despite growig i heavil trafficked areas." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "A medium-sized, evergree tree which is idigeous i wester Himalaa i the Ido Pakista sub-cotiet, ascedig to 2000 m. It is a slow growig, shade, drought, ad fire tolerat tree, ofte lopped for fodder. It coppices well, produces root suckers ad ma also be grow from seed ad cuttigs. The stem is geerall crooked. The wood is used for agricultural implemets, turer articles, tool hadles ad as a fuel. The rootstock of this species is sometimes used for graftig the Europea olive, Olea europaea. It is a useful tree for soil coservatio ad erosio cotrol i its atural habitat." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Subspecies cuspidata is ot of a great ecoomic importace, but its wood is sometimes used to make furiture i South Africa ad it is cultivated as a orametal tree i Chia. I additio, it has bee utilized as a rootstock ad hedge plat (Speema ad Alle, 2000; Starr et al., 2003)." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] No evidece [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "The ovoid-ellipsoid drupes have a flesh mesocarp (pulp) ad are gree ad dark purple-black whe ripe (Gree, 2003). The seeds are dispersed i the mai rai seaso (Teketa ad Grastrom, 1997), primaril b frugivorous birds." [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "The flesh ovoid fruits develop from March to Jul (ative rage) ad are 7 10 mm i size turig dark brow to black o maturit." Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 8 of 11
705 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 706 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 706 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 706 2009. Cueo, P./Jacobso, C.R./Leishma, M.R.. Ladscape-scale detectio ad mappig of ivasive Africa Olive (Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata Wall ex G. Do Ciferri) i SW Sde, Australia usig satellite remote sesig. Applied Vegetatio Sciece. 12( 707 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 708 2006. Aerts, R./Maes, W./November, E./Negussie, A./Herm, M./Mus, B.. Restorig dr Afromotae forest usig bird ad urse plat effects: Direct sowig of Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata seeds. Forest Ecolog ad Maagemet. 230: 23 31. 708 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 801 1992. Satos, G.L. et al.. Herbicidal Cotrol of Selected Alie Plat Species i Hawai`i Volcaoes Natioal Park. Pp. 341-375 i Stoe, C.P. et al. (eds.) Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i. Uiversit of Hawaii CPSU, Hoolulu, HI 801 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 801 2009. Cueo, P./Jacobso, C.R./Leishma, M.R.. Ladscape-scale detectio ad mappig of ivasive Africa Olive (Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata Wall ex G. Do Ciferri) i SW Sde, Australia usig satellite remote sesig. Applied Vegetatio Sciece. 12( 802 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) [Propagules water dispersed? Potetiall] "I its ative rage Africa Olive is a small medium evergree tree which grows i a wide rage of habitats, icludig ope woodlads, rock moutai slopes ad alog watercourses (Table 2). Africa Olive trees have a dese bush habit ad tpicall grow to 5 10 m i height (Palgrave 1983). Whe growig uder ideal coditios such as stream baks, trees ca attai a height of 15 18 m. I dr exposed coditios trees develop a bush, rouded habit with a dese caop ad garled truk." [Although ot specificall adapted for water dispersal, regural occurrece aroud ad preferece for areas alog watercourses suggests fruits ad seeds ma be dispersed b water] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "The ovoid-ellipsoid drupes have a flesh mesocarp (pulp) ad are gree ad dark purple-black whe ripe (Gree, 2003). The seeds are dispersed i the mai rai seaso (Teketa ad Grastrom, 1997), primaril b frugivorous birds." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Fruitig trees i their atural habitat attract a rage of fruit-eatig birds eg. pigeos, parrots, louries, mousebirds, bulbuls ad starligs (Veter & Veter 1996). The fruits are also eate b mokes, mogoose ad humas (Poole 1993)." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Africa Olive (Olea europaea ssp cuspidata) was itroduced ito Australia for horticultural purposes i the mid 19th cetur, ad has established as a aggressive evirometal weed that is readil spread b frugivorous birds (Speema & Alle 2000)." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "Fruit purple black thil fleshed drupe, roud 6 7 mm diameter" [Adapted for iteral cosumptio ad dissemiatio] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Our aalsis cofirms that full or partial passage through the digestive tract of frugivorous birds iflueces germiatio of O. europaea seeds (Fig. 4). I geeral, igested seeds germiated i greater umbers ad took less time to germiate tha uigested seeds (cf. Traveset ad Verdu, 2002)." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Though there is o quatitative data o the seed rai resultig from bird dispersal, Leishma, A. (2001) has recorded Silverees voidig up to 16 olive seeds, ad a sigle Olivebacked Oriole voidig i excess of 30 olive seeds at Mout Aa durig the holdig time (30 miutes) prior to badig." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Yes] "This olive produces copious fruit, ad seedligs beeath a paret tree ma exceed 110 idividuals/ft2 (1,200/m2) (G.L. Satos, upub. data)." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Possibl Yes] "After shrubs begi fruitig the develop dese seedlig mats i the seed fall zoe of each plat. Seedlig desities of 950 seedligs/m2 are commol observed, ad seedligs i these dese mats have the capacit to remai suppressed i this seedlig bak stage for ma ears." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Possibl Yes] "The fruit productio capacit of mature Africa Olive trees is 425 000 fruit per seaso (Cueo & Leishma 2006), ad this combied with dese ifestatios of up to 270 ha i size will create cosiderable propagule pressure for further spread." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Yes] "Baski ad Baski (1998) report that Olea africaa (s. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata) seed exhibits morphophsiological dormac, ie before germiatio ca occur the embro must grow to a specific size, ad the phsiological ihibitig mechaism of the embro must be broke." "Seed logevit i the soil seedbak is cosidered to be up to 2 ears (vo Richter, upub. data), similar to other Oleaceae geera such as Privet (Paetta 2000)." "There is a eed for further research ito the persistece of Africa Olive seed i the soil seedbak, ad the process b which seed dormac is overcome." Page 9 of 11
