Famil: Poaceae Taxo: Cmbopogo ardus Som: Adropogo cofertiflorus Steud. Adropogo ardus L. (basiom) Cmbopogo afroardus Stapf Cmbopogo cofertiflorus (Steud.) Stapf Cmbopogo ardus var. cofertiflorus (Steud Cmbopogo validus (Stapf) Burtt Dav Commo Name: citroella citroella grass giat turpetie grass Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Assessor Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Assessor WRA Score 8 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 1 of 8
409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 2 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 8 Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 2 of 8
Supportig Data: 101 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 101 2007. Ssegawa, P.. Effects of Herbicide o the Ivasive grass, Cmbopogo ardus (Frach.) [Is the species highl domesticated?? Possibl a less ivasive variet] "The cultivated form of C. ardus (L.) Redle (citroella) is grow i Sri Laka ad the Stapf (Tussock Guiea grass) ad Resposes of West Idies ad is derived from a awless variat (Phillips et al. 2003; Figure 1)." Native Plats i Kikatsi subcout, Kiruhuura district, wester Ugada.. Makerere Uiversit, 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 202 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 203 2013. Floridata. Cmbopogo ardus. http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cmb_ar.cfm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 204 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 205 2006. Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. 205 2013. Floridata. Cmbopogo ardus. http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cmb_ar.cfm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Southeast Asia, Sri Laka, South Idia, Nepal." [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Hardiess: USDA Zoes 10-12. Citroella grass is pereial i USDA zoes 10-12. It eeds a log, warm growig seaso, ad ma ot survive cool, damp witers. Citroella grass usuall is replated aew each sprig after the groud has warmed. " [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Southeast Asia, Sri Laka, South Idia, Nepal." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Commol cultivated. Fujia, Guagdog, Haia, Taiwa, Yua [ative to S Idia ad Sri Laka; itroduced elsewhere as a crop plat]." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "It is widel aturalized i tropical Asia ad grow as a orametal i South Florida ad souther Califoria. " 301 2010. Wu, S.-H./Yag, T.Y.A./Teg, Y.-C./Chag, [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Appedix 1. List of aturalized species of C.-Y./Yag, K.-C./Hsieh, C.-F.. Isights of the Taiwa" [Icludes Cmbopogo ardus. FR: Year of the first record = 1910] Latest Naturalized Flora of Taiwa: Chage i the Past Eight Years. Taiwaia. 55(2): 139-159. 301 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Locatios withi which Cmbopogo Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). ardus is aturalised iclude souther, easter ad orth-easter tropical Africa." http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ "Commo i grasslad ad ope woodlad of Acacia ad Combretum o the ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28hills i Ugada. It is possible that it is a ative species which is expadig its Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 rage due to overgrazig." Jue 2013] 301 2013. Ga, G.D.. Floristic Ivetor of the Bahama Archipelago Database Olie (BETA). The Istitute for Regioal Coservatio, Delra Beach, FL http://www.regioalcoservatio.org [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Native Status: Not Native, Naturalized " 302 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 303 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] "ivasive ad ver competitive " [A pasture weed] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "The species is ot desired b farmers. Maagemet presetl ivolves uprootig. It is mail cosidered a problem i the raches borderig the easter part of the park. The species ca cover wide areas suppressig other vegetatio that is palatable to grazig aimals." "Cmbopogo ardus is oe of the most dreaded oxious grasses o Ugada s grazig lads. It is extesivel distributed i ragelads of South wester Ugada with idicatios that it is quickl spreadig to other areas of the coutr." Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 3 of 8
