Monitoring EU Agri-Food Trade: Development until April 2017 April 2017: Agri-food exports back to average values The monthly value of EU agri-food exports in April 2017 reached a value of EUR 10.6 billion, which is EUR 424 million (-3.8%) lower than in April 2016. Export values in April 2017 are at a level equal to the 4-year average. Highest increases in monthly export values (April 2016 compared to April 2017) were recorded for Turkey (EUR +87 million) and Korea (EUR +86 million). Other gains in EU agri-food exports were mainly located in Asia; Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia. Monthly exports to China reduced significantly in value (EUR -127 million) and relative terms (-12%). The relative decrease was higher for Morocco (-36%) although the absolute reduction was only EUR -92 million. Other important reduction took place towards the USA, Egypt and Algeria. Similar to last month milk powders saw the highest export growth, followed by cigars and cigarettes, infant food and wine. Wheat exports (EUR -154 million) further reduced in value terms. Also pork and other cereals lost export value compared to April 2016. Monthly values for EU agri-food imports increased in April 2017 compared to the year before (EUR +104 million; +1.1%). Imports from Australia and the Ukraine increased most, while imports from Ivory Coast and Brazil went down most. Major increases were seen in oilcakes, oilseed and palm oil. Imports of cocoa beans decreased most in value terms. Following decrease in exports and the increase in imports, the net trade balance in April 2017 reduced to EUR +860 million.
Exports to the USA and China driving EU agri-food exports For the 12-months period May 2016 to April 2017, EU agri-food exports reached a value of EUR 133.2 billion, corresponding to an increase by 3.4% in value terms compared to the same period one year ago. Major gains in annual values were achieved in agri-food exports to the USA (EUR +1.1 billion; +6%) and China (EUR +0.7 billion; +6%). Further increases were recorded in agri-food exports to Japan (EUR +0.6 billion) and Korea (EUR +0.6 billion). Exports to Vietnam, Russia (for non-banned products), Switzerland and Israel each increased by more than EUR 200 million in the twelve-month period. Annual export values went down for North African and Middle East destinations, such as Egypt (EUR -520 million; -26%), Algeria (EUR - 404 million; -14%) and Saudi Arabia (EUR -358 million; -7%). While exports to Nigeria recovered in April 2017, the year-to-year loss amounts to EUR -148 million (-15%). Hong Kong completes the top five, EUR-108 million (-3%). Despite a reduction in pig meat exports in April 2017 export performance increased significantly over the last twelve months (EUR +1.1 billion; +25%). Other product categories that perform well include infant food (EUR +570 million; +9%) wine (EUR +606 million; +6%), meat offal (EUR +511 million; 21%) and olive oil (EUR +331 million; +14%). Other cereals exports experience the biggest drop on an annual base (EUR -926 million; -34%), closely followed by wheat exports (EUR -677 million; -12%). Raw hides and skins (EUR -542 million; -25%) and eggs and honey (EUR -134 million; -17%) also lost in export values over the last 12 months. EU agri-food imports further increasing Agri-food imports from third countries in the 12- months period May 2016 to April 2017 accounted for over EUR 114 billion, i.e. an increase by 1% compared to