*6789:;<76=>(<>?76<6=@9A(7>6B=@9AC(<D7@A?( 6EF6E@A>(C=>>G@A?(9H(<@CC9EI@A?(GDEG(J(%AKD>AB>( 9H(6@7(>LBEDC@9A Danuta J. Mozdyniewicz 1 and Herbert Sixta 2, 3 * 1 (M9NG>=>AOO>A=7DN(+9EO(&N8+P(QE=>A8>7?>7(R=7S(T-P(U.U.(!@AOP(QDC=7@6 2 (!>AO@A?(Q&P(V>7FC=76W>(1P(UXT.(!>AO@A?P(QDC=7@6 3 (Y>G67=N>A=(9H(Z97>C=([79<DB=C(,>B:A9E9?;P(Q6E=9(\A@I>7C@=;(RB:99E(9H(RB@>AB>(6A<(,>B:A9E9?;P( ( ]D97@N@>:>A=@>(1P([S^S()9L(1T3..P("CG99P _(:>78>7=SC@L=6`66E=9Sa Abstract,:>(G79<DB=@9A(9H(B>EEDE9C>(a87>C(8;(=:>(I@CB9C>(G79B>CC(:6C(8>>A(FA9bA(H97(N97>(=:6A(6(B>A=D7;P(8D=(C=@EE(C9N>( 6CG>B=C(67>(A9=(CDHaB@>A=E;(DA<>7C=99<S(,:>(B6789:;<76=>C(@A(=:>(GDEG(67>(>LG9C><(=9(I67;@A?(B9A<@=@9AC(<D7@A?( =:>(N6ADH6B=D7@A?(G79B>CCS(%A(=:>(a7C=(C=>G(=:>(C=79A?(6EF6E@A>(=7>6=N>A=(E>6<C(=9(DA<>C@768E>(E9CC(7>6B=@9ACS(,:>( 8>:6I@9D7(9H(B>EEDE9C>(@A(6EF6E@A>(>AI@79AN>A=(b6C(CD8c>B=(9H(C>I>76E(C=D<@>C(6A<(6(ADN8>7(9H(F@A>=@B(N9<>EC( <>CB7@8@A?(B>EEDE9C>(<>?76<6=@9A(b>7>(CD??>C=><S(%A(6(ADN8>7(9H(@AI>C=@?6=@9AC(=:>(>LG>7@N>A=C(b>7>(G>7H97N><( DA<>7(=:>(>LBEDC@9A(9H(9L;?>A(=9(G7>I>A=(DA<>C@768E>(9L@<6=@9A(7>6B=@9ACS(+9b>I>7P(=:@C(6GG796B:(<@HH>7C(H79N( @A<DC=7@6E(G79B>CC(B9A<@=@9AC(b:>7>(=:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(6@7(B9DE<(@A=79<DB>(C9N>(9L;?>AS(,9(>C=@N6=>(=:>(>HH>B=(9H( 9L;?>A(9A(B>EEDE9C>(<>?76<6=@9AP(aA6E(8E>6B:><(8>>B:(d?J86C><(6B@<(CDEa=>(GDEG(b6C(=7>6=><(b@=:(C9<@DN(:;<- 79L@<>(6=(e.f*(@A(=:>(G7>C>AB>(6A<(68C>AB>(9H(67?9A(H97(=@N>(G>7@9<C(DG(=9(T3(:9D7CS(,:>(7>CDE=C(CD??>C=(=:6=( 9L;?>AJ@A@=@6=><(:9N9E;=@B(<>?76<6=@9A(G6=:b6;CP(C@N@E67E;(=9(=:9C>(9BBD77@A?(<D7@A?(=:>(6?@A?(G79B>CCP(67>(7>- CG9AC@8E>(H97(=:>(6<<@=@9A6E(gJB>EEDE9C>(H97N6=@9A(@A(=:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(9L;?>A(6=(E9A?(C=>>G@A?(=@N>S(%A(=:>(B6C>(9H( C:97=(C=>>G@A?(=7>6=N>A=CP(6C(9BBD7@A?(<D7@A?(@A<DC=7@6E(G79B>CC>CP(=:>(@AKD>AB>(9H(6@7J9L;?>A(9A(=:>(;@>E<(E9CC( 6A<(*^Y(H97N6=@9A(@CP(:9b>I>7P(A>?E@?@8E>S Keywords: Dissolving pulp, viscose pulp, steeping, alkaline degradation, air exclusion Introduction,:>(I@CB9C>(G79B>CC(@C(C=@EE(=:>(<9N@A6=@A?