303 2007. Ssegawa, P.. Effects of Herbicide o the Ivasive grass, Cmbopogo ardus (Frach.) [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "The grass, Cmbopogo ardus (Frach.) Stapf (Tussock Guiea grass) is oe of the most prevalet ivasive Stapf (Tussock Guiea grass) ad Resposes of plats i the pastoral lads of the Akole regio i wester Ugada." "I Native Plats i Kikatsi subcout, Kiruhuura district, wester Ugada.. Makerere Uiversit, wester Ugada, particularl i Mbarara ad Kiruhuura districts, the ragelads have bee graduall take over b the Cmbopogo ardus, also commol kow as the Tussock Guiea grass. The grass, Cmbopogo ardus, which is idigeous to Ugada (Phillips et al., 2003) has established there ad is perceived to be a problem b the local farmers." "Respose to defoliatio: Geerall C. ardus is avoided i grazig. Light grazig ecourages it, but heav grazig pressure of oe bullock per hectare preveted recoloizatio of the species (Harrigto, 1974)." "Ecoomics: Cmbopogo ardus is a upalatable, uwated ivader of Akole regio pastures i Ugada. Removal of C. ardus from full stocked pastures improved growth rates b about 30 percet, but the rate of recoloizatio ca be extremel rapid." "Aimal productio: The ivasio of a pasture b C. ardus alwas leads to a reductio i aimal productio." 303 2013. Coservatio Strateg Fud. CSF Projects - Ecoomic Impacts of Ivasive Species. http://coservatiostrateg.org/e/project/ecoomic-impactsivasive-species [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "Near Lake Mburo Natioal Park i souther Ugada, the pereial grass Cmbopogo ardus has drive wild game from federal parklads ad ito competitio with local livestock for grazig, severel impacted the health of the local cattle populatio, reduced lad values, icreased the presece of pests ad predators i the area, ad threateed the stabilit of the ascet poultr idustr. " 303 2013. Food ad Agriculture Orgaizatio of the Uited Natios. Grasslad Species Profiles - Cmbopogo ardus. FAO, http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/gbase/data/ pf000206.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "The ivasio of a pasture b C. ardus alwas leads to a reductio i aimal productio." 304 2004. Witteberg, R.. Istrumets ad tools for assessig the impact of ivasive alie plat species i Africa. CABI Biosciece, Delémot www.ecz.org.zm [Evirometal weed? No, accordig to hpothesis of stud] "A plat of great cocer i the ragelad surroudig the Lake Mburo Natioal Park is the grass Cmbopogo ardus of Asia origi. Whereas studies are ivestigatig its impact o the ragelad ad livestock, it was decided to carr out a assessmet of the species o ative plat biodiversit i the NP." "It is also hpothesized that the ivasive grass will probabl ot be able to ivade the core of the park comprised of rather itact grass savaah, uless facilitated b disturbace." 304 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL [Evirometal weed? No] "ivasive ad ver competitive " [A pasture weed] 304 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - [Evirometal weed? No] "Not listed as a oxious weed b the state or Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). govermets i Kea, Tazaia ad Ugada." http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28 Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 305 2011. U.S. Fish ad Wildlife Service. Species Assessmet Form for Rauculus hawaiesis. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/cadidate/assessmets/2 012/r1/Q38H_P01.pdf. [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Rauculus hawaiesis is threateed b itroduced pasture grasses that degrade ad destro habitat ad outcompete ative plats (HBMP 2008)." "Noative plats which pose the greatest threats to R. hawaiesis o the islad of Maui are: P. cladestium, H. laatus, ad Cmbopogo refractus (barbwire grass) (A. Medeiros, i litt. 1995)." 305 2013. USDA Natural Resources Coservatio Service. Hawaii State-listed Noxious Weeds. http://plats.usda.gov/java/oxious?rpttpe=state &statefips=15 [Cogeeric weed? Yes] Cmbopogo refractus is listed as a Hawaii State oxious weed 401 2006. Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. 402 2013. Suwitchaao, P./Pukclai, P./Kato- Noguchi, H.. Allelopathic Activit of Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae): A Prelimiar Stud. Joural of Plat Studies. 2(2): 1-6. 403 2006. Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Pereial from a stout rootstock. Culms tufted, robust, up to 2.5 m tall, 1 2 cm i diam. Leaf sheaths reddish purple at base, smooth, glabrous; leaf blades dark gree or dark brow whe dr, droopig for 1/3 of their legth, 30 100 1 2 cm, glabrous, abaxial surface scabrid, adaxial surface smooth, base arrow, apex log acumiate; ligule 2 3 mm. " [Allelopathic? Possibl Yes] "The results suggest that C. ardus ma have allelopathic compouds ad ma be a cadidate for isolatio ad idetificatio of allelopathic compouds to develop a alterative weed maagemet optio." [Parasitic? No] "Pereial from a stout rootstock." [Poaceae] Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 4 of 8
