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Archived t http://orgprints.org/13657/ Results from three yer testing project of new strwberry cultivrs in Verticillium infested soils nd under orgnic frming conditions A. Spornberger 1, H. Weissinger 1, R. Steffek 2, J. Scheibluer 1, K. Jezik 1, J. Altenburger 2, K. Stich 3 127 Abstrct As prt of reserch project 13 cultivrs were plnted in 2005 t 11 sites on 9 frms in 5 different Austrin regions. The im ws to find new cultivrs tolernt to soil-borne pthogens nd lef/fruit diseses, with high yield, winter hrdness nd good fruit qulity, to serve s lterntive to the highly susceptible cultivr Elsnt, regrding soil-borne diseses. Plnt vigour nd infesttion with Verticillium dhlie nd lef diseses were evluted in 2005 und 2006 t 7 sites nd in 2007 t 3 sites. In ddition, following prmeters were ssessed on 2 orgniclly mnged sites in 2006 nd 2007: mrketle yield, percentge of different ctegories of unmrketle fruits nd incidence of the blossom weevil. In 2006 fruit chrcteristics nd consumer cceptnce were studied. Elsnt showed the highest infesttion with V. dhlie wheres Sls, Droyl nd were most tolernt. Dor, Ev, Queen Elis nd Droyl recorded significntly higher losses by the blossom weevil thn. Alb nd were the erliest cultivrs in ripening time. Highest mrketle yield per plnt hd the lte ripening cultivrs, prticulrly Sls nd Sont. Of ll erly ripening cultivrs tested, Elsnt showed the highest productivity, followed by 'Alb', Drselect, Droyl nd Ev. Regrding fruit firmness, content of scorbic cid, shelf life nd ppernce, Alb,, Ev nd Queen Elis were most convincing. The best tsting cultivrs were, Droyl nd. Summing up ll the results, Alb, nd Sls cn be recommended for orgnic production, wheres, Droyl, Drselect, Elsnt, Ev, Queen Elis nd Sont re clssified s suitle for only limited extent. Elsnt,, Dor nd Sont re prticulrly unsuitle for growing in Verticillium infested soils., Dor, nd cnnot be recommended for orgnic production t ll. Keywords: strwberry, cultivr, Verticillium dhlie, wilt, fruit qulity Introduction Soil-borne pthogens, ove ll Verticillium dhlie, cuse plnt loss nd yield decrese in mny Austrin strwberry regions. 'Elsnt', the min cultivr in Austri, is highly susceptible to soil-borne pthogens (Brth et l. 2002, Spornberger et l. 2005). As prt of reserch project new strwberry cultivrs were plnted in 2005 nd tested s lterntive to 'Elsnt'. The im ws to find cultivrs with tolernce to V. dhlie nd other diseses, winter hrdness, s well s good yield nd fruit qulity chrcteristics. 1 Institute of Horticulture nd Viticulture, Deprtment of Applied Plnt Sciences nd Plnt Biotechnology, University of Nturl Resources nd Applied Life Sciences, Austri - 1180 Vienn, ndres.spornberger@boku.c.t 2 Institute for Plnt Helth, Deprtment Fruit Production nd Viticulture, Agency for Helth nd Food Sfety, Austri - 1226 Vienn 3 Institute of Chemicl Engineering, Fculty of Technicl Chemistry, Vienn University of Technology, Austri 1040 Vienn

