Global Wine Production, Consumption and Trade, 1961 to 2001:

Global Wine Production, Consumption and Trade, 1961 to 2001: A Statistical Compendium Kym Anderson and David Norman

2003 Centre for International Economic Studies ISBN 0 86396 480 X

Table of contents List of charts List of tables Technical notes Abbreviations Metric conversion rates Statistical sources Introduction vii viii xiii xv xviii xix xxi I. Global wine trends at a glance (charts) 1 II. Global wine markets in 1999-2001 13 III. Wine markets by country/group: annual data, 1990 to 2001 19 IV. Wine markets by country/group: 5-year averages, 1961 to 2001 129 V. 58 x 10 region bilateral trade, 1990 to 2001 207 VI. 58 x 58 country/group bilateral trade, 2001 271 VII. World rankings of top 20 countries, various indicators, 1961 to 2001 297 VIII. Summary data for each country/group: annual data, 1990 to 2001 311 About the Centre for International Economic Studies 371

List of charts I. Global wine trends at a glance Page 1. Grapevine area, top ten countries, 1990-92 and 2001 2 2. Share of crop area under grapevines, Old World and 2 New World, 1990-92 and 2001 3. Wine production, top ten countries, 1990-92 and 2001 3 4. Wine production per capita, Old World and New World, 3 1990-92 and 2001 5. Wine consumption, top ten countries, 1990-92 and 2001 4 6. Wine s share of total alcohol consumption, top ten 4 countries, 1970-74 and 2001 7. Wine consumption per capita, traditional markets, 1970 to 2001 5 8. Wine consumption per capita, emerging markets, 1970 to 2001 5 9. Old World and New World shares of global exports, 1990 to 2001 6 10. Value of wine exports, various New World countries, 1990 to 2001 6 11. Wine export value, top ten countries, 1990-92 and 2001 7 12. Wine export value (excluding intra-eu trade), 7 top ten traders, 1990-92 and 2001 13. Wine import value, top ten countries, 1990-92 and 2001 8 14. Wine import value (excluding intra-eu trade), 8 top ten traders, 1990-92 and 2001 15. Old World exporters shares of key import markets, 1990 to 2001 9 16. New World exporters share of key import markets, 1990 to 2001 9 17. Share of wine production exported, top ten countries, 10 1990-92 and 2001 18. Imports net of exports as a share of wine consumption, 10 top ten countries, 1990-92 and 2001 19. Relative price of wine exports, selected countries, 1990-92 and 2001 11 20. Relative price of wine imports, selected countries, 1990-92 and 2001 11 21. Share of 3 largest firms in global sales of various beverages, 1998 12 22. Global wine sales, top ten companies, 2000 12

List of tables II. Global wine markets in 1999-2001 Page 1. Summary of the world s wine markets, 1999-2001 14 2. Other key indicators of the world s wine markets, 1999-2001 16 III. Wine markets by country/group: annual data 1990 to 2001 3. Total grapevine area 20 4. Share of world grapevine area 22 5. Wine grapevine area 24 6. Share of total agricultural crop area under vines 26 7. Total grape production 28 8. Share of world grape production 30 9. Grape yield per hectare 32 10. Volume of wine grape production 34 11. Volume of wine production 36 12. Volume of wine production per capita 38 13. Share of world wine production volume 40 14. Volume of beverage wine consumption 42 15. Share of world beverage wine consumption volume 44 16. Volume of wine stock changes 46 17. Volume of non-beverage wine uses 48 18. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita 50 19. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita (lal) 52 20. Volume of beer consumption per capita 54 21. Volume of beer consumption per capita (lal) 56 22. Volume of spirits consumption per capita 58 23. Total alcohol consumption per capita (lal) 60 24. Wine s share of total alcohol consumption 62 25. Volume of wine exports 64 26. Volume of wine imports 66 27. Volume of wine net imports 68 28. Exports as % of wine production volume 70 29. Imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume 72 30. Imports net of exports as % of beverage wine consumption 74 31. Wine self sufficiency (%) in terms of volume 76 32. Exports as % of world wine export volume 78 33. Exports as % of world wine export volume, excl. intra-eu trade 80 34. Imports as % of world wine import volume 82 35. Imports as % of world wine import volume, excl. intra-eu trade 84 36. Wine trade volume specialisation index 86 37. Value of wine exports 88 38. Value of wine imports 90 39. Real value of wine exports (1999 US$) 92