404 1982. Pemadasa, M.A./Amarasighe, L.. The Ecolog of a Motae Grasslad i Sri Laka: I. Quatitative Descriptio of the Vegetatio. Joural of Ecolog. 70(1): 1-15. 404 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes] "Burig is almost ievitable durig the dr period i Februar. Selective herbage- removal for cattle-fodder is frequet, especiall at lower altitudes, throughout the ear. The species most take are Paicum maximum ad Themeda tremula which are cut b had sickle. The opalatable Cmbopogo ardus is left. Cattle-grazig is rare." "More- over, selective forage-removal favours some species as a result of the elimiatio of others; for example, Cmbopogo ardus, a o-palatable grass icreases as the fodder grass Themeda tremula decreases." [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes] "Cmbopogo ardus is oe of the least palatable ragelad costituets, for both domestic ad wild game, except at the ver oug leaf stage. Cattle have bee reported to starve to death whe gree Cmbopogo is pletiful (Harrigto 1974). Buffalo will eat C. ardus sparigl (Field et al. 1973) while elephats will accept it durig the dr seaso (Field 1971). C. ardus is regarded as a udesirable compoet i grazig lad due to its upalatabilit (Marshall et al. 1969)." 404 2007. Ssegawa, P.. Effects of Herbicide o the Ivasive grass, Cmbopogo ardus (Frach.) [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes] "Palatabilit: The grass is upalatable to cattle ad cattle have bee kow to die of starvatio whe a abudace of it, i Stapf (Tussock Guiea grass) ad Resposes of gree coditio, was available (Harrigto, 1974). Buffalo will eat it sparigl ad Native Plats i Kikatsi subcout, Kiruhuura elephats will accept it durig the dr seaso (Field, 1971)." district, wester Ugada.. Makerere Uiversit, 404 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes] "Cmbopogo ardus ca take over Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). ragelads where it lowers the ield ad qualit of the forage. It teds to icrease http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ where there has bee overgrazig though grazig ca be used as a maagemet ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28method (see below). The grass is upalatable to cattle which have bee kow to Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 405 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL die of starvatio whe it is available i abudace. Buffalo will eat it sparigl ad elephats will accept it durig the dr seaso. It has also bee detected i atioal parks i Ugada ad ma costitute a threat to biodiversit." [Toxic to aimals? No] "feedig value low, browsed the oug growth, upalatable to cattle, geerall is avoided i grazig, essetial oil lemo-sceted" [Oil ad scet deter browsig, but o evidece of acute toxicit] 406 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Ukow] 407 2013. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Citroella Grass, Nardus, Capím Sato - Cmbopogo ardus. http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/62172/ [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 407 2013. Floridata. Cmbopogo ardus. http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cmb_ar.cfm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 408 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 408 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Possibl] "Dager: Hadlig plat ma cause ski irritatio or allergic reactio" [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Possibl to susceptible idividuals] "Some idividuals experiece dermatitis from cotact with citroella grass or lemograss, particularl the cocetrated oils from these grasses. Ihalig the essetial oils of citroella ma icrease heart rate i some people." [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] "ver resistat to fire" [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] "C. ardus is ver resistat to fire ad too frequet burig is oe of the mai causes of its icrease. However, http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ Harrigto ad Pratchett (1974) foud that a late bur i the log dr seaso ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28(usuall late August i Ugada) carried out ever third ear reduced the biomass Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 409 2011. F, R./Morris, C./Ward, D./Kirkma, K.. Trait eviromet relatios for domiat grasses i South Africa mesic grasslad support a geeral leaf ecoomic model. Joural of Vegetatio Sciece. 