Famil: Arecaceae Taxo: Euterpe oleracea Som: Euterpe badiocarpa Barb. Rodr. Commo Name: assai palm cabbage palm açaí Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 5 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 3/7/2013 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) Page 1 of 7
411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 5 Prit Date: 3/7/2013 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK [Is the species highl domesticated? No evidece] 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 201 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 202 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 202 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 203 1986. FAO. Food ad fruit-bearig forest species 3: Examples from Lati America. Food & Agriculture Orgaisatio of the Uited Natios, Rome, Ital 203 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 204 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 205 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Its atural distributio is i equatorial South America, ad Paama ad Triidad." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA Caribbea: Triidad ad Tobago - Triidad Mesoamerica: Paama [e.] Norther South America: Frech Guiaa; Guaa; Suriame; Veezuela - Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Sucre Brazil: Brazil - Amapa, Marahao, Para, Tocatis Wester South America: Colombia - Atioquia, Cauca, Choco, Cordoba, Nario, Satader, Valle; Ecuador - Esmeraldas, Pichicha" [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "It does ot occur above 500 m altitude." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Climatic amplitude (estimates) - Altitude rage: 0-100 m - Mea aual raifall: > 2500 mm - Raifall regime: uiform - Mea aual temperature: > 26ºC - Mea maximum temperature of hottest moth: < 27ºC - Mea miimum temperature of coldest moth: > 25ºC - Absolute miimum temperature: > 18ºC" [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Its atural distributio is i equatorial South America, ad Paama ad Triidad." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? No evidece] 205 2005. Imada, C.T./Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. Aotated Checklist of Cultivated Plats of Hawai i. The Bishop Museum, [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage?] "Euterpe oleracea Martius Locatios: http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/hbs/bota/cultiv Harold L. Lo Arboretum atedplats/ Hilo Forestr Arboretum, Hilo, Hawai i Ho omaluhia Botaical Garde Pacific Tropical Botaical Garde (ow Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde) Waimea Arboretum & Botaical Garde" 301 2002. Sveig, J.C.. No-ative orametal palms ivade a secodar tropical forest i Paama. Palms. 46(2): 81-86. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "A umber of other oative palm species, otabl Euterpe oleracea Mart., Livistoa saribus, Ptchosperma macarthurii, Betickia icobarica, ad Areca triadra, also exhibit vigorous spotaeous regeeratio i or just outside Summit Botaical Garde (also see Hubbuch & Craft 1995). Euterpe oleracea ad Ptchosperma macarthurii are also well aturalized i the adjacet forest, the first domiatig large tracts of swamp forest." "M observatios exemplifies that popular orametal palms are able to ivade atural, albeit secodar tropical forest vegetatio ad further suggests that at least Rostoea.regia, Ptchospea macarthurii, Euterpe oleracea ad Areca triadra could become abudat, log-term compoets of Paamaia forests. As species or geera that are ivasive i oe regio ofte also will be ivasive i other regios, these popular orametal species ma ivade tropical forests i other parts of the world, too." [Spreadig outside atural rage withi Paama] Prit Date: 3/7/2013 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) Page 3 of 7
302 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora 302 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 303 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 304 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 305 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 401 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Disturbace adapted] "Euterpe oleracea ca be a aggressive coloizer of disturbed, swamp areas" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No evidece] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No evidece] [Evirometal weed? No evidece] [Cogeeric weed? No evidece] 402 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? No evidece] 403 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 404 2000. Haes, J./McLaughli, J.. Edible Palms ad Their Uses - Fact Sheet MDCE-00-50-1. Uiversit of Florida IFAS