Page 40. Real value of wine imports (1999 US$) 94 41. Exports as % of world wine export value 96 42. Exports as % of world wine export value, excl. intra-eu trade 98 43. Imports as % of world wine import value 100 44. Imports as % of world wine import value, excl. intra-eu trade 102 45. Wine trade value specialisation index 104 46. Wine s share of value of all merchandise exports 106 47. Wine s share of value of all merchandise imports 108 48. Index of comparative advantage in wine 110 49. Index of intra-industry trade in wine 112 50. Unit value of wine exports 114 51. Unit value of wine imports 116 52. Population 118 53. Aggregate GNP 120 54. Per capita GNP 122 55. Value of all merchandise exports 124 56. Value of all merchandise imports 126 IV. Wine markets by country/group: 5-year averages, 1961 to 2001 57. Total grapevine area 130 58. Share of world grapevine area 132 59. Wine grapevine area 134 60. Share of total agricultural crop area under vines 136 61. Total grape production 138 62. Share of world grape production 140 63. Grape yield per hectare 142 64. Volume of wine grape production 144 65. Volume of wine production 146 66. Share of world wine production volume 148 67. Volume of beverage wine consumption 150 68. Share of world beverage wine consumption volume 152 69. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita 154 70. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita (lal) 156 71. Volume of beer consumption per capita 158 72. Volume of beer consumption per capita (lal) 160 73. Volume of spirits consumption per capita 162 74. Total alcohol consumption per capita (lal) 164 75. Wine s share of total alcohol consumption 166 76. Volume of wine exports 168 77. Volume of wine imports 170 78. Volume of wine net exports 172 79. Exports as % of wine production volume 174 80. Imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume 176 81. Imports net of exports as % of beverage wine consumption 178 82. Wine self sufficiency (%) in terms of volume 180 83. Exports as % of world wine export volume 182

Page 84. Imports as % of world wine import volume 184 85. Wine trade volume specialisation index 186 86. Value of wine exports 188 87. Value of wine imports 190 88. Exports as % of world wine export value 192 89. Imports as % of world wine import value 194 90. Wine trade value specialisation index 196 91. Index of intra-industry trade in wine 198 92. Unit value of wine exports 200 93. Unit value of wine imports 202 94. Population 204 V. 58 x 10 region bilateral trade, 1990 to 2001 95. Volume of wine exports to each region 208 96. Volume of wine imports from each region 215 97. Value of wine exports to each region 222 98. Value of wine imports from each region 229 99. Unit value of wine exports to each region 236 100. Unit value of wine imports from each region 243 101. Share of value of wine exports to each region 250 102. Share of value of wine imports from each region 257 103. Index of value-based bilateral wine trade intensity 264 VI. 58 x 58 country/group bilateral wine trade, 2001 104. Value of bilateral wine trade 272 105. Volume of bilateral wine trade 280 106. Unit value of bilateral wine trade 288 VII.World s rankings of top 20 wine countries, 1961 to 2001, and top 20 wine companies, 2000 107. Total grape area 298 108. Share of total agricultural crop area under vines 298 109. Total grape production 299 110. Grape yield per hectare 299 111. Volume of wine production 300 112. Volume of beverage wine consumption 300 113. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita 301 114. Volume of beer consumption per capita 301 115. Volume of spirits consumption per capita 302 116. Total alcohol consumption per capita 302 117. Wine s share of total alcohol consumption 303