22(3): 528 540. 409 2013. Floridata. Cmbopogo ardus. http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cmb_ar.cfm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] of C. ardus ad ecouraged the somewhat better, associated grasses of Brachiaria decumbes, Themeda triadra ad Hparrheia filipedula. The bur should be agaist the wid ad i weather which would miimise fire temperatures. This would prue the udesirable associated shrub Acacia hockii. Aual burig reduces the size of the C. ardus plats, but does ot improve the sward." [B itself, C. ardus does ot appear to icrease fire risk, but beefits from fires b outcompetig less fire tolerat species] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl] "...Themeda triadra was quickl replaced b more shade-tolerat grasses such as Aristida juciformis, Tristacha leucothrix ad Cmbopogo ardus whe regular burig or mowig of grasslad was discotiued" [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl No] "Light: Does best i full su." Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 5 of 8
410 2013. Plat Database. Cmbopogo validus. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Cmbopogo ardus grows i http://www.platdatabase.co.uk/cmbopogo_vali soils ragig from a ph of 5 (extremel acidic rages from 0 to 5.1) to 9 (ver dus [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] alkalie rages from 8.6 to 9). It is adapted to chalk, cla loam, loam, loam sad, sad cla, sad cla loam ad sad loam soils." 411 2006. Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. 412 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada 501 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 502 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 503 2006. Quattrocchi, U.. CRC World Dictioar of Grasses: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoms, Soms, ad Etmolog. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 504 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Vorotsova, M.S./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. GrassBase - The Olie World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html 601 2008. Guatilleke, N./Pethiagoda, R./Guatilleke, S.. Biodiversit of Sri Laka. Joural of the Natioal Sciece Foudatio of Sri Laka. 36 Special Issue: 25-62. 602 1982. Pemadasa, M.A./Amarasighe, L.. The Ecolog of a Motae Grasslad i Sri Laka: III. Germiatio of Three Major Grasses. Joural of Ecolog. 70(2): 483-490. [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Pereial from a stout rootstock. Culms tufted, robust, up to 2.5 m tall, 1 2 cm i diam. Leaf sheaths reddish purple at base, smooth, glabrous; leaf blades dark gree or dark brow whe dr, droopig for 1/3 of their legth, 30 100 1 2 cm, glabrous, abaxial surface scabrid, adaxial surface smooth, base arrow, apex log acumiate; ligule 2 3 mm." [Forms dese thickets? Possibl Yes. Ma impede movemet ad outcompete other vegetatio i overgrazed areas] "Cmbopogo ardus (Plates 2.1 ad 2.2) is a tussock grass that establishes aturall from seed with leaves that cotai aromatic oils, which impart a bitter taste. The foliage has a rough texture, grows fast ad quickl builds up thick coarse vegetatio where both humas ad cattle fid difficult traversig areas domiated b the grass. The caop of oe plat ca cover a area of up to 2 m i diameter. Because of its high competitiveess, the species establishes quickl i overgrazed places. After a fire, Cmbopogo will quickl form ew shoots earlier tha the other plats allowig it to maitai domiace over the others, i terms of light, water ad utriet resources." [Aquatic? No] "grows well i sad soils with adequate draiage, semi-deserts, savaah, i clearigs, su warm ad humid coditios " [Grass? Yes] Poaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Poaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Pereial; caespitose. Butt sheaths persistet ad ivestig base of culm. Culms 75 300 cm log. Ligule a eciliate membrae; 3 9 mm log. Leafblades droopig; flat; 20 60 cm log; 3 15 mm wide; aromatic. Leaf-blade surface smooth, or scaberulous" [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "The dr pataa grasslads, located betwee 500 1000 m elevatio, are relativel widespread, occurrig i the Uva basi, ad aroud Gampola, Nawalapitia, Hataa ad Rakwaa. These grasslads have resulted from the removal of tree vegetatio for agriculture ad subsequet abadomet (Figure 10). The domiat grass species i them are Cmbopogo ardus ad Themeda tremula, both formig tussocks." