LATEST TRENDS o ENERGY & DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT & BIOMEDICINE RESEARCHES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAIN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF APPLE FRUIT Siziaa Veera Morarita, Loaa Beatrice Neagu Frăsi, Aurelia Coria Cosac Faculty Evirometal Egieerig ad Biotechology Valahia Uiversity Târgovişte B-dul Uirii, r. 1-4, 1 Târgovişte ROMANIA cristimorarita@yahoo.com loaa_beatrice@yahoo.com aureliacoriacosac@yahoo.com Abstract Fresh apple cosumptio is virtually assu throughout year by coveerul varieties (varieties summer-, summer, ad witer) ad iside deposits cotrolled factors (cold ad cotrolled atmosphere). This is beeficial to huma health who ca provide much vitamis, mierals, sugars, so ecessary for full food ratios. The look ad taste fruit is a importat tool created by ature for ma to wat to cosume se. The products obtaied by idustrial processig are also appreciated by cosumers (atural juices, stewed fruit, dried fruit, mash, cider, etc..) ad also costitutes best use apples that are ot subject to fresh cosumptio. The requi average cosumptio fruit per day is -g. Therefore, oly apple cosumptio would require a aual productio,, tos at a daily average per capita cosumptio g. If we cosider that our productio i recet years was about thousad tos, ormally domestic market could stil absorb 1-1, millio tos apples. Keywords apple varieties geetic resistace to diseases, physical characteristics, cultivar, fruit quality I. INTRODUCTION Apples, object research were collected from peoples gardes ad orchards ad orchards Fruit Research ad Productio Statio Voiesti. The research objectives are to determie quality apple varieties grow i tow Voiesti by: determiig productio quality based o preharvestig estimatio; establishig physical properties varieties apples grow i area tow; settig based apples quality score by assessig sesorial properties, accordig to STAS; preservig apples from some varieties, i local coditios, represeted by simple costructio. Apples are part food qualities affected by favorability area culture, agrotechical liks, some physical, chemical compositio ad sesorial properties. The sesorial qualities represet totality apples properties ad are all collected by huma seses. The value usig apples is a cocept closely liked to quality. Apreciatio apples qualities has to be made at full fruit maturity. II. PROBLEM FORMULATION Fruits were collected from traditioal varieties ad varieties geetic resistace to disease: Ioatha, Golde Delicious, Floria, Starkrimso, Romus,Golde Parme, Pioeer, Geerous, Beautiful Voiesti, Delicious Voiesti ad Prima. These trees are grafted o rootstocks such as: forest apple tree, frak apple tree ad vegetative selectios. Most trees are grow itesively ad icreasigly less i classical system. Amog characters that are importat for fruit quality followig were studied: For chemical aalysis, were used medium samples obtaied by specific methodologies. Each aalysis was performed i three repetitios, ad results were statistically processed ad iterpreted. Study physical properties was doe differetly i two ways: 1. evolutio major physical properties that occur durig fruit growth ad maturatio.. Study physical properties that defie quality apple i maturity stage. To establish apples quality re are take ito cosideratio: fruit size, typical shape, ski color, coditio ski, color, cosistecy, succulece, taste, aroma. III. PROBLEM SOLUTION Research o developmet key physical properties that occur durig growth ad ripeig apples To highli physical chages that occur i apples, i ir evolutio from bidig to maturity cosumptio re were harvested i three stages: fruit, ripeig ad reachig cosumptio maturity. ISSN: 1-44 4 ISBN: --44--
LATEST TRENDS o ENERGY & DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT & BIOMEDICINE The research was coducted o Romus fruit varieties, fruit ripeig i decade August, Pioeer, fruit ripeig i decade September ad Ioatha, fruit ripeig durig storage. Physical research cocers chages i color, medium wei, specific wei, firmess, wei semial box, wei ad legth stem. Color is a idex quality all apples ad it permaetly chages throughout developmet trees ad durig storage. The colour is powerfull durig stage little fruit ad bri durig stage big fruit. Upo eterig stage, ir colors begi to differetiate o three studied varieties. Thus, Romus variety apples were yellow tits, Pioeer variety is dark ad Ioatha havebri ish shades o suy side. I phase, color gets Romus Pioeer Joatha Develo pmet phase Color yellow tits mature yellow cosum to er yellow tits mature yellow cosum to er covere d mature cosum yellow er coated vivid Medium wei Specifi c wei (g / cm ³) Pulp firm ess (Kg f / cm³) Weigh t semi al box.1.4 -. 11.... 1.....4-1.1... 1..... -. 1. 4.. 1...41 Weig ht stem....14.1..1.1... Legth stem. (Mm) 4..1 1...1.. 