128 Archived t http://orgprints.org/13657/ Mteril nd Methods Cold stored plnts of 12 cultivrs ('', 'Alb', '', 'Droyl', 'Drselect', '', 'Dor', 'Ev', '', 'Queen Elis', 'Sls', 'Sont') nd 'Elsnt' s control were plnted in April-June 2005 t 11 sites on 9 frms in 5 different regions of Estern Austri (20-48 plnts ech cultivr nd site, 1-4 replictions per site). The content of microscleroti of V. dhlie in the different soils ws determined using the wet-sieving method described by Hrris et l. (1993). Vegettive prmeters were evluted during the vegettion period t 7 sites in 2005 nd 2006 nd t 3 sites in 2007. Plnt vigour, occurence of lef spot diseses (Mycosperell frgrie, Diplocrpon erlin), lef mildew (Spherothec mculris) nd chlorosis were estimted with rting schem rnging from 1 (very low) to 9 (very high). Symptoms of V. dhlie were exmined with rting schem concerning the infesttion strength: 1=helthy leves, 2=outer leves wilting, young leves without symptoms, 3= young leves stunted, 4=plnt died. In 2006 nd 2007, t 2 sites in the North Est of Vienn, where plnts were orgniclly grown, incidence of the blossom weevil (Anthonomus rubi) ws ssessed nd fruits were hrvested. Mrketle yield nd verge fruit weight were determined. Unmrketle fruits were divided ccording to the cuse of dmge. In 2006 fruit chrcteristics nd consumer cceptnce were studied. Following fruit qulity prmeters were nlysed on 10-15 fruits of ech cultivr immeditely fter yield nd fter 3,7 nd 10 dys while storing t 2 C: weight, fruit colour (L* * b*: chrommeter, CR-200b, Minolt), fruit firmness (penetrometer, M1000E, Mecmesin), % Brix (refrctometer Plette PR-101 Atgo), content of sorbic cid (reflektometer, RQflex, Merck), titrtle cid (TitroLine lph plus, Schott) nd electrochemicl prmeters (ph, electric conductivity, redox potentil, P-vlue: BE-T-A MT-732, Med-Tronik). Tsting experiments were done immeditely fter hrvest with whole fruits nd fter storing 3 months in the freezer with pureed fruits. About 50 prticipnts per session rted ppernce, tste nd fruit flesh firmness either on the bsis of n open scle from 0 (very bd) to 20 (very good) or they hd the choice between 5 ctegories (1=very bd, 2=bd, 3=medium, 4=good, 5=very good). 4 sessions were done with fresh fruits, 2 sessions were crried out with puree. Sttisticl nlysis of dt ws mde with SPSS 12.0 (Vrince nlysis with post hoc S- N-K-test, α = 5%). Results nd discussion Sls hd hrdly ny symptoms of Verticillium wilt t ny site, followed by Droyl showing very few symptoms., nd Queen Elis were significntly less ffected thn, Sont nd Elsnt nd cn be regrded s reltively tolernt to V. dhlie. Elsnt ws t significnce the most susceptible cultivr (figure 1). Sls ws the most productive cultivr, followed by Sont, nd. Among the erly ripening cultivrs, Elsnt hd the highest yield. Yield of, Dor, Queen Elis nd ws very low (figure 2). In generl, lte-ripening cultivrs hd higher productivity thn erly-ripening cultivrs. Alb nd were the erliest cultivrs in ripening time., Droyl, Queen Elis, Drselect, Dor nd Ev strted with the first picking nerly the sme time s Elsnt, ll other cultivrs strted lter.

Archived t http://orgprints.org/13657/ 129 Degree of infesttion 1-4 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 * c c cd cd d d e Sls Droyl Queen Elis Ev Alb Drselect Dor Sont Elsnt * ANOVA, S-N-K test, vlues with different letters differ significntly t lph=5% Figure 1: Infesttion with V. dhlie (mens of 2005-2007 t 7 sites) g helthy fruits / plnt 800 e* 700 d 600 cd cd cd 500 c c c 400 300 200 100 0 Sls Sont Elsnt Alb Drselect Droyl * ANOVA, S-N-K test, vlues with different letters differ significntly t lph=5% Ev Queen Elis Figure 2: Yield of helthy fruits per plnt (mens of 2006 nd 2007 t 2 sites) Dor Feeding dmge, infesttion with Botrytis cinere nd gummy fruits were the primry resons for unmrketle fruits (figure 3). There were significnt differences mong the cultivrs in ll 3 prmeters (dt only shown for Botrytis infested fruits). The gretest losses due to unmrketle fruits showed nd Queen Elis wht cn be scribed to high susceptibility to B. cinere. Drselect hd high percentge of mrketle fruits, s well s Elsnt, ccording to low infesttion with B. cinere. Sls nd proved to be firly resistnt to grey mould. Mny gummy fruits (fruits tht couldn t ripe properly becuse of wter stress nd therefore hd gummy texture nd bd tste) were hrvested from Sls,, Elsnt, Sont, Ev nd. In comprison, Alb nd Droyl produced very few gummy fruits. In the end of the hrvest period, especilly in the second yer, n incresing number of fruits with dimeter < 18 mm were hrvested. Droyl, nd produced mny fruits too smll for mrketing.

130 Archived t http://orgprints.org/13657/ % unmrketle fruits 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 * ** c bc bc cde cde def ef Drselect Elsnt Sont Alb Ev Sls Droyl Dor * referring to totl number of unmrketle fruits ** referring to unmrketle fruits due to Botrytis ANOVA, S-N-K test, vlues with different letters differ significntly t lph=5% b b c c Queen Elis f other mech. dmge deformed soft mold premture ripening Botrytis feeding dmge < 18 mm Figure 3: Percentge nd components of unmrketle fruits (mens of 2006 nd 2007 t 2 sites) A significntly higher verge fruit weight thn Elsnt showed, Alb, Queen Elis nd Dor., Drselect nd hd rther smll fruits (figure 4). Alb Queen Elis Dor Sls Ev Elsnt Sont Droyl Drselect cd c c de ef ef f f* 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 g / fruit * ANOVA, S-N-K test, vlues with different letters differ significntly t lph=5% Figure 4: Averge fruit weight (g) (mens of 2006 nd 2007 t 2 sites) Some new cultivrs (e.g. Ev, Queen Elis nd ) showed much higher fruit firmness compred to Elsnt. Ev, Alb, Elsnt nd Queen Elis hd high contents of scorbic cid (tle 1). At tsting sessions fruits of Alb were pprecited most regrding their ppernce. Prticipnts liked the tste of fruits of, Droyl nd best. Medium red purees s from Dor,, nd Alb nd drk red ones s from Droyl were preferred to light red purees s from Queen Elis nd. The tstiest purees cme from fruits of Droyl, Drselect nd Alb (tle 2).