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Uder field coditios, the atural pataa species Cmbopogo ardus, Eulalia trispicata ad Themeda tremula flower ad set seeds durig November-December ol ad o germiatio occurs util March." 602 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Cmbopogo ardus establishes aturall from Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). seed, which are kow to germiate prolificall after fire. Too-frequet burig is http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ oe of the mai causes of its icrease." ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28 Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 603 2004. Naak, S./Debata, B.K./Srivastava, V.K./Sagwa, N.S.. Evaluatio of agroomicall useful somacloal variats i Jamrosa (a hbrid Cmbopogo) ad detectio of geetic chages [Hbridizes aturall? Artificial hbrid. Ukow if atural hbrids ca develop] "Jamrosa, a hbrid Cmbopogo [Cmbopogo ardus var. Cofertiflorus (Steud) Stapf ex Bor X Cmbopogo jwaracusa (Joes) Schult] developed b Sobti et al. [1] is a essetial oil ieldig plat commerciall cultivated i several parts of through RAPD. Plat Sciece. 164(6): 1029-1035. Idia." 604 1979. Coor, H.E.. Breedig sstems i the grasses: a surve. New Zealad Joural of Bota. 17(4): 547-574. 605 1994. Zomlefer, W.B.. Guide to Flowerig Plat Families. The Uiversit of North Carolia Press, Chapel Hill & Lodo [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "Table 6 Geera with self-icompatible species. or pricipall cross-fertilised species" [Requires specialist polliators? No] "The reduced flowers are aemophilous " [Poaceae] Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 6 of 8
606 2013. Floridata. Cmbopogo ardus. http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/cmb_ar.cfm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 607 2006. Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "It does ot spread b ruers, as some grasses do, but the clump icreases i size as the plat matures. " [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 2+] "Pereial from a stout rootstock." [Based o biolog of related species ad pereial growth habit] 607 2013. Shoot Gardeig. Cmbopogo flexuosus (Lemo grass). http://www.shootgardeig.co.uk/plat/cmbopogo -flexuosus [Accessed 01 Jul 2013] [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 2+] "Cmbopogo flexuosus (Lemo grass)" "2-5 ears to maturit" [Based o biolog of related species] 701 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada 702 2006. Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "Dispersal b wids i the dr seaso was metioed as a possible cause of spread." [Possibl, but wid appears to be the primar dispersal vector] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Commol cultivated. Fujia, Guagdog, Haia, Taiwa, Yua [ative to S Idia ad Sri Laka; itroduced elsewhere as a crop plat]." 702 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Cmbopogo ardus is Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). commol grow for citroella, a essetial oil. It ca also be used for thatchig, http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ mulchig ad erosio cotrol." ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28 Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 703 2013. Leo, A.. Citroella Propagatio. SFGate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/citroellapropagatio-76553.html 704 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada 705 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada 706 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada 707 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "Citroella grass seldom sets seed, so it is most commol propagated through vegetative methods" [Possibl withi ative rage if seed set is higher, but presumabl o outside ative rage] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? Yes] "Dispersal b wids i the dr seaso was metioed as a possible cause of spread." [Propagules water dispersed? No] "Dispersal b wids i the dr seaso was metioed as a possible cause of spread." [Although water ma move seeds, the primar dispersal vector is presumabl wid] [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Dispersal b wids i the dr seaso was metioed as a possible cause of spread." [Although birds ma occasioall move seeds, the primar dispersal vector is presumabl wid] [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Possibl Yes] "Observed patters of spread of Cmbopogo seem to idicate a movemet further ito the park, possibl due to seed dispersal b wildlife from high desit areas." 