Page 118. Volume of wine exports 303 119. Volume of wine imports 304 120. Exports as % of wine production volume 304 121. Imports net of exports as % of beverage wine consumption 305 122. Wine self sufficiency (%) in terms of volume 305 123. Wine trade volume specialisation index 306 124. Value of wine exports 306 125. Value of wine imports 307 126. Wine trade value specialisation index 307 127. Index of comparative advantage in wine 308 128. Unit value of wine exports 308 129. Unit value of wine imports 309 130. Top 20 wine companies by global sales in 2000 309 VIII. Summary data for each country/group: annual data, 1990 to 2001 131. France 312 132. Italy 313 133. Portugal 314 134. Spain 315 135. Austria 316 136. Belgium-Luxemboug 317 137. Denmark 318 138. Finland 319 139. Germany 320 140. Greece 321 141. Ireland 322 142. Netherlands 323 143. Sweden 324 144. Switzerland 325 145. United Kingdom 326 146. Other Western Europe 327 147. Azerbaijan 328 148. Bulgaria 329 149. Croatia 330 150. Georgia 331 151. Hungary 332 152. Moldova 333 153. Romania 334 154. Russia 335 155. Ukraine 336 156. Uzbekistan 337 157. Other Central and Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union 338 158. Australia 339 159. New Zealand 340 160. Canada 341 161. United States of America 342

Page 162. Argentina 343 163. Brazil 344 164. Chile 345 165. Mexico 346 166. Uruguay 347 167. Other Latin America and Caribbean 348 168. South Africa 349 169. Turkey 350 170. North Africa 351 171. Middle East 352 172. Other Africa 353 173. China 354 174. Japan 355 175. Other North East Asia 356 176. South East Asia 357 177. Other Asia and the Pacific Islands 358 178. Western European Exporters 359 179. Western European Non-Exporters 360 180. Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union 361 181. Australia and New Zealand 362 182. United States of America and Canada 363 183. Latin America and Caribbean 364 184. Africa and Middle East 365 185. Asia and Pacific Islands 366 186. New World Wine Group 367 187. European Union 368 188. World 369

Introduction The world s wine markets are going though a fascinating period of structural adjustment. For many centuries wine has been very much a European product. 1 That is still the case today, as more than three-quarters of world wine production, consumption and trade involve Europe, and most of the rest involves just a handful of New World countries settled by Europeans. In the late 1980s, Europe accounted in value terms for all but 4 per cent of wine exports and three-quarters of wine imports globally. Since then, however, California and several southern hemisphere countries (Australia, Argentina, Chile, South Africa, and New Zealand) have begun to challenge that European dominance. Between 1990 and 2001, this new group s combined share of world wine exports grew from 4 to 18 per cent in value terms. When intra-european Union (EU) trade is excluded, the decline in Europe s share of global exports is even greater over that period: a fall from 88 to 64 per cent (see Table 41 and 42 in Section III below). That change has been driven in part by rapid growth in the area under vines and hence in wine production, as in Australia and to a lesser extent the United States (Charts 1 and 2 and Tables 3 and 11). Simultaneously, per capita consumption in many traditional wine-consuming countries is declining as consumers switch from quantity to quality, while consumption in emerging markets in Europe and East Asia is growing rapidly from a low base (see Charts 7 and 8 and Table 69). With these major changes, and with a new round of WTO-sponsored multilateral trade negotiations getting under way, there is a greater need than ever for systematic analysis of the world s markets for wine. That requires at the outset a thorough understanding of past trends and recent developments. To that end this compendium brings together data from a wide range of national and international sources and summarizes them in ways that make it easy to see trends over time and draw comparisons across countries, revising and updating our previous compendium which only went to 1999 (Anderson and Norman 2001). The rapid growth in wine exports from the New World over the past decade is ironic, in that it coincides with a decline in world wine production and consumption. Over the 1990s global wine production fell at 0.5 per cent per year before levelling off, and yet global wine trade rose by 5.2 per cent per year in volume terms and 7.2 per cent in nominal US dollar value terms (see Tables 11, 25 and 37). Traditionally the countries producing wine were also the countries consuming it, with only about one-tenth of global sales being across national borders, and most of that was with near neighbours. The proportion traded rose a little over the 1980s but has since risen much more, so that now about one-quarter of the volume of sales is international (Chart 17 and Table 28). That is, despite per capita wine consumption 1 This is despite the fact that vines were first cultivated for wine in the Middle East. The drinking of wine in that part of the world went into decline, however, with Mohammed s decree against it in the 7 th century AD.