(G79B>CC(H97( =:>( N6ADH6B=D7>( 9H( N6AJN6<>( B>EEDE9C>( a87>cs(,:>( 8796<(a>E<(9H(6GGE@B6=@9AC(6A<(=:>(G9CC@8@E@=;(9H(G79- G>7=;( 6<cDC=N>A=( B9A=7@8D=>( =9( =:>( <9N@A6AB>( 9H( =:>( I@CB9C>(a87>CS(QE=:9D?:(=:>(G79B>CC(:6C(8>>A(6GGE@><( H97(N97>(=:6A(6(B>A=D7;P(HD7=:>7(@NG79I>N>A=C(7>?67- <@A?(;@>E<(@AB7>6C>(6A<(=:>(6GGE@B6=@9A(9H(8;JG79<DB=C( C>>N( =9( 8>( G9CC@8E>S( YD7@A?( =:>( N6ADH6B=D7@A?( G79- B>CC( =:>( B6789:;<76=>C( @A( =:>( GDEG( 67>( >LG9C><( =9( C=79A?E;(6EF6E@A>(B9A<@=@9AC(<D7@A?(I@CB9C>(G7>G676=@- 9A(6A<(C=79A?E;(6B@<@B(B9A<@=@9AC(<D7@A?(=:>(7>?>A>76- =@9A(G79B>CCS(,:>(C=>>G@A?(9H(GDEG(b@=:(6(e(d(C9<@DN( :;<79L@<>(6hD>9DC(C9ED=@9A(6HH>B=C(=:>(B9AI>7C@9A(9H( B>EEDE9C>(%(=9(B>EEDE9C>(%%(i1jS(,:>(B:6A?>(@A(C=7DB=D7>( @C( A>B>CC67;( =9( >ACD7>( 6(?99<( 6BB>CC@8@E@=;( H97( =:>( L6A=:6=@9A(7>6B=@9AS([676EE>E(=9(=:>(B:6A?>(9H(=:>(B7;C- =6E(C=7DB=D7>(:>N@B>EEDE9C>C(6A<(C:97=JB:6@A(B>EEDE9C>( 67>( <@CC9EI><S(,:>( b>ee( N@L><( CED77;( 9H( 6EF6E@( 6A<( GDEG(@C(<>b6=>7><(=9(98=6@A(6EF6E@(B>EEDE9C>(G7@97(=9(=:>( 6?@A?( G79B>CC( b:>7>( =:>( <>?7>>( 9H( G9E;N>7@C6=@9A(@C( 6<cDC=><(=9(=:>(7>hD@7><(E>I>E(@A(=:>(aA6E(G79<DB=(i0jS( V:@E>(Y[(7><DB=@9A(<D7@A?(6?@A?(@C(G>7H97N><(DA<>7( B9A=79EE68E>(B9A<@=@9AC(DA=@E(6(=67?>=(I6ED>(@C(7>6B:><P( =:>( <>?76<6=@9A( 7>6B=@9AC( <D7@A?( C=>>G@A?( B6DC>( DA- <>C@768E>(;@>E<(E9CC>CS(%A(=:>(B6C>(9H(6?@A?P(=:>(B:6@A( BE>6I6?>(9H(6EF6E@(B>EEDE9C>(b6C(C:9bA(=9(H9EE9b(6(76- <@B6E( B:6@A( N>B:6A@CN( b@=:( 6=N9CG:>7>( 9L;?>A( @A- I9EI><( i3js( QC( 6E7>6<;( N>A=@9A><P( 6EF6E@( B>EEDE9C>( 1.3

Figure 1. Cellulose reactions during alkaline steeping. b@=:(6(b>eede9c>(b9a=>a=(9h(689d=(3e(b=k(6a<(6a(6ef6e@( B9A=>A=(9H(689D=(1e(b=kP(7>CG>B=@I>E;(@C(98=6@A><(8;( G7>CC@A?(=:>(C=>>G><(GDEG(CDCG>AC@9AS(,:>(G7>CC(B6F>( @C(CD8C>hD>A=E;(C:7><<><(=9(G79I@<>(6<>hD6=>(CD7H6B>( 67>6C(=9(>ACD7>(DA@H97N(7>6B=@9AC(iUjS(,76AC@=@9A(N>=6E( @9AC( 67>( 9G=@9A6EE;( DC><( 6C( B6=6E;C=C( =9( 6BB>E>76=>( B>EEDE9C>(<>?76<6=@9A(<D7@A?(6?@A?(iejS(,:>(8>=6J>E@N@A6=@9A(97(peeling-off(7>6B=@9A(@C(=:>(<9- N@A6=@A?(B:>N@B6E(7>6B=@9A(9BBD77@A?(<D7@A?