708 2008. Samasiri, K.A.P./Weerakoo, D.K.. A stud o the seed dispersal capabilit of Asia [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Possibl] "Table 1. List of ocultivated plat species whose seeds were observed i elephat dug (=145)." elephats i the orthwester regio of Sri Laka. [Icludes Cmbopogo ardus, but with o iformatio o viabilit of seeds] Gajah. 28: 19-24. 801 2013. Leo, A.. Citroella Propagatio. SFGate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/citroellapropagatio-76553.html 802 2008. Roal Botaic Gardes Kew. Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/ [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Citroella grass seldom sets seed, so it is most commol propagated through vegetative methods" [I cultivatio, does ot frequetl set seed] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] Several related Cmbopogo species have orthodox seeds Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 7 of 8
803 2007. Ssegawa, P.. Effects of Herbicide o the Ivasive grass, Cmbopogo ardus (Frach.) Stapf (Tussock Guiea grass) ad Resposes of Native Plats i Kikatsi subcout, Kiruhuura district, wester Ugada.. Makerere Uiversit, [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "I compariso with the cotrol plots, spot applicatio of the Roud-up reduced the desit of the C. ardus b 55%." 803 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "Spot spraig with a suitable herbicide Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). reduces C. ardus without egativel impactig idigeous species ad http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ idigeous species respod positivel to C. ardus reductio (Ssegawa 2007)." ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28 Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] 804 2004. NARO. Implemetatio of ivasive plat prevetio ad cotrol programmes i Ugada. Report submitted to the CAB Iteratioal Africa Regioal Cetre. Natioal Agricultural Research Orgaisatio, Etebbe, Ugada [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "After a fire, Cmbopogo will quickl form ew shoots earlier tha the other plats allowig it to maitai domiace over the others, i terms of light, water ad utriet resources." 804 2007. Ssegawa, P.. Effects of Herbicide o the Ivasive grass, Cmbopogo ardus (Frach.) [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "These results idicate that spot spraig with glphosate reduces C. ardus without egativel Stapf (Tussock Guiea grass) ad Resposes of impactig idigeous species ad that idigeous species respod positivel to C. Native Plats i Kikatsi subcout, Kiruhuura ardus reductio. Future research ad maagemet perspectives are also give." district, wester Ugada.. Makerere Uiversit, 804 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Kes ad Fact Sheets - [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "C. ardus is ver Cmbopogo ardus (Blue Citroella Grass). resistat to fire ad too frequet burig is oe of the mai causes of its icrease. http://kes.lucidcetral.org/kes/v3/eafriet/weeds/ However, Harrigto ad Pratchett (1974) foud that a late bur i the log dr ke/weeds/media/html/cmbopogo_ardus_%28seaso (usuall late August i Ugada) carried out ever third ear reduced the Blue_Citroella_Grass%29.htm [Accessed 30 Jue 2013] biomass of C. ardus ad ecouraged the somewhat better, associated grasses of Brachiaria decumbes, Themeda triadra ad Hparrheia filipedula. The bur should be agaist the wid ad i weather which would miimise fire temperatures. This would prue the udesirable associated shrub Acacia hockii. Aual burig reduces the size of the C. ardus plats, but does ot improve the sward." 805 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 7/1/2013 Cmbopogo ardus (Poaceae) Page 8 of 8
Summar of Risk Traits High Risk / Udesirable Traits Thrives i tropical climates Naturalized i Taiwa, the Bahamas ad possibl elsewhere Pasture weed that replaces desirable forage species Upalatable to cattle Tolerates ma soil tpes Seeds are wid-dispersed Tolerates fire ad beefits from frequet fire regime Low Risk / Desirable Traits Uarmed (o spies, thors or burrs) Source of essetial oils Does ot spread b ruers Ma have limited seed set withi itroduced rage