falling by 1 per cent per year over the 1990s globally (Table 19), wine is becoming much more of an internationally traded product. In terms of global wine production, New World suppliers such as Australia have always been small players. Prior to the 1970s Australia accounted for less than 1 per cent of world production, and as recently as 1987 its share had barely risen to 1.2 per cent. During the following 14 years the share almost trebled, to 3.3 per cent (Table 13), but on its own that statistic still makes Australia look rather insignificant. In terms of exports, Australia was even less significant until the 1990s. As recently as the first half of the 1980s the country accounted, in volume terms, for only 0.2 per cent of global wine exports, the same as its share of global wine imports. The import share has changed little, but the export share has shot up to 5.4 per cent in volume terms and 6.5 per cent in value terms (Tables 32 and 41). In fact Australia s wine exports grew more than three times faster than the global average: at annual rates of 16 per cent in volume terms and 18 per cent in value terms over that period (Tables 25 and 37). Australia's rapid export growth has been matched by that for other New World wine exporters (Chart 10 and Table 37). Those countries comparative advantage in wine has strengthened as Western Europe's has weakened somewhat. Table 48 shows that, for the European Union, wine's share of its merchandise exports has hardly changed from 2.1 times the global average, whereas for the Southern Hemisphere wine exporters that index has risen five-fold since 1990. Another reflection of the growth in wine exports fro the new World is the changing importance of wine in total merchandise exports. For the West European wine-exporting countries that share has remained in the 1.2 to 1.5 per cent range. For Chile and Australia, on the other hand, that indicator has gone up about five-fold since 1990, from 0.6 to 3.7 per cent for Chile and from 0.3 to 1.4 per cent for Australia. That makes Chile the highest in the world apart from the small producers Georgia and Moldova. There are different reasons for these high rates of New World export growth. Australia's exports grew rapidly because its production growth was much faster than its consumption growth. The same is true in North America to a lesser extent. In South America production grew much slower or declined, but domestic consumption fell, allowing exports to boom (Tables 11, 14 and 25). Volumes of consumption per capita have become somewhat more equal across regions as a result but, as Table 18 and Charts 7 and 8 show, there is still a wide variance. The world s top ten wine exporters account for more than 90 per cent of the value of international wine trade, with Europe s economies in transition from socialism raising the share to 95 per cent (Table 124). Of those top ten, half are in Western Europe and the other half are New World suppliers, led by Australia. Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter of wine in value terms, after France (alone accounting in 2001 for 42 per cent), Italy (18 per cent) and Spain (9 per cent). The share of France has dropped ten percentage points since 1990, which with smaller drops for Portugal and Germany have ensured that the shares of Australia and other New World suppliers have risen substantially (Chart 9).