Archived t http://orgprints.org/13657/ 131 Tle 1: Fruit firmness, Brix, content of scorbic cid nd titrtle cid during 10 dys while storing t 2 C (mens of 4 nlyses of fruits from Jedlersdorf nd Strebersdorf, 2006) Cultivr Fruit firmness Brix Ascorbic cid Titrtle cid kg/cm2 * % * mg/l * g citric cid/l * Alb 1,05 bc 8,77 b 609,71 b 13,05 e 1,03 bc 8,79 b 534,11 b 12,03 de 1,21 d 9,83 cd 557,62 b 10,69 Droyl 0,87 9,11 b 355,26 9,58 bc Drselect 1,12 cd 9,68 c 550,00 b 11,35 cd 1,05 bc 9,82 cd 525,71 b 7,59 Dor 1,15 cd 9,79 cd 350,27 10,92 Elsnt 0,85 9,90 cd 607,26 b 10,13 Ev 1,90 f 9,11 b 741,58 c 9,53 bc Queen Elis 1,62 e 10,21 d 593,50 b 10,87 0,83 8,30 509,00 b 10,46 Sls 0,91 8,09 387,78 8,93 b Sont 1,05 bc 9,19 b 334,67 9,57 bc * ANOVA, S-N-K test, vlues with different letters differ significntly t lph=5% Tle 2: Appernce nd tste of fresh fruits nd puree (mens of 4, respective 2 tsting sessions à ~50 prticipnts with fruits from Jedlersdorf nd Strebersdorf, 2006) Cultivr Appernce of fresh fruits Tste of fresh fruits Appernce of puree Tste of puree ** * ** * *** * ** * Alb 15,38 d 11,52 c 3,89 de 12,11 def 12,49 bc 10,70 3,55 9,48 c 14,44 cd 13,87 c 3,95 de 10,15 cd Droyl 14,48 cd 13,79 c 3,98 de 13,61 f Drselect 12,64 bc 13,14 bc 3,34 c 12,87 ef 13,23 bc 13,69 c 3,91 de 11,00 e Dor 12,11 b 11,34 bc 4,18 e 9,30 Elsnt 10,15 12,16 c 3,12 11,89 cdef Ev 13,13 bc 10,65 3,80 cde 9,51 c Queen Elis 14,51 cd 12,28 c 3,29 10,92 e 11,91 b 10,97 3,00 9,85 cd Sls 11,39 10,09 3,52 10,65 e Sont 13,57 12,49 c 3,83 cde 8,00 * ANOVA, S-N-K test, vlues with different letters differ significntly t lph=5% ** 0 = very bd, 20 = very good (open scle) *** 1 = very bd, 2 = bd, 3 = medium, 4 = good, 5 = very good Conclusion Alb, nd Sls cn be recommended for orgnic production, wheres, Droyl, Drselect, Elsnt, Ev, Queen Elis nd Sont re clssified s suitle for only limited extent. Elsnt,, Dor nd Sont re prticulrly unsuitle for growing in Verticillium infested soils., Dor, nd cnnot be recommended for orgnic production t ll.

132 Archived t http://orgprints.org/13657/ Acknowledgements The uthors wnt to thnk ll growers for providing prts of their fields, prticulrly Mnfred Rdl, whose fruits were used for fruit nlysis. Thnks lso to the stff of the experimentl grden of the Institute. This reserch project ws finncilly supported by the Austrin Ministry of Agriculture (BMLFUW; project nr. 100042). References Brth, U., Spornberger, A., Steffek, R., Blümel, S., Altenburger, J., Husdorf, H. (2002). Testing of new strwberry vrieties for orgnic production. In Fördergemeinschft Ökologischer Obstbu e.v. (FÖKO): 10. Interntionl Conference on Cultivtion Technique nd Phytopthologicl problems in Orgnic Fruit-Growing nd Viticulture. Proceedings to the Conference from 4th to 7th februry 2002 t Weinsberg, 4.2.2002 Hrris, D.C., Yng, J.R. & Ridout, M.S. (1993). The detection nd estimtion of Verticillium dhlie in nturlly infested soil. Plnt Pthology 42: 238-250. Spornberger, A., Steffek, R. Altenburger, J. (2005). Prüfung von Erdbeersorten uf biologisch wirtschftenden Betrieben in Ostösterreich. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg 55: 32-37.