the same period one year ago. Nevertheless, driven by the strong export performance, the export surplus for the 12-months period amounts to EUR 18.6 billion (+20%). Main origins for EU agri-food imports over the past 12 months were Brazil, USA, Argentina and China, followed by Switzerland, Indonesia, Turkey and Ukraine. On the year-on-year basis, the value of agri-food imports from top four importers went down. Imports from the USA decreased by EUR -638 million (-5%) and from Brazil by EUR -561 million or -5%. For Argentina the decrease is smaller at -1%. Also other partners such as Turkey, Tunisia, New Zealand and Malysia lost market share. On the other hand, Indonesia increased most (EUR +398 million, +9%). Over the 12 months period, EU import values for agri-food products also went up for Vietnam (EUR +334 million; +15%) and Nigeria (EUR +232 million; +13%). Less traditional sources of imports such as Nigeria (EUR +248 million; +51%), and Costa Rica (EUR +221 million; +14%) increased significantly. Looking at imports per product category, the highest increase in values over the last 12 months was for cocoa beans (EUR +612 million; +15%). Imports of oilseeds other than soybean (EUR +446 million; +13%), coffee and tea (EUR +405 million; +5%) and vegetables (EUR +378 million; +8%) also increased significantly. On the other hand, import values decreased in particular for commodities such as oilcakes (EUR -425 million; -5%), and wheat (EUR -399 million; -25%) and raw tobacco (EUR -334 million; -13%). Extraction date for statistics: 13/07/2017
Table 1: EU28 agri-food exports top 20 destinations EU28 agri-food exports to. May16 - to May15 - to Extra-EU28 128,807 133,180 4,373 3.4 11,064 10,640-424 -3.8 United States of America 1 19,987 21,118 1,131 5.7 1,739 1,654-85 -4.9 China 2 10,818 11,495 677 6.3 1,051 924-127 -12.1 Switzerland 3 7,720 8,012 292 3.8 699 671-28 -4.0 Japan 4 5,370 5,995 625 11.6 458 470 11 2.4 Russia 5 5,609 5,932 323 5.8 471 480 8 1.8 Saudi Arabia 6 4,850 4,492-358 -7.4 430 404-26 -6.1 Norway 7 4,160 4,305 145 3.5 362 332-30 -8.4 Hong Kong 8 3,905 3,798-108 -2.8 302 284-18 -5.9 Canada 9 3,406 3,439 33 1.0 272 271-1 -0.3 Turkey 10 3,302 3,317 15 0.5 267 355 87 32.7 United Arab Emirates 11 3,089 3,191 103 3.3 243 228-15 -6.1 Australia 12 2,894 3,044 150 5.2 225 221-4 -1.7 Korea (Republic of) 13 2,279 2,897 619 27.2 196 282 86 43.8 Algeria 14 2,928 2,524-404 -13.8 230 185-44 -19.2 Singapore 15 2,048 2,038-10 -0.5 161 181 20 12.3 South Africa 16 1,699 1,774 74 4.4 122 113-9 -7.3 Israel 17 1,545 1,769 223 14.5 133 136 3 2.6 Brazil 18 1,521 1,595 73 4.8 102 108 6 5.8 Ukraine 19 1,427 1,587 160 11.2 114 110-4 -3.5 Morocco 20 1,562 1,567 5 0.3 259 167-92 -35.6 other countries 38,688 39,293 605 1.6 3,225 3,063-163 -5.0 Table 2: EU28 agri-food exports most important changes in April 2017 EU28 agri-food exports to. May16 - to May15 - to Extra-EU28 128,807 133,180 4,373 3.4 11,064 10,640-424 -3.8 Turkey 10 3,302 3,317 15 0.5 267 355 87 32.7 Korea (Republic of) 13 2,279 2,897 619 27.2 196 282 86 43.8 Philippines 27 933 1,067 134 14.4 83 104 22 26.2 Singapore 15 2,048 2,038-10 -0.5 161 181 20 12.3 Indonesia 37 728 778 51 7.0 58 72 14 23.7 Chile 42 512 604 93 18.1 41 55 14 33.1 Taiwan 23 1,324 1,417 93 7.0 107 119 12 11.6 Nigeria 33 984 836-148 -15.0 67 79 12 17.3 Japan 4 5,370 5,995 625 11.6 458 470 11 2.4 Lebanon 28 1,014 1,048 34 3.4 72 84 11 15.4 Yemen 62 308 246-61 -20.0 38 18-20 -52.8 Saudi Arabia 6 4,850 4,492-358 -7.4 430 404-26 -6.1 Malaysia 29 898 956 59 6.5 97 69-28 -28.5 Switzerland 3 7,720 8,012 292 3.8 699 671-28 -4.0 Norway 7 4,160 4,305 145 3.5 362 332-30 -8.4 Algeria 14 2,928 2,524-404 -13.8 230 185-44 -19.2 Egypt 21 2,036 1,517-520 -25.5 184 112-73 -39.3 United States of America 1 19,987 21,118 1,131 5.7 1,739 1,654.5-85 -4.9 Morocco 20 1,562 1,567 5 0.3 259 167.0-92 -35.6 China 2 10,818 11,495 677 6.3 1,051 923.7-127 -12.1 other countries 55,049 56,951 1,902 3.5 4,462 4,303-159 -3.6
