Famil: Lauraceae Taxo: Laurus obilis Som: NA Commo Name: ba ba laurel ba leaf laurel Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 6 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- Itermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- Low high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 10/26/2011 Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) Page 1 of 7
411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 6 Prit Date: 10/26/2011 Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 202 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 203 1999. The Herb Societ of America. Factsheet - Ba - Laurus obilis. http://www.herbsociet.org/factsheets/ba.pdf 203 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 204 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Laurus obilis [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/laurus_obilis/ 205 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 301 2006. Howell, C.J./Sawer, J.W.D.. New Zealad aturalised vascular plat checklist. New Zealad Plat Coservatio Network, Welligto, NZ www.zpc.org.z 301 2007. Delucchi, G./Faria, E./Torres Robles, S.. Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) especie aturalizada e la República Argetia. Boletí de la Sociedad Argetia de Botáica. 42(3-4): 309-312. 301 2011. Flora of Australia Olie. Laurus obilis. Australia Biological Resources Stud, http://www.abg.gov.au/abrs/olieresources/flora/stddispla.xsql?pid=40512 [Is the species highl domesticated? No] "After ceturies of cultivatio (for orametal, religious ad pharmacological purposes), the origial atural rage of L. obilis is o more easil recogisable. Accordig to the most restrictive theor, L. obilis origiates from Asia Mior ad Middle East regios ad ol its presece i Mediterraea commuities of Aatolia, Sria ad Lebao would be uquestioabl atural. Accordig to aother hpothesis, also the souther Iberia Peisula ad other regios, where (at least i localized sites) a warmtemperate but humid climate occurs, should be icluded i the atural rage of L. obilis. Nowadas, L. obilis occurs largel alog the Mediterraea basi, i atural or aturalized coditios i the eviromet of evergree Mediterraea species or also associated to submediterraea deciduous, termophilous Quercus forests (Agiolii et al., 1995; De Capua E.L., 1995)." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 1-itermediate] "After ceturies of cultivatio (for orametal, religious ad pharmacological purposes), the origial atural rage of L. obilis is o more easil recogisable. Accordig to the most restrictive theor, L. obilis origiates from Asia Mior ad Middle East regios ad ol its presece i Mediterraea commuities of Aatolia, Sria ad Lebao would be uquestioabl atural. Accordig to aother hpothesis, also the souther Iberia Peisula ad other regios, where (at least i localized sites) a warm-temperate but humid climate occurs, should be icluded i the atural rage of L. obilis. Nowadas, L. obilis occurs largel alog the Mediterraea basi, i atural or aturalized coditios i the eviromet of evergree Mediterraea species or also associated to submediterraea deciduous, termophilous Quercus forests " [More suited to a Mediterraea climate] [Qualit of climate match data? 0-low] "After ceturies of cultivatio (for orametal, religious ad pharmacological purposes), the origial atural rage of L. obilis is o more easil recogisable. [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "Sweet ba, or ba laurel is a evergree tree which ma grow to 40 feet i its ative Mediterraea regios, though i Zoes 8-10 i the U.S., it ca grow from 6 to 25 feet if protected from witer wids." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "Climatic amplitude (estimates) - Altitude rage: 0-400 m - Mea aual raifall: 500-1000 mm - Raifall regime: witer; bimodal; uiform - Dr seaso duratio: 1-2 moths - Mea aual temperature: 12-19ºC - Mea maximum temperature of hottest moth: 24-30ºC - Mea miimum temperature of coldest moth: 2-8ºC - Absolute miimum temperature: > -15ºC" [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? No] No evidece Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Laurus obilis...full aturalised" [New Zealad] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Summar: Laurus obilis (Lauraceae), a aturalized species i Argetia. I this paper Laurus obilis L. (Lauraceae) is reported for the first time aturalized i the provices of Bueos Aires ad La Pampa (Argetia). A descriptio ad illustratio of this species are give." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Sice publicatio of the Flora of Australia the Australia Plat Cesus records this species as aturalised for Australia." Prit Date: 10/26/2011 Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) Page 3 of 7