Ext., Homestead, FL http://miamidade.ifas.ufl.edu/old/programs/urbahort/publicati os/pdf/ediblepalms.pdf 404 2013. Global Facilitatio Uit for Uderutilized Species. Euterpe oleracea. www.uderutilizedspecies.org [Accessed 07 Mar 2013] 405 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 405 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 406 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 407 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 407 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No evidece] "Stems cespitose with up to 25 stems per clump, or occasioall appearig solitar ad the with shoots at the base, erect or leaig, 3-20 m tall, 7 18 cm diam., usuall gra with liches, with a coe of red roots at base, these to 1 cm diam., ad with peumatophores. Leaves 8-14, archig; sheath 0.6-1.5 m log icludig a short ligule, dark brow, purple, gree, dull red-gree or ellow-gree, with few, flat, scattered, browish scales especiall o ligule; petiole 17-50 cm log, with few, flatteed or raised scales or occasioall whitish, scurf scales adaxiall ad o upper part of abaxial surface, mostl glabrous abaxiall; rachis 1.5-3.7 m log, with similar scales like those of petiole; piae 40-80 per side, pedulous or less ofte horizotal (especiall o ouger plats), opposite to subopposite, log acumiate, with puctatios abaxiall, with promiet midvei ad 2-3 lateral veis either side, the midvei with few rameta abaxiall; basal pia 40-74 x 0.5 1.5 cm; middle piae 0.6-1.1 m x 2-4.5 cm; apical pia 24-50 x 0.6-1.8 cm." [Parasitic? No] "E. oleracea is a mooecious, multi-stemmed (to 25 stems per clump) feather palm 3-20 m tall ad 7-18 cm diameter." [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] "Although most palm products are ot available commerciall, heart-of-palm is the basis for a large idustr i Cetral ad South America. This idustr primaril exploits the followig three species, listed i descedig order of importace (D. Johso, pers. comm..): Euterpe oleracea, Bactris gasipaes, ad E. edulis." "E. oleracea - Assai or acai palm (clusterig Brazil requires tropical climate). Fruit used locall to make a popular thick liquid called acai or assai; termial bud also edible." [Fruit ad "cabbage", or heart-of-palm are edible] [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow if foliage is palatable] "Seeds ma be groud for livestock food or as a compoet of orgaic soil for plats." [Toxic to aimals? No evidece] [Toxic to aimals? No evidece] [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No evidece] No major pests or diseases of assai have bee reported." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] 407 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] Probabl ot - the species is widel used for food ad is widel studied for its chemical compositio. No evidece of allergies of toxicit to humas. 408 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No evidece] "It grows i large stads of high desit i low-lig, tidal areas ear the sea ad i wet places ear rivers, seldom occurrig ilad ad the i wet places ear streams or rivers." [Ulikel, give wet habitat] Prit Date: 3/7/2013 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) Page 4 of 7
409 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "Tolerates shade." CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 409 2013. PACSOA. Palms: Euterpe oleracea. Palm ad Ccad Societ of Australia, http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/euterpe/oleracea. html [Accessed 07 Mar 2013] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "Will take full su as it matures, but ol if there is high humidit." 409 2013. Palmpedia. Euterpe oleracea. http://www.palmpedia.et/wiki/euterpe_oleracea [Accessed 07 Mar 2013] 409 2013. Raitree Tropical Plat Database. Database File for: ACAI (Euterpe oleracea). http://www.rai-tree.com/acai.htm#.utkxjfetrpa [Accessed 07 Mar 2013] 410 2003. EcoPort (Cotributor: FAO). Euterpe oleracea. http://ecoport.org [Accessed 07 Mar 2013] 411 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 412 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora 412 2003. Moegeburg S.M./Leve, D.J.. Do Frugivores Respod to Fruit Harvest? A Experimetal Stud of Short-Term Resposes. Ecolog. 84(10): 2600-2612. 501 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora 502 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 503 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 504 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 601 1995. Jardim, M.A.G./Kageama, P.Y.. Feologia de floracao e frutificacao em populacao atural de acaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) o estuario amazoico. Boletim do Museu Paraese Emilio Goeldi Serie Botaica. 