1.1 1. brier ad stays o apples varieties fruit ripeig after harvest. At full maturity, apples have colors characteristic variety, amely: yellow cove bri o Romus, golde-yellow cove o almost etire surface fruit o Ioatha (Table 1). Physical chages occurrig durig fruit growth ad maturatio The medium wei has recorded a cotiuous growth from stage little fruit util maturity. The differeces i wei betwee se phases are variables, big oe from little to big fruit, after that se differeces drop from phase fruit to maturity. Thus, i fruit stage, average wei was.1 g o Romus,. g o Pioeer ad. g o Ioatha; i phase, average wei was followig: 11, g o Romus, g o Pioeer ad 1 g o Ioatha (Table 1). At maturity stage cosumptio, average wei recorded followig amouts: 1 g o Romus, 1 g o Pioeer ad 1 g o Ioatha. Specific wei, expressed i g / cm ³ is variable durig se three phases. What iterests most is specific wei mature apples ad is :, g/cm³ o Romus,, o Ioatha ad, g/cm³ o Pioier. Pulp firmess, as determied by peetrometer ad expressed i kg f / cm ³, recorded a cotiued decrease from big fruit stage to maturity stage cosumptio. Thus, i phase, firmess has a value. kg f / cm ³o Romus,. kg f / cm ³ o Pioeer ad 4. kg f / cm ³ o Ioatha. Lowest values were registe at maturity cosumptio, whe, due to chages i chemical compositio, tissue hardess decreases. O Romus, fruit firmess has a value. kg f / cm ³, o Pioeer variety apples -. kg f / cm ³, ad o apple variety Ioatha,. kg f / cm ³. Comparig apples from each studied varieties, it is obvious that a better firmess is ecoute o mature Joatha ad a lesser firmess o mature Romus. Semial box wei i grams is variable durig three phases coside. I fruit stage, wei semial box i three varieties aalysis has followig values:. g o Romus, 1. g o Pioeer ad. g o Joatha. I phase, wei semial box had higher values, compa lesser oes i little fruit stage. Thus we have followig values:. g o Romus,. g o Pioeer ad g o Joatha. I cosumer maturity phase, wei semial box registe followig data:. g o Romus,. g o Pioeer ad.41 g o Joatha. The wei stem, has differet values i three coside phases. Thus, i stage is. g o Romus,. g o Prima ad. g o Joatha. I stage, o Romus variety apples, stem wei is.14 grams, o Pioeer is.1 g ad. g o Joatha. I cosumer maturity, stem wei is,1 g o Romus,.1 g o Pioeer ad. g o Joatha. The legth stem has pretty large variatios from oe variety to aor. Thus, i fruit stage, o ISSN: 1-44 4 ISBN: --44--
LATEST TRENDS o ENERGY & DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT & BIOMEDICINE variety Romus peducle legth varies betwee ad mm, a average 4. mm, o Pioeer rage is from to mm, averagig. mm ad o Joatha betwee ad mm,. mm average. I stage o Romus variety, average is.1 mm,.1 mm o Pioeer ad 1.1 mm o Joatha. I cosumptio period, Romus has a average stem legth 1. mm,. mm o Pioeer ad 1. mm o Joatha variety. Physical research defiig quality apples i cosumptio period or maturity stage Physical characteristics researches focused o shape, color, fruit size ad specific wei apple fruit productio i. It was studied a umber 11 varieties apple: Joatha, Golde Delicious, Floria, Starkrimso, Romus, Golde- Parme, Pioeer, Geerous, Beautiful Voiesti, Delicious Voiesti ad Prima. Shape is a heitary character, which differs from variety to variety, but most commo form varieties aalyzed were: spherical ad spherical-flat (Pioeer, Prima), trucated (Joatha), from which or forms as : trucated coast (Starkrimso) ad oosferic (Golde Delicious). Color is a specific character, which, toger shape uderpis its idetificatio. I 11 species studied we have met a color palette pomiatly (Prima, Beautiful Voiesti, Joatha, Starkrimso) ad yellow (Golde Delicious) ad also gold colors, rusty, cove dots or stripes. At Golde Parme variety, provide a backgroud color that is yellow a spot orage o suy side. There are varieties fruit, overlaid stripes, like Delicious Starkig variety. Specific wei - or desity - average recorded i 11 species studied was.4 g / cm³ o Golde Parme ad. g / cm³ o Prima fruit variety. The or varieties fits i se limits. Determiig apples quality based o score Each aspects listed above, uderlyig quality apples were settig miimum ad maximum scores. By addig poits obtaied by a variety, we obtai a sum which idicates quality apples, which ca be: extra, quality I, quality II, uder stass (for idustrializatio) (Table ). Table Physical properties apples from apple trees grow o territory tow Voiesti. No. 1 Romus Prima Geerous 4 Pioeer Beautiful Voiesti Golde Parme Delicious Voiesti Age Fruit fruit shape ripei g spherical sphero coic Id ex for mi g. spheri cal-flat. spheri cal-flat. spherical or slily. flatteed trucated coe. trucated coe. witer trucated spherical. Floria witer spheri cal-flat. Joatha witer spherical or trucated 1 11 Starkrims o Golde Delicious witer Roud witer coast spheroco ic. 4.. Me diu m wei Spe cifi c wei 1. 1. 144. 114. 1. 14.4 1.4 1. 1. 141. 1.4 Pul p fir m ess (kg f / cm ³). 4. 4... 4 4...... Ste m le (M m) 1... 1..... 1... Stem avera ge weigh t. Semi al box weig ht.1..1.4.14.4...11..1.14.1..1...41.1.11.1 4. ISSN: 1-44 44 ISBN: --44--