(6EF6E@A>( C=>>G@A?S(,:@C( 7>6B=@9A( @C( 6CC9B@6=><( b@=:( ;@>E<( E9CC( @A@=@6=><(8;(>A<b@C>(<>?76<6=@9A(9H(CD?67(DA@=C(H79N( =:>(7><DB@A?(>A<(?79DG(iTjS(QC(=:>(N6@A(<>?76<6=@9A( G79<DB=C( 9H( =:>( >E@N@A6=><( 6A:;<79?EDB9C>( DA@=P(@C9- C6BB:67@A@B(6B@<C(67>(H97N><(I@6(8>AO@E@B(6B@<(7>6776A-?>N>A=S(,:>(G>>E@A?(7>6B=@9A(G79B>><C(DA=@E(@=(@C(C=9G- G><(B:>N@B6EE;(8;(6(<@HH>7>A=(7>6776A?>N>A=(7>6B=@9A( 97(G:;C@B6EE;(8;(7>6B:@A?(=:>(B7;C=6EE@A>(7>?@9AC(9H(=:>( a87>(i5js(,:>(c=9gg@a?(7>6b=@9a(e>6<c(=9(=:>(h97n6=@9a( 9H( 6EF6E@( C=68E>( N>=6C6BB:67@A@B( 6B@<( 6=( =:>( 7><DB@A?( >A<(9H(=:>(N9E>BDE>(8;(b:@B:(HD7=:>7(CDBB>CC@I>(N9- E>BDE>(<>?76<6=@9A(@C(G7>I>A=><S(,:>(=>NG>76=D7>(<>- G>A<>A=(76=@9(9H(89=:(7>6B=@9A(76=>C(@C(B7DB@6E(H97(=:>( CB6E>(9H(DA<>C@7><(B>EEDE9C>(;@>E<(E9CC(iXjS QEF6E@A>(:;<79E;C@C(B6DC>C(=:>(C:97=>A@A?(9H(=:>(B>EED- E9C>(B:6@A(b:@B:(DCD6EE;(=6F>C(GE6B>(6=(:@?:>7(=>NG>- 76=D7>C(i-jS(Z@?D7>(1(G79I@<>C(6A(9I>7I@>b(9H(G9CC@8E>( B>EEDE9C>(<>?76<6=@9A(7>6B=@9AC(9BBD77@A?(DA<>7(C=>>- G@A?(B9A<@=@9ACS R>I>76E( C=D<@>C( b>7>( G>7H97N><( B9AB>7A@A?( =:>( B>EEDE9C>( 8>:6I@9D7( @A( 6EF6E@A>( >AI@79AN>A=( 6A<( 6=( N9<>76=>(=>NG>76=D7>P(>CG>B@6EE;(7>?67<@A?(76<@96B- =@I>( b6c=>( 7>G9C@=97;( B9A<@=@9AC( i1.p( 11jS(,:>7>8;( B>7=6@A(N9<>EC(<>CB7@8@A?(=:>(7>6B=@9A(F@A>=@BC(b>7>( G79G9C><S(,:>(98c>B=@I>(9H(=:>(C=D<;(b6C(=9(>I6ED6=>(=:>(>HH>B=( 9H( 6@7J9L;?>A( 9A( =:>( B6789:;<76=>( <>?76<6=@9A( 9H( 6( GDEG(<D7@A?(6EF6E@A>(C=>>G@A?S( Experimental [\![(,'"Q,d"#, Q(,*Z( 8E>6B:><( 8>>B:( d?j86c><( 6B@<( CDEa=>( GDEG( b6c( DC><( H97( =:>( >LG>7@N>A=CS(,:>( <7;( C:>>=C( b>7>( <@C@A=>?76=><(=9(G@>B>C(6C(CN6EE(6C(G9CC@8E>(=9(>A68E>(6( =:979D?:(E;>(G>A>=76=@9AS(QhD>9DC(C9ED=@9A(9H(C9<@DN( :;<79L@<>(/1X(l(.S.0k2(b6C(DC><(6C(6(C=>>G@A?(N><@- DN( 6=( 6( GDEG( =9( E@hD97( 76=@9( 9H( 1mT.S(,:>( =7>6=N>A=C( b>7>( B677@><( 9D=( @A( 6( 79DA<J89==9N( K6CF( >hd@gg><( b@=:( 6( N6?A>=@B( C=@77>7( 6A<( 6( =:>7N9N>=>7S(,:>( E;>( b6c( G7>:>6=><( =9( e.f*( 6A<( 6<<><( =9( =:>( GDEG( DA<>7( I@?979DC(C=@77@A?(=9(>ACD7>(6(:9N9?>A9DC(<@C=7@8D=@9A( 9H( =:>( a87>c(@a( =:>( C9ED=@9AS(,:>( =>NG>76=D7>( 9H( =:>( N><@DN(b6C(F>G=(B9AC=6A=(<D7@A?