Table 3: EU28 agri-food exports by product category PRODUCT/PERIOD to EU28 EXPORT mio % mio % All agri-food products 128,807 133,180 4,373 3.4 11,064 10,640-424 -3.8 Commodities 24,414 23,603-810 -3.3 2,128 1,953-176 -8.3 Other primary 21,823 23,771 1,948 8.9 1,945 1,780-165 -8.5 Processed 23,555 25,199 1,643 7.0 2,018 2,083 65 3.2 Food preparations 26,789 28,311 1,522 5.7 2,220 2,200-20 -0.9 Beverages 17,364 17,496 131 0.8 1,470 1,407-63 -4.3 Non-edible 14,862 14,800-62 -0.4 1,282 1,217-65 -5.1 Wheat 5,556 4,879-677 -12.2 570 415-154 -27.1 Cereals, other than wheat and rice 2,726 1,800-926 -34.0 191 138-53 -27.9 Rice 187 211 24 12.9 19 21 3 13.9 Flours and other products of the milling industry 757 818 61 8.1 68 64-4 -6.0 Malt 1,103 1,008-95 -8.6 98 78-20 -20.4 Starches, inulin & gluten 847 988 141 16.6 75 91 16 21.8 Soyabeans 64 79 15 23.7 1 1 0-6.7 Oilseeds, other than soyabeans 727 798 71 9.7 46 29-17 -37.0 Palm & palm kernel oil 120 178 57 47.6 13 12-1 -4.9 Vegetable oils other than palm & olive oil 2,213 2,415 201 9.1 193 172-21 -11.1 Oilcakes 294 293-1 -0.4 24 24 0 1.1 Other feed and feed ingredients 1,129 1,124-4 -0.4 86 87 1 0.7 Beet and cane sugar 475 696 222 46.7 43 61 18 41.6 Sugar, other than beet & cane 510 520 10 2.0 47 42-5 -11.2 Milk powders and whey 3,948 3,814-134 -3.4 292 377 85 29.1 Butter 773 844 71 9.1 96 97 1 1.4 Gums, resins and plant extracts 1,138 1,172 34 3.0 102 99-3 -2.9 Unraosted coffee, tea in bulk & mate 496 533 36 7.3 45 37-8 -17.2 Cocoa beans 16 20 4 27.6 1 1-1 -43.7 Cocoa paste and powder 1,277 1,359 82 6.5 114 102-12 -10.1 Agricultural commodities, not specified 59 56-3 -5.4 5 5-1 -10.3 Live animals 2,500 2,643 143 5.7 203 207 4 1.9 Bovine meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 634 742 109 17.1 56 58 2 2.9 Pork meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 4,363 5,431 1,069 24.5 477 392-84 -17.7 Poultry meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 1,529 1,421-108 -7.1 122 109-12 -10.2 Sheep and goat meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 93 102 10 10.3 7 14 7 110.0 Offal, animal fat & other meats, fresh, chilled & frozen 2,488 2,999 511 20.6 237 218-19 -8.1 Fresh milk and cream, buttermilk and yoghurt 1,047 1,122 74 7.1 103 99-5 -4.4 Eggs and honey 782 648-134 -17.2 63 55-8 -12.3 Vegetables, fresh, chilled and dried 3,024 3,151 127 4.2 252 220-32 -12.7 Fruit, fresh or dried, excl. citrus & tropical fruit 2,476 2,434-41 -1.7 198 181-17 -8.4 Citrus fruit 517 497-20 -3.9 45 42-3 -6.8 Tropical fruit, fresh or dried, nuts and spices 953 1,018 64 6.8 83 83 0 0.3 Miscellaneous seeds and hop cones 1,418 1,561 143 10.1 99 101 2 1.9 Agricultural primary products, not specified 0 1 1 1,322.7 0 0 0 6,421.5 Meat preparations 1,247 1,260 13 1.1 95 98 3 3.5 Cheese 3,527 3,759 232 6.6 301 331 31 10.2 Olive oil 2,382 2,713 331 13.9 222 214-9 -3.9 Preparations of vegetables, fruit or nuts 4,133 4,454 321 7.8 363 355-8 -2.3 Fruit juices 744 839 95 