LATEST TRENDS o ENERGY & DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT & BIOMEDICINE No. Size frui t ) Typical shape ) Table Fruit quality by scorig Colour ski ) Ski cod i tio ) Colour ) Cosi s tece ) Succ u le ce ) Tas te ) Aro ma 4) Qual i ty (- 4) 1 Romus -I Prima -I Geerous -I 4 Pioeer -I Beautiful Voiesti Golde Parme Delicious Voiesti -I -I -I Floria 4 1-E Joatha 4 1-E 1 Starkrimso 11 Golde Delicious 4 -I 4 1-E IV. CONCLUSION As kow, establishmet a apple orchard is a major ivestmet i log term 1- years, that ecoomic impacts should be quatified as choice factors to esure pritability ad less spedig. Amog se elemets, platig resistat varieties is most sigificat ew techology measure for ecoomic performace, immediate effect by total or partial elimiatio sprayig fugicides. Due to this study physical properties differet varieties apple fruit, we foud that fruit varieties geetic resistace to disease have same quality (or eve some more) as classic varieties, allowig us so to recommed establishmet tree platatios as may varieties resistat. I what follows, to justify stated above, we preset results a study at S.C.P.P.Voieşti over 1 years, i two apple orchards, oe resistat Pioeer, Voiea,Prima, Geerous ad or classic varieties, susceptible to scab ad powdery mildew disease: Golde Delicious, Joatha, Red Delicious. I both platatios re were used Romaia ad imported pesticides that are used i curret treatmets by all fruit growers. Data preseted i Table 4 shows that two varieties grow were sigificat differeces i terms total umber treatmets eeded i a year, quatities pesticides applied to ha ad costs. Thus, i traditioal orchard, susceptible varieties, average umber treatmets was 1 times while i resistat orchard was so practically i half. Savigs made i orchard resistat varieties, by elimiatig fugicides ad ucedig those isecticides ad acaricides, raged betwee.4% ad.%, a average.%, which meas that i orchards disease resistat varieties we apply % less sprayig ad its value is 4 times lower tha traditioal orchards susceptible variety. Besides se beeficial ecoomic effects recorded, here must be added pollutio uctio, more rapid recovery populatios atural pators ad parasites ad maiteace fruit quality stadard. Table 4 Reducig umber treatmets ad materials costs to pesticide resistat to classic system Year Rage ad o. treatmet The relative savigs Classic Resistat 1 1 14 1 1 1. 1 4 1 1.4 1 1.4 1.4 1 1.4 Media 1. Based o studies ad observatios made at existig platig apple varieties belogig to Fruit Research ad Productio Statio Voiesti, climatic ad soil coditios, y behaved differetly refore havig followig coclusios: Browsig feophases varieties fructificatio orgas take i aalysis was fully cosistet group varieties (summer,, witer), evolutio evirometal factors ad itervetio through techology. As for flowerig, this feophase happeed differetiated o ISSN: 1-44 4 ISBN: --44--
LATEST TRENDS o ENERGY & DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT & BIOMEDICINE varieties, ragig betwee days to Joatha, Starkrimso, ad i days maximum to: Prima ad Voiea, or varieties fittig i se limits. Aalyzig each species durig days from bloom to ripeig, umber days was betwee -1 varieties: Joatha, Golde Delicious, remaiig oes - betwee 1-1 days. Physical characteristics mature fruit were iflueced by evirometal coditios, techology applied (soil ad tree) ad positio fruit has it i crow. Form, take as a matter variety, i terms advaced techologies ot oticed ay chage. Size, which is iflueced by a umber factors i study did ot suffer as a result a fudametal failure techology or complemetary i climatic coditios studied. Color, form, is a importat feature variety ad a idicatio its recogitio. Backgroud color, color cover, appearace stripes differet colors ad sizes poits, is essetial i idetifyig those varieties. Color hue is more proouced o suy ad less proouced i leaves, i shady areas braches or or opaque elemets. Applyig advaced techologies i terms stipulated by regulatios, prevet diseases ad pests, gratig maximum attetio at harvest are crucial i rage actios to achieve higher productio ad higher quality. REFERENCES [1] Braiste N. Cultura mărului, Editura Ceres, 4 [] Braişte N. Cultura soiurilor de măr cu rezisteńă geetic la boli î Româia, 4 [] Ghea Nicolae, Braişte N. Cultura specială a pomilor, Ed. Matrix Rom, Bucureşti, [4] Popescu M., MiliŃiu I. Cireaşă V., Godeau I., Cepoiu N., Dobrotă Gh., Ropa P., Paria P. Pomicultură, EDP - RA, Bucureşti, 1. [] Tudor A. T. Valorificarea produselor horticole, Tipografia ArtPrit, Bucureşti, 1. ISSN: 1-44 4 ISBN: --44--