(=:>(>A=@7>(=7>6=N>A=( =@N>S Z97( =:>( >LG>7@N>A=C( b@=:( 6@7( >LBEDC@9AP( =:>( C9<@DN( :;<79L@<>( C9ED=@9A( b6c( KDC:><( b@=:( 67?9A( 8>H97>( :>6=@A?S(RD8C>hD>A=E;P(=:>(b:9E>(6GG676=DC(b6C(>I6- BD6=><(6A<(KDC:><(b@=:(67?9A(C>I>76E(=@N>CS(QH=>7(=:>( @A@=@6E( C=>>G@A?( =@N>P( =:>( CDCG>AC@9A( 7>N6@A><(@A( =:>( 7>6B=97P(?>A=E;(C=@77><(H97(DG(=9(T3(:9D7CS( Z'Q*,%^#(R"[Q'Q,%^# QH=>7(>LG@7><(=@N>(=:>(CDCG>AC@9A(b6C(aE=>7><(6A<(=:>( QH=>7( =:>( =67?>=><( =@N>( b6c( 7>6B:><P( =:>( CDCG>AC@9A( b6c(ae=>7><(6a<(=:>(c9e@<(7>c@<d>(b6c(a>d=76e@o><(b@=:( 0.k(6B>=@B(6B@<P(b6C:><(DA=@E(A>D=76E(6A<(6EE9b><(=9( <7;(DA<>7(6N8@>A=(B9A<@=@9ACS(,:>(;@>E<(9H(=:>(@AC9ED- 8E>(B>EEDE9C>(H76B=@9A(b6C(<>=>7N@A><(?76I@N>=7@B6EE;S( %A=7@AC@B(I@CB9C@=;(N>6CD7>N>A=C(9H(=:>(@AC9ED8E>(B>E- EDE9C>( H76B=@9A( b>7>( G>7H97N><( 6H=>7( <@CC9ED=@9A( @A( *DG7@>=:;E>A><@6N@A>( 6BB97<@A?( =9( =:>( R*Q#J*d( 1em--( N>=:9<S(,:>( 6N9DA=( 9H( B6789L;E@B(?79DGC( @A( =:>(@AC9ED8E>(H76B=@9A(b6C(<>=>7N@A><(8;(=:>(N>=:;E>- A>(8ED>(6<C97G=@9A(N>=:9<(i10P(13jS(,:>(<@CC9EI><(nJB>EEDE9C>(H76B=@9A(b6C(G7>B@G@=6=><(8;( =:>( 6<<@=@9A( 9H( 6A( >hd6e( I9EDN>( 9H( <@ED=>( CDEG:D7@B( 6B@<(/+ 2 SO 4 m+ 2^(1m32(=9(=:>(E;>(DA<>7(I@?979DC(C=@7-7@A?S(Z97(hD6A=@=6=@I>(6A6E;C@C(=:>(G7>B@G@=6=>(b6C(aE- =>7><(=:79D?:(6(.SUe(oN(B>EEDE9C>(aE=>7S(,9(98=6@A(E67-1.U

Figure 2. Treatment of the pulp and the residuals.?>7( hd6a=@=@>c( H97( =:>( 6A6E;=@B6E( B:676B=>7@C6=@9AP( =:>( CDCG>AC@9A( b6c( B>A=7@HD?><( 6A<( =:>( G7>B@G@=6=>( b6c:><( b@=:( b6=>7( C>I>76E( =@N>CS(,:>( 7>C@<D>( b6c( H7>>O>( <7@><S(,:>( C=79A?( 6B@<@B( ae=76=>( B9A=6@A><( =:>( 7>N6@A@A?( C9ED8E>( <>?76<6=@9A( G79<DB=C( <>A9=><( 6C( gjb>eede9c>(h76b=@9as((,:>( 6N9DA=( 9H( =:>( <@CC9EI><( 97?6A@B( B9NG9DA<C( @A( 89=:(E@hD@<(H76B=@9AC(b6C(<>=>7N@A><(6C(=9=6E(97?6A@B( B6789A(/,^*2(6BB97<@A?(=9("#(1UXUP(b:@E>(=:>(B:>- N@B6E(9L;?>A(<>N6A<(/*^Y2(b6C(<>=>7N@A><(6BB97- <@A?(=9(Y%#(3X(U.-S(( QA(9I>7I@>b(9H(=:>(98=6@A><(H76B=@9AC(6A<(=:>@7(B9N- G9C@=@9A(@C(?@I>A(@A(Z@?D7>(0S Results and discussion,:>(>lg>7@n>a=c(9h(=:>(gdeg(;@>e<(e9cc(7>6b=@9ac(<d- 7@A?(C=>>G@A?(b>7>(B677@><(9D=(DA<>7(@A>7=(?6C(B9A<@- =@9AC(=9(6I9@<(6A;(9L@<6=@9AS(+9b>I>7P(=:>(>LBEDC@9A( 9H(9L;?