10(1): 77-82. 601 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 602 1986. FAO. Food ad fruit-bearig forest species 3: Examples from Lati America. Food & Agriculture Orgaisatio of the Uited Natios, Rome, Ital 603 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora 604 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "It requires a hot, moist climate with part shade. It will take full su as it matures ad frost should be avoided. " [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "I its atural habitat uder the shad raiforest caop, the acai tree grows slowl i low light, ofte takig 4-5 ears before producig fruit." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Soil - Phsical: It is ot particular to soil tpe, prefers deep soils but ca grow o shallow groud ad is foud i periodicall waterlogged situatios. Chemical: Reported soil ph rage for growth is 4.5-6.5 with the optimum betwee 5-5.5. It requires fertile soil ad will withstad some saliit." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "E. oleracea is a mooecious, multistemmed (to 25 stems per clump) feather palm 3-20 m tall ad 7-18 cm diameter." [Forms dese thickets? Yes] "It grows i large stads of high desit i low-lig, tidal areas ear the sea ad i wet places ear rivers, seldom occurrig ilad ad the i wet places ear streams or rivers." [Forms dese thickets? Yes] "Across -~10000 km2 of floodplai forests i the Amazo River estuar, it forms moodomiat stads, some of which are the result of its maagemet (Calzavara 1972, Peters et al. 1989, Kah 1991)." [Aquatic? No] "Nevertheless, E. oleracea grows i iudatedp laces, wherease. precatoriag rows o oiudated soils." "Euterpe oleracea ca be a aggressive coloizer of disturbed, swamp areas" [Not trul aquatic] [Grass? No] Arecaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Arecaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "E. oleracea is a mooecious, multi-stemmed (to 25 stems per clump) feather palm 3-20 m tall ad 7-18 cm diameter." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "Abstract: This stud examies aspects of flowerig ad fruitig of a atural populatio of the acai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) i the Amazo estuar. Fieldwork was carried o Combu Islad, muicipalit of Acara, State of Para, Brazil, durig two ears (1988-1989). E. oleracea flowers pricipall from Februar util Ma ad fruits mail betwee Jue ad December." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No. although habitat ma be dwidlig] "Euterpe oleracea ca be a aggressive coloizer of disturbed, swamp areas. Despite this, the habitat of the species is threateed b rice cultivatio ad shrimp farmig i coastal Colombia." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "The most commo method of propagatio is b seeds although separatig side-shoots ma give results." [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow if atural hbrids occur] "Euterpe edulis was for ma ears the most importat species for the extractio of palm heart ad was the idustr stadard." "Hbrids have bee made betwee this species ad E. oleracea (Bovi et al., 1987)." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "Euterpe oleracea is mooecious; each iflorescece produces umerous, small, sessile stamiate ad pistillate flowers. Stamiate flowers mature before the pistillate flowers, thus promotig outbreedig. However, a variable amout of self-polliatio ca occur depedig o the schroizatio betwee ifloresceces o the same or differet stems." Prit Date: 3/7/2013 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) Page 5 of 7
605 1986. Hederso, A.. A Review of Polliatio [Requires specialist polliators? No] "Euterpe oleracea Mart. is mooecious, Studies i the Palmae. Botaical Review. 52: 221- protadrous, ad has uisexual flowers i triads" "Stamiate flowers were 259. visited b bees which collected ectar, ad i doig so became covered i polle. The same bees also visited pistillate flowers ad collected the ectar-like substace." 605 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora 605 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK [Requires specialist polliators? No] "I a review of polliatio i Palmae, Hederso (1986) reported Euterpe oleracea to be protadrous, to have diural athesis, ad to produce ectar i pistillate flowers. Polliatio was thought to be probabl b bees" "More recetl, Jardim (1991) reported that ear Belem i Brazil, Euterpe oleracea flowered all ear roud " "Isect visitors icluded 11 species of Coleoptera, three species of Diptera, oe species of Homoptera, ad four species of Hmeoptera." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The polliators are predomiatl small bees ad flies, as well as beetles." 