802 2010. Jaes, J.K./Steae, D.A./Vaillacourt, R.E.. Seed ecolog of the ivasive wood plat Africa Olive (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata): implicatios for maagemet ad restoratio. Australia Joural of Bota. 58(5): 335 341. 803 1992. Satos, G.L. et al.. Herbicidal Cotrol of Selected Alie Plat Species i Hawai`i Volcaoes Natioal Park. Pp. 341-375 i Stoe, C.P. et al. (eds.) Alie Plat Ivasios i Native Ecosstems of Hawai`i. Uiversit of Hawaii CPSU, Hoolulu, HI 804 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 804 2005. vo Richter, L./Little, D./Beso, D.. Effects of low itesit fire o the resproutig of the weed Africa Olive (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata) i Cumberlad Plai Woodlad, wester Sde. Ecological Maagemet & Restoratio. 6(3): 230 233. 804 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive 805 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 805 2006. Cueo, P./Leishma, M.R.. Africa Olive [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Yes] "Abstract. Kowledge of the seed ecolog of ivasive exotic species, icludig soil seedbak damics, is essetial to uderstadig ke factors i successful ivasio ad i idetifig maagemet opportuities. Africa Olive, Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata, is a exotic ivasive wood plat i Hawaii, Norfolk Islad ad easter Australia, ad is ow well established i the Cumberlad Plai regio of wester Sde, Australia. I the preset stud, the ke aspects of the seed ecolog of Africa Olive were determied for populatios i wester Sde. Extracted seed germiated at a wide rage of temperatures, cosistet with tolerace of a wide rage of climatic coditios. A seed-burial experimet idicated a slow decrease i viabilit dow to 70.3% durig the first ear, followed b a rapid declie dow to 14.7% i the secod ear. Probit aalsis idicated that uder field coditios, seed persistece i the soil was ~29 moths (2.4 ears). I situ germiatio was low (3.3%) ad did ot occur util the mechaical costrictio of the edocarp was released through decompositio. The wood seed edocarp was foud to be permeable to water, idicatig that phsical dormac was ot imposed b providig a barrier to water uptake. Withi its ivasive rage, Africa Olive produces abudat seed. However, the rapid loss of viabilit of soil stored seed results i a arrow widow of opportuit for germiatio. The short persistece of seed i the soil ma provide a opportuit for maagers to achieve cotrol of Africa Olive oce mature plats are removed." [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "Herbicide tests were coducted betwee April 1984 ad Jue 1986 o seve species of alie plats classified as threats to ative ecosstems withi Hawai'i Volcaoes Natioal Park. The stud was desiged to be a iitial series of tests to develop effective alie plat treatmet techiques ad to obtai baselie iformatio o the effects of herbicides o ative flora. Highl effective treatmets were foud for olive (Olea europaea subsp. africaa) (TORDON RTU o cut stumps) ad for both species of silk oak (Grevillea baksii ad G. robusta) (2.5% GARLON 4 i diesel oil applied i cotiuous frill cuts). No hazards to ative plats were detected." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "It is a slow growig, shade, drought, ad fire tolerat tree, ofte lopped for fodder. It coppices well, produces root suckers ad ma also be grow from seed ad cuttigs." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes. Large trees tolerate fire] "Discussio. Our results show that a sigificat proportio of small Africa Olive plats were killed b a low itesit bur ad that the majorit of plats were likel to be less tha five ears old, although some ma be as old as 10 ears. Ideed other observatios at Mout Aa idicate that suppressed seedligs ma survive for a umber of ears uder mature Olive caopies. Whereas most plats smaller tha 20 mm diameter were killed, it should be oted that raifall for the ear after the fire was ol 524 mm which is approximatel two thirds of the average aual raifall for the Camde regio. I fact, raifall for the previous two ears was also lower tha average. This lower raifall ma have icreased the effectiveess of the fire b reducig the abilit of small plats to resprout because of water stress." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Africa Olive regeerates readil from a ligotuber structure at the base of the truk after fire, i a similar maer to the ative shrub Bursaria spiosa with which it commol cooccurs i the Sde regio. Africa Olive seedligs up to 1 m high are killed b low itesit fire (vo Richter et al. 2005)." [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Presumabl No] " aturalized ad becomig a serious pest i the viciit of `Aiahou Rach, Hawaii." [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? No] "There are o kow biological cotrol agets used i the cotrol of Africa Olive i Australia. Olive Lace Bug (Frogattia oliviia) is ative to NSW ad souther Queeslad ad has potetial as a biological cotrol aget for weed Olea species. Olive Lace Bug is kow as a pest of Europea Olive (WA Agriculture 2004) ad has established widel o weed Europea olives i South Australia, causig small olive fruits o heavil ifected trees to fall before ripeig (Robertso 2005). Olive Lace Bug has ot bee oted as impactig o Africa Olive, ad research is required to determie if it could provide a level of biological cotrol. With the rapid growth of the olive idustr i Australia i recet decades, a move to itroduce a biological cotrol aget for Africa Olive is likel to ecouter strog idustr resistace." Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 10 of 11
Prit Date: 1/17/2012 Olea europaea ssp cuspidata (Oleaceae) Page 11 of 11