>A(@C(A9=(B9NN9A(@A(@A<DC=7@6E(C=>>G@A?(9G>76- =@9ACS(,:DCP(=:>(98c>B=@I>(9H(=:>(C=D<;(b6C(=9(B9NG6-76=@I>E;(>I6ED6=>(=:>(>HH>B=(9H(6@7J9L;?>A(9A(=:>(;@>E<( E9CC(7>6B=@9ACS(,:>(8>>B:(CDEG:@=>(<@CC9EI@A?(GDEG(DC><(H97(=:>(C=>>- G@A?( >LG>7@N>A=C( B9A=6@A><( 3S1k( L;E6A( 6A<(.STk( N6AA6AS(QH=>7(=:>(G7>E@N@A67;(C=>>G@A?(=@N>(=:>(L;E6A( 6A<(N6AA6A(B9A=>A=(<>B7>6C><(=9(.STk(6A<(.S1kP(7>- CG>B=@I>E;( 6A<( 7>N6@A><( 6=( =:@C( E>I>E( =:79D?:9D=( =:>( b:9e>(=7>6=n>a=(=@n>s(,:@c(b:6a?>(@a(=:>(b6789:;<76- =>(B9NG9C@=@9A(G79I@<>C(6A(>I@<>AB>(H97(6A(@NN><@6=>( <@CC9ED=@9A(9H(=:>(:>N@B>EEDE9C>(6A<(6(B9AC@C=>A=(CD8- C>hD>A=(<>?76<6=@9A(9H(=:>(CD8C=76=>S(ZD7=:>7(@=(E>6<(=9( =:>(6CCDNG=@9A(=:6=(N9C=E;(B>EEDE9C>(7>N6@A><(@A(=:>( @AC9ED8E>(H76B=@9A(6A<(b6C(CD8c>B=(=9(<>?76<6=@9AS(,:>(>HH>B=(9H(=:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(6=N9CG:>7@B(9L;?>A(9A( B>EEDE9C>(;@>E<(@C(C:9bA(@A(Z@?D7>(3S(R:97=(C=>>G@A?(6C( 9BBD77@A?( DA<>7(@A<DC=7@6E( B9A<@=@9AC( <9>C( A9=( C:9b( 6A;(@AKD>AB>(9H(6@7(9L;?>A(9A(=:>(;@>E<(E9CCS(+9b>- I>7P(b@=:(G79?7>CC@I>(C=>>G@A?(<D76=@9AP(=:>(;@>E<(E9CC( >A:6AB>C( @A( =:>( G7>C>AB>( 9H( 9L;?>AS( Q( 7>N67F68E>( ;@>E<( <@HH>7>AB>( b6c( <>=>B=><( 6H=>7( 0.(:9D7C( 9H( C=>>- G@A?(b:@B:(>I@<>AB>C(=:>(>A:6AB><(;@>E<(E9CC(<D>(=9( =:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(9L;?>AS(QC(6(B9AC>hD>AB>(9H(G>7N6- A>A=(C=@77@A?P(=:>(E9A?(>LG9CD7>(9H(=:>(CD7H6B>(=9(=:>( 6@7( B6DC>C( 6<<@=@9A6E(?6C( <@HHDC@9A( @A=9( =:>( C9ED=@9A( 6A<( =:DC( 6A( >E>I6=><( B9AB>A=76=@9A(@AC@<>( =:>( E@hD@<S(,:@C( @C( G7>I>A=><( 8;( DC@A?( 67?9A( =9( >ACD7>( 6A( @A>7=( 6=N9CG:>7>S(,:>7>8;( =:>( G>>E@A?( 7>6B=@9A( @C( 6EN9C=( >LBEDC@I>E;(7>CG9AC@8E>(H97(=:>(B:6@A(C:97=>A@A?(6C(7>- I>6E><(8;(=:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(G>>E@A?(G79<DB=C(/e.g.(@C9- C6BB:67@A@B(6B@<(>=BS2(@A(=:>(gJB>EEDE9C>(H76B=@9AS Z@?D7>(3(B9NG67>C(=:>(b>@?:=(6A<(@A=7@AC@B(I@CB9C@=;( E9CC>C(6C(6(HDAB=@9A(9H(=@N>(H97(=:>(C=>>G@A?(7>6B=@9A(@A( =:>( G7>C>AB>( 9H( 6@7J9L;?>AS(,:>( @A=7@AC@B( I@CB9C@=;( E9CC(6N9DA=C(DG(=9(0.k(b:>7>6C(=:>(N6L@NDN(b>@?:=( <>B7>6C>(7>N6@AC(E9b>7(=:6A(1ek(86C><(9A(=:>(G67=@- BDE67(@A@=@6E(I6ED>S(V:@E>( b>@?:=( E9CC(@C( 6==7@8D=><(=9( Figure 3. Decrease of the cellulose yield loss in presence and absence of the inert gas. 1.e