302 2008. Howell, C.. Cosolidated list of evirometal weeds i New Zealad. Sciece & Techical Publishig Departmet of Coservatio, Welligto, New Zealad [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Yes] "Laurus obilis - Widel cultivated, spreads b seed ad suckers. Cotrolled i Raukapuka ad Nelso Lakes Areas." [A weed of mior sigificace, ot demostratig eough impacts to be cosidered a evirometal weed] http://www.doc.govt.z/upload/documets/sciece -ad-techical/drds292.pdf 303 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Laurus obilis [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/laurus_obilis/ [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece 304 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Laurus obilis [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/laurus_obilis/ 305 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 402 2003. Fujii, Y./Parvez, S. S./Parvez, M.M./Ohmae, Y./Iida, O.. Screeig of 239 medicial plat species for allelopathic activit usig the sadwich method. Weed Biolog ad Maagemet. 3: 233 241. 402 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 403 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 404 1999. Gozález-Herádez, M.P./Silva-Pado, F.J.. Nutritioal Attributes of Uderstor Plats Kow as Compoets of Deer Diets. Joural of Rage Maagemet. 52(2): 132-138. 404 2001. Dolev, A./Bar-Davis, S./Daa, T./Saltz, D.. Ca reitroduced Persia fallow deer be used for woodlad maagemet?. Israel Joural of Zoolog. 47: 181. 405 2001. Dolev, A./Bar-Davis, S./Daa, T./Saltz, D.. Ca reitroduced Persia fallow deer be used for woodlad maagemet?. Israel Joural of Zoolog. 47: 181. [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece [Cogeeric weed? No] No evidece [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "L. obilis is a evergree polcormic tree or large shrub with straight stools ad desel foliate, reachig up to 10-15 m high. The leaves are strogl aromatic, moderatel sclerophllous ad arrowl elliptic, 5-10 cm log ad 2-3 cm wide. L. obilis has leaves far larger tha those of all the other evergree Mediterraea species. Flowers appear i the autum ad are small, greeish ad ot attractive. The fruit is a black berr." [Allelopathic? No] "Leaf litter of 239 medicial plat species were collected from the Izu Experimetal Statio for Medicial Plats, Natioal Istitute of Health Scieces, Shizuoka, Japa, ad these were subjected to aalsis of their allelopathic effects usig the sadwich method, as show i Figure 1. We used lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. Great Lakes 366, Takii Seed Co. Ltd, Japa) as a test plat material i the bioassa because of its reliabilit for germiatio...whe usig 10 mg leaf litter i the sadwich method, we foud that out of the 239 species tested, 223 ad 17 species caused ihibitor ad promotive resposes to lettuce radicle growth, respectivel (Table 1)." [L. obilis showed a promotive respose, although it was ot statisticall sigificat] [Allelopathic? No] No evidece [Parasitic? No] "L. obilis is a evergree polcormic tree or large shrub with straight stools ad desel foliate, reachig up to 10-15 m high." [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Nutritive qualit of vegetatio is importat whe evaluatig the habitat to sustai wildlife. Crude protei, fiber cotet ad i vitro digestibilit were evaluated for 17 shrubs, 7 trees, 2 fers, 3 forbs, ad 4 grasses species of Galicia (NW Spai) woodlads uderstor. Nutritioal attributes showed forbs, Fragula alus Miller, Hedera helix L. ad Loicera periclmeum L. as plats with the highest forage value. Crude protei levels of Rubus sp., Robiia pseudacacia L., Castaea sativa Miller, ad grasses could meet deer itroge requiremets but their low IVOMD ad high fiber percetages make them mid-low feed value forages. Uderstor laer of oakwoods provides higher qualit forage tha coifer or eucalptus stads. Crude protei ad digestibilit of plats peaked i sprig-summer ad the highest fiber cotet occurred i witer. Seasoal fluctuatios i forage qualit makes seasoal maagemet ad seasoal plas