If the European Union is treated as a single trader and so intra-eu trade is excluded from the EU and world trade data, the EU s share of world wine exports shows a much bigger fall, from 78 per cent to 58 per cent since 1990 (Table 42). With that adjustment, Australia moves to number two in the world. Its share of global exports rises from 4 per cent to 12 per cent. It is this fact, in spite of Australia's small share of global production, that makes Australia a significant player in the international wine market. Meanwhile, the share of the other main New World exporters (Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, and the US) rose even faster, from 6 per cent to 23 per cent (Chart 12 and Table 42). That is, while Australia has done very well as an expanding wine exporter, it is not alone: the world wine market as a whole is becoming more internationalized and far more competitive, and most key New World suppliers are expanding their export sales (albeit from a lower base) nearly as fast or even faster than Australia. Not only are wine exports but also wine imports are highly concentrated. The ten top importing countries accounted for all but 14 per cent of the value of global imports in the late 1980s. That 14 per cent residual had risen to 19 per cent by2001, due mainly to Germany's reduced import share, indicating some growth of new markets. But in 2001, half the value of all imports continued to be bought by the three biggest importers: the UK (with 19 per cent), the United States (with 16 per cent) and Germany (with 14 per cent see Table 125). In volume terms, Germany is the largest importer of wine (19 per cent of the world total), followed by the United Kingdom (17 per cent), and the United States and France (both with 8 per cent Table 119). Despite that concentration, the ten top exporters are quite different in their penetration of those and other import markets. The Old World has greater dominance in neighbouring countries in continental Europe whereas the New World has been much more successful in penetrating the growing markets of the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world (Charts 15 and 16). In Australia's case, it has concentrated on four English-speaking rich countries: the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and New Zealand. The cost has been not boosting greatly its shares in continental Western Europe (most notably Germany, the world's biggest importer of red wine) and in the emerging markets of East Asia (Table 101). A crude index of the quality of a country's wine exports is the average export price. To see how different exporting countries are faring relatively, Chart 19 shows each exporter's average price as a percentage of the global average, minus 100, at the beginning and end of the 1990s. While France's strong position has changed little, New Zealand has improved its positions considerably to rival the quality dominance of France s exports. New Zealand s average export price is well ahead of France s, and Australia in 2000 was just 36 cents per litre behind France (Table 50). Meanwhile, the price of exports from other Southern Hemisphere suppliers and the US in 2001 was only three-quarters the Australasian average. However, even though the Australian average unit export price rose at 2.3 per cent per year from 1990 compared with the global average of 0.8 per cent, complacency is not called for. The rise for Australia was exceeded by Argentina (7.3 per cent), Chile (5.8 per cent) and New Zealand (4.6 per cent Table 50). Clearly, other exporters are striving to raise the quality of their exports just as much as Australia, albeit from different bases. Note, however, that the quality of wine exports

varies markedly across different markets. In 2001, for example, Australia s export sales to North America averaged US$3.02 a litre, whereas they averaged just $2.13 to the UK and $1.84 to New Zealand (Table 106). What are the physical (physiological/climatic, agronomic, water) limits on the future expansion of premium winegrape production in the various regions of the world? The greatest influence on wine quality is the climate for grape growing. Virtually all winegrapes are the sub-species Vitis vinifera which, ten plus millennia ago, grew wild in much of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East (but not in North or Central America or the southern hemisphere). They can be grown successfully only between 30 o and 50 o north and south of the equator where their distinctive annual cycle can be accommodated. 2 That cycle involves winter dormancy when temperatures can be below freezing, but the mean daily temperature has to reach 10 o C in spring before shoots grow and 20 o C in summer for flower clusters to bloom. Frosts in spring can cause severe damage, as can rain prior to the autumn harvest. Hence the idealness of a winter-rain Mediterranean climate, with the addition of local or mesoclimatic features that include the right combination of access to sunlight, shelter from wind, freedom from spring frosts, sufficient irrigable water in case of a summer drought, 3 etc. The next most important influence is what the French call terroir: the soils should preferably be gravelly and well-drained, and not overly fertile. (Beyond those features, the skills of the viticulturalist and winemaker are what matter.) Given that, it is not surprising that the world s top 30 wine-producing countries are in the temperate zone. But as Table 6 shows, there is a huge variance in the vine intensity of cropping in those countries. At one extreme are the traditional producing countries of France, Spain, Italy and Portugal with 5, 6, 8 and 10 per cent of their cropped area under vines, respectively. Nearly as extreme are the Balkan states of Southeastern Europe and also the Caucasus. Having had the opportunity there to cultivate grapes for more than two millennia, and given the financial supports provided by the EU in recent decades, it is likely that virtually all suitable land in Western Europe is already under vines. Hence their only hope for growth is in terms of quality improvement, that is, expanding premium wine at the expense of non-premium. Normally that means lowering vine yields, so such quality upgrading will lower the aggregate volume of wine produced. It is also likely to lower the price of premium relative to non-premium grapes and wine. At the other extreme are the New World wine producers, with the United States and Australia each having only 0.2 to 0.3 per cent of their crop area under vines barely above the ratio for China. Argentina, Uruguay and South Africa also have vines accounting for much less than 1 per cent of their crop area. Hence in those countries, which have ample land with suitable climates for expansion, the main 2 In the tropics the vine is evergreen (no dormancy), but it tends to yield only a small crop of lowquality grapes. The key exceptions are in high-altitude areas where temperatures are more moderate. Genetic engineering may change this in the decades ahead, but not in the medium term. 3 Vines need relatively little water per year once they are established; yet having that water is essential for producing quality winegrapes every year over the long term in a drought-prone environment. That means the wine industry has been able to afford to pay much more than many other rural users for water rights.