G>>E@A?J9HH( 7>6B=@9ACP( B>EEDE9C>( <>G9E;N>7@C6=@9A( @C( N6@AE;(B6DC><(8;(6EF6E@A>(:;<79E;C@C(/@A(=:>(68C>AB>( 9H(9L;?>A2(6A<(:9N9E;=@B(<>?76<6=@9A(7>6B=@9AC(@A@=@- 6=><(8;(=:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(9L;?>AS(( %A(Z@?D7>(e(9H(=:>(7>?>A>76=><(GDEG(@A(G7>C>AB>(9H(6@7J 9L;?>A(/,(p(e.f*q(!mR(p(T.m12S Z@?D7>(U(@EEDC=76=>C(=:>(B9D7C>(9H(@A=7@AC@B(I@CB9C@=;(6A<( =:>(B6789L;E@B(?79DG(B9A=>A=(9H(=:>(7>?>A>76=><(GDEG(6C( 6(HDAB=@9A(9H(C=>>G@A?(=@N>(@A(=:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(6@7J9L;-?>AS(,:>(@AB7>6C>(@A(6B@<@B(?79DG(B9AB>A=76=@9A(B6A(8>( 6CC@?A><( =9( N>=6C6BB:67@A@B( 6B@<( H97N6=@9A( <D>( =9( =:>( C=9GG@A?( 7>6B=@9AS(QC( 6( 7>CDE=P( =:>( 7>N6@A@A?( B>EEDE9C>( 8>B9N>C(C=68E>(=9(=:>(CDBB>CC@I>(G>>E@A?(7>6B=@9Aq(:9b- >I>7P(76A<9N(B:6@A(CB@CC@9A(8;(6EF6E@A>(:;<79E;C@C(H9E- E9b><(8;(C>B9A<67;(G>>E@A?(7>6B=@9AC(6C(b>EE(6C(DA<>a- A><(:9N9E;=@B(<>?76<6=@9A(G6=:b6;C(G676EE>E(=9(G7@N67;( G>>E@A?( E>6<C( =9( G79?7>CC@I>( I@CB9C@=;( /Z@?D7>( e2( 6A<( b>@?:=(e9cc>c(/z@?d7>(32s(,:>( H97N6=@9A( 9H( C9ED8E>( <>?76<6=@9A( G79<DB=C( b6c( N9A@=97><( 8;( =:>( <>=>7N@A6=@9A( 9H( =9=6E( 97?6A@B( B67-89A(6A<(=:>(B:>N@B6E(9L;?>A(<>N6A<(9H(=:>(C9ED=@9ACS(,:>7>H97>(89=:(G676N>=>7C(b>7>(6A6E;C><(@A(=:>(97@?@- A6E(E;>(6A<(@A(=:>(6hD>9DC(C9ED=@9A(6H=>7(=:>(G7>B@G@=6- =@9A(9H(8>=6JB>EEDE9C>(8;(6B@<@aB6=@9A(6A<(=:>(CD8C>hD>A=( 7>N9I6E( 9H( =:>( 7>N6@A@A?( C9E@<( 7>C@<D>S(,:>( <@HH>7>AB>( @A( 89=:( N>6CD7>N>A=C( b6c( <>aa><( 6C( njb>eede9c>(h76b=@9a(b:@b:(@c(n6@ae;(b9ng9c><(9h(l;- E6A(6A<(CN6EE(6N9DA=C(9H(C:97=(B:6@A(B>EEDE9C>S(,:>( 98=6@A><( 7>CDE=C( 67>( <@CGE6;><( @A( Z@?D7>( TS( %=( C:9bC( =:>( @A<>G>A<>AB>( 9H( =:>( B9A=>A=( 9H( =:>( njb>eede9c>( H76B=@9A( 9A( 6@7J9L;?>AS(Q( CE@?:=( <>B7>6C>( B6A(8>(@<>A=@a><(<D>(=9(6(G79?7>CC@I>(<>?76<6=@9A(9H( =:>( C:97=( B:6@A( B>EEDE9C>( 9H( =:>( njb>eede9c>( H76B=@9AP( 8D=(@=(G79B>><C(C@N@E67E;(@A(89=:(B6C>CS(,:>( =9=6E( 6N9DA=( 9H( =:>( C9ED8E>( gjb>eede9c>( H76B=@9A( @AB7>6C>C(CE@?:=E;(H6C=>7(@A(=:>(G7>C>AB>(9H(6@7J9L;?