ecessar" [L. obilis icluded amog palatable species studied] [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Three ears of data idicate that there is a opeig of the forest iside the eclosure where pasturig pressure is o average 1.2 fallow deer/ha. Browsig impacts idicated a preferece for Laurus obilis, Phillrea latifolia, ad Rhamus puctatus ad avoidace of Quercus calliprios." [Toxic to aimals? No] "Three ears of data idicate that there is a opeig of the forest iside the eclosure where pasturig pressure is o average 1.2 fallow deer/ha. Browsig impacts idicated a preferece for Laurus obilis, Phillrea latifolia, ad Rhamus puctatus ad avoidace of Quercus calliprios." [No evidece of toxicit to deer] 405 2009. PATSP. Houseplat Toxicit Week: Part 6 (Safe Plats). [Toxic to aimals? Probabl Not] "Laurus obilis (ba leaf, laurel) Edible, though there have bee some weird stories.2 Toxicit to pets is uclear, but I thik it's http://platsarethestragestpeople.blogspot.com/2 probabl safe." 009/04/houseplat-toxicit-week-part-6-safe.html Prit Date: 10/26/2011 Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) Page 4 of 7
406 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 407 2005. Frohe, D./Pfader, H.J.. Poisoous plats: a hadbook for doctors, pharmacists, toxicologists, biologists ad veteriarias. Wile- Blackwell, 407 2005. IUCN Cetre for Mediterraea Cooperatio. A guide to medicial plats i North Africa. IUCN, Malaga, Spai 408 2001. Dimitrakopoulos, A.P./Papaioaou, K.K.. Flammabilit Assessmet of Mediterraea Forest Fuels. Fire Techolog. 37: 143 152. 409 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 410 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 411 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 412 2002. Dolev, A./Saltz, D./Bar-David, S./Yom- Tov, Y.. Impact of Repeated Releases o Space- Use Patters of Persia Fallow Deer. The Joural of Wildlife Maagemet. 66(3): 737-746. 501 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 502 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 503 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 504 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 601 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 602 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 603 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 604 2008. MobileReferece. The Illustrated Ecclopedia of Trees ad Shrubs: A Essetial Guide To Trees ad Shrubs of the World. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Yes] "Ma pests (such as Oidium lauraceum) are particularl harmful; ad the egativel effect both oil productio ad attractiveess of the foliage. For the most recet papers o pests damages see: Graiti ad Brau (1998); Heuges (1996); Ladi, (1997) ad Malumph (1997)." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Potetiall] "The ol represetative i the Europea-Mediterraea regio is Laurus obilis (sweet ba), whose fruits ad leaves, because of their cotet of essetial oil, are used as a spice Laurel oil, which was oce used for impregatig hat bads, is kow as the cause of cotact allergies [1, 2]. Recetl, as a sig that 'tried' atural remedies have bee resurrected, severe cotact allergies from laurel oil have oce agai occurred [3, 4]." [Possible allerges i plat oils] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Potetiall] "The sesquiterpeic lactoes of the laurel leaves provoke allergic reactios ad dermatitis. The leaves have digestive properties (for epigastric bloatig, slow digestio, eructatio, flatulece). The are ot poisoous. The leaves are a greatl appreciated spice for cookig." [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? Yes] "Group IV: The extremel flammable species Laurus obilis (laurel) ad Eucalptus camaldulesis (gum tree, eucalpt) belog to this group. These species are extremel rich i flammable volatile essetial oils...fact that the most flammable species (Laurus obilis ad Eucalptus camaldulesis) cotai excessive amouts of essetial oils, which are volatile at the earl stages of prolsis" [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "... it prefers relativel moist sites, sheltered from the su ad the wid such as the bottom of ravies." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "It does ot require particular soil tpes, but deep rich soils are alwas preferred. " [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "L. obilis is a evergree polcormic tree or large shrub with straight stools ad desel foliate, reachig up to 10-15 m high." [Forms dese thickets? Possibl] "The orth-facig slope is steeper ad is covered b dese woodlad of commo oak ad Laurus obilis trees, with almost o ope areas." [Forms dese thicket with oak trees] [Aquatic? No] "L. obilis is a evergree polcormic tree or large shrub with straight stools ad desel foliate, reachig up to 10 15 m high." [Grass? No] "L. obilis is a evergree polcormic tree or large shrub with straight stools ad desel foliate, reachig up to 10 15 m high." [Lauraceae] [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Lauraceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "L. obilis is a evergree polcormic tree or large shrub with straight stools ad desel foliate, reachig up to 10-15 m high." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Seed propagatio is usual ad eas; fruits are collected i earl witer whe the are full mature ad the immediatel sow etire (upeeled); seedligs grow fast ad ca be trasplated (preferabl i a cotaier) whe the are 2-3 moths old. It ca be propagated also b cuttigs. Cultivatio i cotaier is geerall preferred (Mori et al., 1995; Piccioi et al., 1996). " [Hbridizes aturall? No] No evidece [Plat with log histor of cultivatio, ad o metio of atural hbridizatio] [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "It is dioecious, with male ad female flowers o separate plats; each flower is pale ellow-gree, about 1 cm diameter, bore i pairs together beside a leaf." Prit Date: 10/26/2011 Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) Page 5 of 7
605 2002. Flamii, G./Cioi, P.L./Morelli, I.. Differeces i the Fragraces of Polle ad Differet Floral Parts of Male ad Female Flowers of Laurus obilis. Joural of Agricultural ad Food Chemistr. 50: 4647-4652. [Requires specialist polliators? No] "I the preset paper we have aalzed the profiles of the volatiles obtaied from male ad female whole flowers, polle, ad stamioids of Laurus obilis L. (ba, sweet ba), the sole species of the Lauraceae famil growig i Ital (11). This is a dioecious plat, with sceted flowers: the male flowers havig 8-12 stames, ad the female flowers havig four stamioids...the polliatio is etomophilous, with hoe bees as mai polliators; because of the earl bloomig, bees emplo its polle ad ectar mail as food." 606 2008. Howell, C.. Cosolidated list of evirometal weeds i New Zealad. Sciece & Techical Publishig Departmet of Coservatio, Welligto, New Zealad http://www.doc.govt.z/upload/documets/sciece -ad-techical/drds292.pdf [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Possibl] "Laurus obilis - Widel cultivated, spreads b seed ad suckers. Cotrolled i Raukapuka ad Nelso Lakes Areas." [Spreads vegetativel] 607 2001. Roth, S.A.. alor's guide to trees: the defiitive, eas-to-use guide to 200 of the garde's most importat plats. Houghto Miffli Harcourt, New York, NY 607 2008. The Gardeer's Patr. Laurus obilis the true ba. http://icholsgardeurser.wordpress.com/2008/ 06/20/laurus-obilis-the-true-ba/ 701 1987. Herrera, C.M.. Vertebrate-Dispersed Plats of the Iberia Peisula: A Stud of Fruit Characteristics. Ecological Moographs. 57(4): 305-331. 702 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 703 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 704 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 705 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 706 1987. Herrera, C.M.. Vertebrate-Dispersed Plats of the Iberia Peisula: A Stud of Fruit Characteristics. Ecological Moographs. 57(4): 305-331. 706 1994. Debussche, M./Isema, P.. Bird- Dispersed Seed Rai ad Seedlig Establishmet i Patch Mediterraea Vegetatio. Oikos. 69(3): 414-426. 706 2003. Hampe, A.. Frugivor i Europea Laurel: how extict seed dispersers have bee substituted. Bird Stud. 50(3): 280-284. 706 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 707 2003. Hampe, A.. Frugivor i Europea Laurel: how extict seed dispersers have bee substituted. Bird Stud. 50(3): 280-284. [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Ucertai. Probabl 3+] "Moderate growth rate to 20 to 50 feet." [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Ucertai, Probabl 3+] "Ba plats started from seed will take several ears to flower." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "TABLE Al. Growth form, distributioal status i the Iberia Peisula, ad fruit characteristics, of the 111 vertebrate- dispersed plat species examied i this stud " [L. obilis Fruit Legth (mm) = 14.8; Fruit Width (mm) = 12.2. Relativel large, oe-seeded fruits with o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Laurel leaves are still harvested for distillatio of essetial oils i Turke, Georgia (Acar, 1991; Ebaoizde, 1996, Gabua ad Ebaoizde, 1998) ad Pakista (Riaz et al., 1989). Essetial oil compositio is discussed b Fiorii et al. (1997), Riaz et al. (1989) ad comprehesivel b Weiss (1997). Elsewhere, L. obilis is largel cultivated for shelterbelts ad widbreaks (Massa ad Matia, 1997);" [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "The fruit is a black berr." [No evidece, ad ulikel give relativel large fruit size] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "The fruit is a black berr." [Propagules water dispersed? No] "The fruit is a black berr." [No evidece] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "TABLE Al. Growth form, distributioal status i the Iberia Peisula, ad fruit characteristics, of the 111 vertebrate- dispersed plat species examied i this stud." [Table icludes L. obilis] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Plat species preset at the stud site or dispersed at the stud site, famil, bird disperser amog the three mai oes, umber of seeds per fruit, umber of seeds collected durig the 17-moth stud period, umber of seedligs cesused i 1983. (Nomeclature follows Tuti et al. 1964-1980)." [Icludes L. obilis] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Despite a diverse frugivore commuit beig preset, Laurel fruits are almost exclusivel (99%) cosumed b Blackbird ad rarel (1%) b Blackcap Slvia atricapilla. Blackbirds cocetrate at fruitig trees ad idividuals ma remai there for several das. Birds usuall forage i small groups ad retur at itervals of 12 14 miutes...as most members of the Lauraceae, it produces relativel large, heav seeded ad lipid-rich drupes ad relies o medium- or large-sized frugivorous birds for seed dispersal." [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "The fruit is a black berr." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "Despite a diverse frugivore commuit beig preset, Laurel fruits are almost exclusivel (99%) cosumed b Blackbird ad rarel (1%) b Blackcap Slvia atricapilla. Blackbirds cocetrate at fruitig trees ad idividuals ma remai there for several das. Birds usuall forage i small groups ad retur at itervals of 12 14 miutes...as most members of the Lauraceae, it produces relativel large, heav seeded ad lipid-rich drupes ad relies o medium- or large-sized frugivorous birds for seed dispersal." [No meas of exteral attachmet] Prit Date: 10/26/2011 Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) Page 6 of 7
708 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 801 2003. Hampe, A.. Frugivor i Europea Laurel: how extict seed dispersers have bee substituted. Bird Stud. 50(3): 280-284. 802 1999. The Herb Societ of America. Factsheet - Ba - Laurus obilis. http://www.herbsociet.org/factsheets/ba.pdf [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "The fruit is a black berr." [Presumabl] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Potetiall es] "Female trees ca produce a few thousad fruits (size 14.8 12.2 mm, weight 1234 mg, seed weight 698 mg; Herrera 1987). These ripe from mid-september util earl November ad ma remai o the tree ripe for approximatel four weeks (A. Hampe upubl. data)." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Possibl] "I warm climates where seed is produced, seed ma take six moths to a ear to germiate." 803 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol foud 804 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. 804 2011. Coca, M./Pausas, J.G.. Scale-depedet segregatio of seeders ad resprouters i cork oak (Quercus suber) forests. Oecologia. DOI 10.1007/s00442-011-2102-1:. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Vigorous resproutig ca repair occasioal frost damages...it ca be trimmed frequetl; after cuttig, a laurel hedgerow ca regeerate b producig umerous ad fast growig sprouts." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Table 1 Species post-fire regeeratio traits cosidered" [Laurus obilis listed as havig both resproutig abilit, ad post-fire seedig] 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall? Ukow] Prit Date: 10/26/2011 Laurus obilis (Lauraceae) Page 7 of 7