influence on vineyard area is the expected long-term profitability of grapes relative to that of alternative uses for the land. With both sets of regions in mind, what might be the net effect on global wine markets of recent and prospective trends in grape and wine supply and demand? The trend towards premium and away from non-premium wine production and consumption, together with the data on new plantings (the most recent of which will take until 2005 to produce significant crops), provide enough information to attempt to project wine markets a few years into the present decade. That has been done recently using a global model of grape and wine markets that differentiates not only according to the 47 countries/country groups identified in this Compendium but also as between premium and non-premium segments of each market and each bilateral trade flow (Anderson and Wittwer 2001; Wittwer, Berger and Anderson 2002). The Anderson and Wittwer projection has the world market for premium wine (40 per cent of global wine output) growing by 38 per cent over the six vintages to 2005 while that of non-premium wine growing very little. It has premium production more than doubling for Australia, while it increases by a bit over 50 per cent for the US and nearly doubles for other Southern Hemisphere wine-exporting countries. However, it grows by only one-fifth in Western Europe. That growth in premium output is projected to outstrip the expanding demand because of income and adult population growth and preference changes, causing premium producer prices to fall. In the model s base case they fall most for Australia, by 12 per cent for premium wine, reflecting the country s very large premium acreage expansion over the past few years. 4 Meanwhile non-premium prices change little because the assumed slowdown in its demand is matched by a slowdown in supply. This base projection has Australia exporting nearly three-quarters of its premium wine by 2005, compared with a bit under three-fifths in 1999. The usefulness of that base case projection is less in providing a market forecast (improvements in such things as a super premium/commercial premium/nonpremium data split are needed first an initial attempt to do that is to be reported in Anderson, Norman and Wittwer 2003), than in providing a basis for comparison with alternative scenarios over which participants may or may not have control. Several are analysed quantitatively by Anderson and Wittwer (2001). Not captured in that model, nor in most of the data presented in this compendium, is the fact that globalization is also altering the structure of firms within the wine industry and among those distributing and retailing wine. It is doing so by lowering the transactions costs of doing business across space, including across national borders. Rapid growth in supermarketing and in concentration among distributors is driving wine companies into mergers and acquisitions so as to better meet the needs of those buyers and their customers. Since knowledge about the various niches and the distributional networks in foreign markets is expensive to acquire, new alliances between wine companies are being explored with a view to capitalizing on their complementarities in such knowledge. The purchase by the owner of Mildara Blass (Fosters Brewing Group) of Napa Valley-based Beringer, the 4 Note from Table 50 that the unit value of Australian exports fell by one-fifth in nominal US dollar terms between 1999 and 2001 alone.