>A( =:6A(@A(=:>(68C>AB>(9H(6@7J9L;?>AS(,:@C(8>:6I@9D7(G79- B>><C(G676EE>E(=9(=:>(;@>E<(E9CC(<>I>E9GN>A=S( Figure 4. Comparison of the gravimetrically determined cellulose yield loss and the corresponding intrinsic viscosity loss of!"#$%#&#'#%(!#)$*+,*$-'$*%#.#'/#$01$(-%2034&#'$56$7$89$:;<$=>?$ 7$@9>ABC Figure 5. Intrinsic viscosity and carboxyl group content of the regenerated pulp as a function of the treatment time in *%#.#'/#$01$(-%2034&#'C$56$7$89:;<$=>?$7$@9>ABC Figure 6.$ 6D;$ (')$ ;DE$ /0'!#'!.$ 01$!"#$ %#.-)+(,$,4#$ (!$ 89:;<$ FG$ (')$ H$ 2$ 1%(/!-0'.$ 0I!(-'#)$ (1!#%$ *%#/-*-!(!-0'$ J-!"$ H K?D L :H K D$5A>MBC 1.T

Conclusions,:>(7>CDE=C(98=6@A><(@A(=:@C(C=D<;(C:9b(=:6=(=:>(G7>- C>AB>(9H(6@7J9L;?>A(<D7@A?(6EF6E@A>(C=>>G@A?(9H(8>>B:( d?j86c><( 6B@<( CDEG:@=>( <@CC9EI@A?( GDEG( >A:6AB>C(@=C( ;@>E<(E9CCP(G67=@BDE67E;(6=(E9A?>7(=7>6=N>A=(=@N>CS(,:>( =@N>(<>G>A<>AB;(9H(=:>(;@>E<(E9CC(@AB7>N>A=(CD??>C=C( =:6=(9L;?>AJ@A@=@6=><(:9N9E;=@B(<>?76<6=@9A(G6=:b6;CP( C@N@E67E;( =9( 6?@A?P( 67>( 7>CG9AC@8E>( H97( =:>( 6<<@=@9A6E( gjb>eede9c>(h97n6=@9a(@a(=:>(g7>c>ab>(9h(9l;?>as(m@- A>=@B(@AI>C=@?6=@9ACP(:9b>I>7P( 7>I>6E><( =:6=( =:>( G79-?7>CC@I>(@AB7>6C>(@A(89=:(;@>E<(E9CC(6A<(B:6@A(CB@CC@9A( 6=(E9A?>7(7>6B=@9A(=@N>C(4(6C(9BBD77@A?(6EC9(@A(=:>(68- C>AB>(9H(9L;?>A(J(N6;(8>(N6@AE;(6==7@8D=><(=9(76A<9N( :;<79E;C@C(H9EE9b><(8;(C>B9A<67;(G>>E@A?(6C(N9A@=9-7><(8;(*^Y(6A<(,^*(N>6CD7>N>A=CS((%A(=:>(B6C>(9H( C:97=(C=>>G@A?(=7>6=N>A=CP(6C(9BBD7@A?(<D7@A?(@A<DC=7@- 6E(G79B>CC>CP(=:>(@AKD>AB>(9H(6@7J9L;?>A(9A(=:>(;@>E<( E9CC(6A<(*^Y(H97N6=@9A(@CP(:9b>I>7P(A>?E@?@8E>S Acknowledgments [8]S( +66C(YVP(+7D=a97<()ZP(R67F6A>A(M]S(1-T5S(M@- A>=@B(C=D<;(9A(=:>(6EF6E@A>(<>?76<6=@9A(9H(B9==9A(:;<79- B>EEDE9C>S(r(QGGE([9E;N(RB@(11meX5 [9]S(!6@(uJ$P(R67F6A>A(M]S(1-T5S(M@A>=@BC(9H(6EF6E@A>( :;<79E;C@C(9H(?E;B9C@<@B(89A<C(@A(B9==9A(B>EEDE9C>S(*>E- EDE(*:>N(,>B:A9E(1me15J05 [1.]S(]6A(!99A(!'P( &E6DC( dqp(!6d8>(qp( R=6EE9A>( RS( 