606 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No evidece] The species is kow to sucker, however o evidece of spread b vegetative fragmetatio. 607 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 701 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 702 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 703 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 4+] "The palms ca achieve reproductive maturit i as few as 4 ears uder excellet coditios. Idividuals growig uder the forest caop take loger to start flowerig." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No evidece] "Seed dispersal over short distaces is b rodets. Log-distace seed dispersal is accomplished b birds (Zimmermamm, 1991) ad passivel b water." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "The traditioal ecoomic importace of açai i the Lower Amazo was for its fruit pulp that is made ito a popular ad utritious beverage. I the 1970s it also became a major commercial source of palm heart. Fruit ad palm hearts are derived from atural stads of the palm, which are uder a low level of maagemet i some areas (Tabora et al., 1993). Because of its clusterig growth habit, E. oleracea has strog potetial for sustaiabl maaged fruit ad palm heart productio, ad as a agroforestr species. It is also a attractive ad popular orametal." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No evidece] Seed dispersal over short distaces is b rodets. Log-distace seed dispersal is accomplished b birds (Zimmermamm, 1991) ad passivel b water." 703 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No evidece] Probabl ot - seeds relativel large ad o evidece that the species occurs or is grow i or aroud seed crops. 704 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora 705 1996. Hederso, A./Galeao, G.. Euterpe, Prestoea, ad Neoicholsoia (Palmae). Flora 705 2002. Moegeburg, S.M.. Spatial ad Temporal Variatio i Hdrochor i Amazoia Floodplai Forest. Biotropica. 34(4): 606-612. 705 2003. Moegeburg, S.. The Fuctios of Hooked Fibers o Euterpe Edocarps. Palms. 47(1): 16-20. 705 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "...fruits globose or depressed globose, 1-2 cm diam., the stigmatic remais lateral; epicarp purple-black, black, or gree, miutel tuberculate; seeds globose; edosperm deepl rumiate; eophll bifid." [Propagules water dispersed? Yes] "It grows i large stads of high desit i low lig, tidal areas ear the sea ad i wet places ear rivers, seldom occurrig ilad ad the i wet places ear streams or rivers." [Likel, give atural distributio] [Propagules water dispersed? Yes, but ol with icreasig water depth] "...either the fruits or seeds of E. oleracea float." "Water depth also predicted dispersal of o-buoat E. oleracea seeds. The logistic regressio model predicted that 50 percet of E. oleracea seeds would disperse ol with 100 cm water. The predicted depth for 25 percet dispersal was 75.2 cm. These depths occur ol durig the ew ad full moos. At these times the seeds are likel dragged alog the forest floor durig the risig ad fallig tides." [Propagules water dispersed? Yes] "Although E. oleracea seeds do ot float, fibers do allow seeds to sik more slowl through the water colum. This ma aid dispersal if water currets carr seeds awa from the poit at which the etered the water. The slower sikig of E. oleracea seeds with fibers ma result from fibers icreasig drag i the water, or from fibers trappig air bubbles as seeds eter the water." [Propagules water dispersed? Yes] "This palm occurs i low-lig coastal areas ad alog rivers ad streams i sites subject to periodic floodig." [Likel, give atural distributio] Prit Date: 3/7/2013 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) Page 6 of 7
706 2003. Moegeburg S.M./Leve, D.J.. Do Frugivores Respod to Fruit Harvest? A Experimetal Stud of Short-Term Resposes. Ecolog. 84(10): 2600-2612. 706 2003. Moegeburg, S.. The Fuctios of Hooked Fibers o Euterpe Edocarps. Palms. 47(1): 16-20. 707 2003. Moegeburg, S.. The Fuctios of Hooked Fibers o Euterpe Edocarps. Palms. 47(1): 16-20. 708 2003. Moegeburg S.M./Leve, D.J.. Do Frugivores Respod to Fruit Harvest? A Experimetal Stud of Short-Term Resposes. Ecolog. 84(10): 2600-2612. [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Of the birds most sesitive to E. oleracea fruit harvest, at least oe (Scarlet Macaw, Ara macao) is cosidered vulerable to extictio (Parker et al. 1996). Several other rare species also rel o E. oleracea fruit. The Golde Parakeet (Guarouba guarouba), for example, favors the fruits from E. oleracea (Sick 1993) ad is oe of the most threateed psittacids i the Brazilia Amazo (Ore ad Novaes 1986)." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "The small size of E. oleracea fruits (ca. 1 cm diameter) makes them available for cosumptio b a wide variet of birds ad mammals, which ma deposit seeds i suitable establishmet sites (Moegeburg 2000)." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No. Hooked fibers serve other fuctios] "I this paper, the edocarps of Euterpe oleracea are show to be covered with hooked fibers. The author speculates that these hooks have multiple fuctios, icludig dispersal ad protectio." "Experimetal results supported three of the four hpotheses, suggestig that the fibers coverig E. oleracea seeds serve multiple fuctios. I these experimets, fibers made seeds more buoat i the water colum, helped achor dispersed seeds o the groud, ad protected oug roots. O the other had, fibers did ot protect dispersed seeds from isect predators." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Five species of mammals kow to eat E. oleracea fruit were observed i the plots: Guiaa squirrel (Sciurus aestuas), South America coati (Nasua asua), brow capuchi moke (Cebus apella), red-haded howler moke (Alouatta belzebul), ad golde-haded tamari (Saquius midas)." "Igestio of fruit b dispersers is also importat for E. oleracea because lack of dispersal results i high mortalit from isect seed cosumers ear paret plats (S. Moegeburg, upublished data)." 708 2004. Gaot, M./Her, O./Dubost, G./Sabatier, [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Not with the cervids i this stud] D.. Comparative Diet of the Two Forest Cervids of "Thus, most ver commo species, like Euterpe oleracea, Oeocarpus bacaba the Geus Mazama i Frech Guiaa. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 20(1): 31-43. ad Virola suriamesis are eate i large amouts b the two cervids, but their seeds are destroed." 708 2007. Correa, S.B./Wiemiller, K.O./Lopez- Feradez, H./Galetti, M.. Evolutioar Perspectives o Seed Cosumptio ad Dispersal b Fishes. Biosciece. 57(9): 748-756. 801 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 802 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 802 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Fishes probabl were the first vertebrate seed dispersers, et little research has examied this pheomeo." "The relative weight represeted b seeds varied amog seasos ad plat species; for istace, palm seeds (Euterpe oleracea) accouted for 59% of total food mass durig the dr seaso, whereas durig the wet seaso the accouted for ol 2% of the mass i gut cotets." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "The fruit is a 2 cm diameter drupe that is purplish at maturit " The maximum umber of fruit clusters per plat is about eight, although three or four is tpical." [Probabl ot - relativel large seeds] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Probabl No] "- Seed storage recalcitrat" [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) No] "Assai seeds are recalcitrat ad sesitive to both dehdratio ad low temperature durig storage (Araujo ad de Silva, 1994).Refrigeratio will kill the seeds." "Seed stored for 15 das had 33.3% moisture cotet ad 79% germiatio (Araujo ad de Silva, 1994). After 2 moths of storage germiatio was reduced to 28%, ad to 8% after 7 moths. Seed usuall germiates i 4-8 weeks, but germiatio ma cotiue for earl a ear (Bovi ad Castro, 1993)." 803 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species 804 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 804 2013. Raitree Tropical Plat Database. Database File for: ACAI (Euterpe oleracea). http://www.rai-tree.com/acai.htm#.utkxjfetrpa [Accessed 07 Mar 2013] [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "- Abilit to sucker; regeerate rapidl" [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Ulike it's cousi, whe oe of acai's stems is cut, more stems will grow back o the same root sstem ad the cuttig of some of the stems ecourages fruitig o the remaiig stems." 805 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 3/7/2013 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) Page 7 of 7
Summar of Risk Traits High Risk / Udesirable Traits Naturalizig outside of a botaical garde i Paama (withi ative rage) Thrives i tropical climates Shade tolerat Tolerates ma soil coditios (ad potetiall able to exploit ma differet habitat tpes) Forms dese & extesive stads Self-compatible Fruits cosumed & seeds dispersed b birds ad mammals Seeds also water dispersed Produces suckers & resprouts after cuttig Low Risk / Desirable Traits No egative impacts have bee documeted Uarmed (o spies, thors or burrs) No-toxic Commerciall valuable fruit (edible & source of juice) Ladscapig ad orametal value Reaches reproductive maturit i 4+ ears Will ot form a persistet seed bak