alliance between Southcorp/Rosemount and California s Mondavi, BRL Hardy s joint venture with the second-largest US wine company, Constellation Brands (to operate as Pacific West Partners), and the purchase by New Zealand s biggest wine firm (Montana) of the second largest (Corbans) were all cases in point during 2000-01. These may achieve the desired result much quicker than direct foreign investment, although that has been happening increasingly too (not least from the US because of the strong US dollar in 2000-01). As well, in this era of floating exchange rates, crossborder operations can be a form of currency hedge; and it can also serve as insurance against a major disease outbreak (e.g., Phylloxera, Pierce s Disease) in the home country. This trend which is occurring in many industries as part of globalization may increase concentration in the wine industry. But, as Chart 21 shows, the wine industry has a long way to go before it approaches the concentration of other beverage industries. It would seem from Chart 22 and Table 130 that the New World is well ahead of the Old World in terms of firm concentration, which is another difference that is likely to shape the future of the global wine industry. The data in this Compendium draw on three earlier statistical compendia published by the CIES (Anderson and Norman 2001, Berger, Anderson and Stringer 1998, and Berger, Spahni and Anderson 1999). To keep the printing task manageable, the world has been divided into 47 countries and country groups. Also shown are 10 regional aggregates plus the world total. For analysts interested in accessing all the individual years of data back to 1961, and all the bilateral trades at the 58 x 58 region level for years before 2001 (data for that single year are reported in Tables 104 to 106), a CD-ROM version of the Compendium is purchasable from www.adelaide.edu.au/cies/orderform.htm We welcome feedback so that a more-accurate and more-comprehensive set of data, summarized in a more-useful set of tables, can be put together in future. Please send comments and suggestions to Professor Kym Anderson, Director, Centre for International Economic Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005 Australia, phone (+61 8) 8303 4712, fax (+61 8) 8223 1460, cies@adelaide.edu.au The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the various data providers listed in the Statistical Sources section above. Especially important were the United Nations Statistical Division COMTRADE collection as the source of the bilateral trade data (http://www.un.org./depts/unsd), the Food and Agriculture Organisation s FAOSTAT file (http://apps.fao.org) as the source of most of the national vine area and wine production data, the World Drinks Trends 2000 booklet produced by NTC Publications Ltd in Schiedam, Holland for per capita alcohol consumption data for numerous countries, and issues of the Bulletin de l O.I.V. published over the past dozen years for the industrial use and stock estimates and wine consumption data for major wine-consuming countries. Also, our thanks to individual researchers who have helped us fill gaps via national data sources, including William Forster, Bith-Hong Ling, Nivelin Noev, Nick Vink, and Glyn Wittwer. Finally, thanks are due to the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation for assisting with the costs of production and publication of our first two statistical compendia on which the current one was built, to Lawrie Stanford and Susan Bell of the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation and Nick Berger at LECG for helping us improve on those earlier compendia, and especially to the Australian

Research Council for the research assistance funds needed to compile the present Compendium. References Anderson, K., D. Norman and G. Wittwer (2003), Globalization of the World s Wine Markets, The World Economy Vol. 26 (forthcoming, but an earlier version is downloadable at www.adelaide.edu.au/cies/wine.htm#other). Anderson, K. and G. Wittwer (2001), Projecting the World s Wine Markets to 2005, Paper presented at the VDQS Enometrics VIII Conference, Napa Valley, 21-22 May. Berger, N., K. Anderson and R. Stringer (1998), Trends in the World Wine Market, 1961 to 1996: A Statistical Compendium, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies, June. Berger, N., P. Spahni and K. Anderson (1999), Bilateral Trade Patterns in the World Wine Market, 1988 to 1997: A Statistical Compendium, Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Wittwer, G., N. Berger and K. Anderson (2002), A Model of the World s Wine Markets, Economic Modelling Volume 19 (forthcoming, but an earlier version is downloadable at www.adelaide.edu.au/cies/wine.htm#other).