1---S(Y>?76<6=@9A(9H(B>EEDE9C@B(N6=>7@6EC(DA<>7(=:>(6E- F6E@A>(B9A<@=@9AC(9H(6(B>N>A=@=@9DC(7>G9C@=97;(H97(E9bJ( 6A<(@A=>7N><@6=>JE>I>E(76<@96B=@I>(b6C=>S(%%S(Y>?76<6=@- 9A(F@A>=@BCS(r("AI@79A([9E;N(Y>?76<(5mU1Je1 [11]S(&E6DC(dQP(]6A(!99A(!'P(QB:6=O(RP(*:9<D76(QP( Z@CB:>7(MS(1---S(Y>?76<6=@9A(9H(B>EEDE9C@B(N6=>7@6EC(DA- <>7(=:>(6EF6E@A>(B9A<@=@9AC(9H(6(B>N>A=@=@9DC(7>G9C@=97;( H97(E9b(6A<(@A=>7N><@6=>(E>I>E(76<@96B=@I>(b6C=>([67=(%m( %<>A=@aB6=@9A( 9H( <>?76<6=@9A( G79<DB=CS( QA6E( *:@N@B6( QB=6(3-Xm111J00 [10]S([:@E@GG()P('>:<>7(VP(!6A?(+S(1-TeS($D7(*6789L;E- 8>C=@NNDA?(@A(*:>N@>O>EEC=9HH>AS(Y6C([6G@>7(1-m1J- [13]S(V:@C=E>7('!S(1-T3S(d>=:9<C(@A(B6789:;<76=>(B:>- N@C=7;S(#>b(u97F(v(!9A<9Am(QB6<>N@B([7>CCS(3e(J(T(GGS Z@A6AB@6E( CDGG97=( b6c( G79I@<><( 8;( =:>( QDC=7@6A(?9I>7AN>A=P( =:>( G79I@AB>C( 9H( E9b>7( QDC=7@6P( DGG>7( QDC=7@6P(6A<(*67@A=:@6(6C(b>EE(6C(8;(!>AO@A?(Q&S(V>( 6EC9( >LG7>CC( 9D7(?76=@=D<>( =9( =:>( r9:6aa>c( M>GE>7( \A@I>7C@=;P(!@AOP(=:>(\A@I>7C@=;(9H(#6=D76E('>C9D7B>C( 6A<(QGGE@><(!@H>(RB@>AB>CP(]@>AA6P(6A<(!>AO@A?(Q&( H97(=:>@7(@AJF@A<(B9A=7@8D=@9ACS References [1]S( M9EG6F(ZrP(V>@:(dP()E6BFb>EE(rS(1-5XS(d>7B>7@O6- =@9A( 9H( B>EEDE9C>m( 1S( Y>=>7N@A6=@9A( 9H( =:>( C=7DB=D7>( 9H( d>7b>7@o><(b9==9as([9e;n>7(1-m103(j(31 [2]S( &s=o>(ms(1-t5s(*:>n@>h6c>7a(a6b:(<>n(]@cf9c>- I>7H6:7>AS(RG7@A?>7J]>7E6? [3]S( "A=b@C=E>(YP(*9E>("+P(V99<@A?(#RS(1-U-S(,:>(6D=- 9L@<6=@9A(9H(6EF6E@(B>EEDE9C>S([67=(%m(QA(>LG>7@N>A=6E(C=D- <;(9H(=:>(F@A>=@BC(9H(=:>(7>6B=@9AS(,>L=('>C(r(1-me05JUT [4]S( Y9b>EE(QdP(MD@F>A(r'P(MD@F>A(MQS(1-T3S(R9N>( B9AC@<>76=@9AC( 9A( =:>( 6?@A?( 9H( 6EF6E@( B>EEDE9C>S(,6GG@( UTm50TJ3. [5]S( "A=b@C=E>( YP( *9E>( "+P( V99<@A?( #RS( 1-U-S(,:>( 6D=9L@<6=@9A(9H(6EF6E@(B>EEDE9C>S([67=(%%S(,>L=('>C(rmT.-J0U [6]S( '@B:=O>A:6@A( +P(!@A<?7>A( )^P( Q876:6NCC9A( )P( +9EN8>7?( MS( 1-eUS( t8>7( <>A( 6EF6E@CB:>A(Q886D( I9A( [9E;C6BB:67@<>AS(%S(d@==>@ESm(Q886D(I9A()6DNb9EE:;<- 79B>EEDE9C>S(RI>ACF([6GG>7C=@<A@A?(e5m3T3JT [7]S( d6b:>ee(&p('@b:67<c(&#s(1-e5s(,:>(6ef6e@a>(<>-?76<6=@9a(9h(g9e;c6bb:67@<>cs([67=(%%s(,:>(6ef6e@jc=68e>( 7>C@<D>(H79N(=:>(6B=@9A(9H(C9<@DN(:;<79L@<>(9A(B>EEDE9- C>S(r(*:>N(R9BmUe..JT 1.5