12.8 71 77 6 9.1 Wine, vermouth, cider and vinegar 10,458 11,064 606 5.8 878 909 31 3.5 Roasted coffee and tea 1,065 1,109 44 4.2 88 98 10 11.5 Chocolate, confectionery and ice cream 5,168 5,280 111 2.2 365 357-8 -2.3 Infant food & other prep of cereals, flour, starch or milk 6,222 6,834 611 9.8 549 586 38 6.9 Pasta, pastry, biscuits and bread 4,598 4,772 174 3.8 350 344-6 -1.7 Soups and sauces 1,174 1,230 56 4.8 100 104 4 3.7 Coffee and tea extracts 797 762-35 -4.3 65 62-3 -4.8 Food preparations, not specified 5,403 5,689 286 5.3 479 441-38 -7.9 Pet food 3,426 3,745 319 9.3 313 307-6 -2.0 Waters and soft drinks 3,393 3,474 81 2.4 319 298-21 -6.7 Beer 3,329 3,480 151 4.5 295 284-11 -3.6 Spirits and liqueurs 10,391 10,296-95 -0.9 832 808-24 -2.9 Odoriferous substances 250 246-5 -1.9 23 16-7 -29.6 Raw hides, skins and furskins 2,211 1,669-542 -24.5 202 153-49 -24.2 Non edible animal products 430 441 11 2.6 37 41 4 10.1 Wool and silk 177 137-39 -22.2 14 12-2 -12.7 Cotton, flax and hemp, and plaiting materials 791 852 61 7.7 73 74 2 2.4 Cut flowers and plants 693 693 0 0.1 59 60 1 2.4 Bulbs, roots and live plants 1,596 1,670 74 4.6 191 168-23 -12.2 Raw tobacco 938 960 22 2.3 87 75-12 -13.5 Cigars and cigarettes 3,212 3,542 330 10.3 251 290 39 15.4 Fatty acids and waxes 526 537 11 2.0 42 50 8 18.1 Sugar alcohols 135 128-7 -5.5 9 10 1 10.3 Essential oils 581 641 59 10.2 49 53 5 9.7 Ethanol 143 161 18 12.4 13 10-3 -22.0 Casein, other albuminoidal sub. & mod. starches 1,906 1,950 44 2.3 149 147-1 -0.9 Non-edible, not specified 1,357 1,239-118 -8.7 94 62-32 -34.2 Products non-attributable 166 180 14 8.3 14 11-2 -16.4 Apr 17 to Apr 16
Table 4: EU28 agri-food imports top 20 origins EU28 agri-food imports from. May16 - to May15 - to Extra-EU28 113,272 114,573 1,301 1.1 9,676 9,780 104 1.1 Brazil 1 12,608 12,046-561 -4.5 1,077 937-140 -13.0 United States of America 2 11,764 11,126-638 -5.4 925 900-25 -2.7 Argentina 3 6,012 5,932-80 -1.3 428 389-40 -9.3 China 4 5,166 5,122-44 -0.9 389 410 21 5.5 Switzerland 5 4,634 4,670 36 0.8 377 344-33 -8.8 Indonesia 6 4,237 4,635 398 9.4 356 405 48 13.6 Turkey 7 4,953 4,559-394 -7.9 355 303-52 -14.7 Ukraine 8 4,305 4,274-31 -0.7 301 401 101 33.5 Ivory Coast 9 3,392 3,456 64 1.9 385 190-195 -50.6 India 10 2,946 2,854-92 -3.1 293 303 10 3.4 South Africa 11 2,438 2,569 132 5.4 201 201 0 0.2 Vietnam 12 2,214 2,549 335 15.1 190 222 32 16.8 Thailand 13 2,470 2,328-142 -5.8 222 195-27 -12.1 Chile 14 2,402 2,297-105 -4.4 268 230-38 -14.1 New Zealand 15 2,473 2,267-207 -8.4 213 212-1 -0.4 Australia 16 2,131 2,234 103 4.8 238 341 103 43.5 Canada 17 2,249 2,221-27 -1.2 158 126-32 -20.1 Peru 18 1,975 2,183 208 10.5 133 116-18 -13.3 Colombia 19 2,120 2,170 49 2.3 171 197 26 15.0 Morocco 20 1,914 2,074 159 8.3 237 277 40 16.7 other countries 30,869 33,008 2,138 6.9 2,759 3,081 322 11.7 Table 5: EU28 agri-food imports most important changes in April 2017 EU28 agri-food imports from. May16 - to May15 - to Extra-EU28 113,272 114,573 1,301 1.1 9,676 9,780 104 1.1 Australia 16 2,131 2,234 103 4.8 238 341 103 43.5 Ukraine 8 4,305 4,274-31 -0.7 301 401 101 33.5 Indonesia 6 4,237 4,635 398 9.4 356 405 48 13.6 Morocco 20 1,914 2,074 159 8.3 237 277 40 16.7 Costa Rica 22 1,579 1,800 221 14.0 161 201 39 24.3 Madagascar 45 255 432 178 69.8 22 59 37 168.9 Vietnam 12 2,214 2,549 335 15.1 190 222 32 16.8 Colombia 19 2,120 2,170 49 2.3 171 197 26 15.0 El Salvador 77 59 89 30 50.2 5 27 22 416.9 China 4 5,166 5,122-44 -0.9 389 410 21 5.5 Thailand 13 2,470 2,328-142 -5.8 222 195-27 -12.1 Russia 25 1,453 1,392-61 -4.2 138 111-27 -19.7 Canada 17 2,249 2,221-27 -1.2 158 126-32 -20.1 Switzerland 5 4,634 4,670 36 0.8 377 344-33 -8.8 Chile 14 2,402 2,297-105 -4.4 268 230-38 -14.1 Argentina 3 6,012 5,932-80 -1.3 428 389-40 -9.3 Ghana 23 1,437 1,613 176 12.3 118 75-43 -36.6 Turkey 7 4,953 4,559-394 -7.9 355 303-52 -14.7 Brazil 1 12,608 12,046-561 -4.5 1,077 937-140 -13.0 Ivory Coast 9 3,392 3,456 64 1.9 385 190-195 -50.6 other countries 47,684 48,680 997 2.1 4,080 4,341 261 6.4
Table 6: EU28 agri-food imports by product category PRODUCT/PERIOD to EU 28 IMPORT mio % mio % All agri-food products 113,272 114,573 1,301 1.1 9,676 9,780 104 1.1 Commodities 46,888 47,903 1,015 2.2 3,956 3,874-82 -2.1 Other primary 31,446 31,681 235 0.7 2,849 2,897 48 1.7 Processed 13,784 12,903-880 -6.4 1,071 987-84 -7.9 Food preparations 6,808 7,056 248 3.6 576 565-11 -1.9 Beverages 2,830 2,924 94 3.3 261 243-18 -6.9 Non-edible 11,516 12,105 589 5.1 963 1,213 250 26.0 Wheat 1,568 1,169-399 -25.4 134 83-51 -37.9 Cereals, other than wheat and rice 2,542 2,332-210 -8.3 186 229 42 22.8 Rice 1,130 1,033-97 -8.6 99 92-7 -7.0 Flours and other products of the milling industry 170 165-5 -2.9 14 13-1 -8.1 Malt 2 8 6 0.0 1 1 1 88.3 Starches, inulin & gluten 56 52-4 -6.5 5 5 0-5.2 Soyabeans 5,175 5,285 109 2.1 585 463-121 -20.8 Oilseeds, other than soyabeans 3,348 3,794 446 13.3 279 413 134 47.9 Palm & palm kernel oil 5,598 5,862 265 4.7 451 500 49 10.8 Vegetable oils other than palm & olive oil 2,134 2,343 210 9.8 200 180-20 -10.0 Oilcakes 7,980 7,554-425 -5.3 436 579 142 32.6 Other feed and feed ingredients 909 906-3 -0.3 65 80 15 23.3 Beet and cane sugar 1,268 1,519 251 19.8 107 137 30 28.4 Sugar, other than beet & cane 445 448 3 0.7 39 41 2 6.2 Milk powders and whey 43 46 3 6.6 3 4 1 22.9 Butter 66 50-16 -24.0 6 2-3 -55.3 Gums, resins and plant extracts 956 912-44 -4.6 97 75-22 -22.9 Unraosted coffee, tea in bulk & mate 7,446 7,851 405 5.4 638 654 16 2.5 Cocoa beans 4,058 4,670 612 15.1 444 215-229 -51.6 Cocoa paste and powder 1,979 1,868-111 -5.6 167 108-59 -35.4 Agricultural commodities, not specified 16 35 19 120.7 0 0 0 259.5 Live animals 279 276-3 -1.1 25 18-7 -28.2 Bovine meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 1,804 1,736-68 -3.8 160 148-12 -7.4 Pork meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 36 30-7 -18.9 3 2-1 -18.0 Poultry meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 334 297-37 -11.1 23 23 1 2.3 Sheep and goat meat, fresh, chilled and frozen 1,054 924-130 -12.4 101 121 20 19.6 Offal, animal fat & other meats, fresh, chilled & frozen 1,116 1,049-66 -5.9 76 85 9 11.5 Fresh milk and cream, buttermilk and yoghurt 29 26-4 -12.1 3 2-1 -27.4 Eggs and honey 552 497-55 -9.9 39 34-5 -12.5 Vegetables, fresh, chilled and dried 4,469 4,847 378 8.4 491 511 20 4.0 Fruit, fresh or dried, excl. citrus & tropical fruit 5,954 6,051 97 1.6 669 661-8 -1.2 Citrus fruit 1,780 2,074 294 16.5 95 105 10 10.1 Tropical fruit, fresh or dried, nuts and spices 13,329 13,125-203 -1.5 1,097 1,098 1 0.1 Miscellaneous seeds and hop cones 710 721 11 1.6 66 62-4 -5.6 Agricultural primary products, not specified 1 29 28 0 25 25 Meat preparations 2,220 2,075-145 -6.5 185 155-30 -16.3 Cheese 441 437-4 -1.0 34 32-2 -4.6 Olive oil 568 312-256 -45.1 18 19 1 3.0 Preparations of vegetables, fruit or nuts 3,769 3,512-257 -6.8 290 271-19 -6.5 Fruit juices 2,316 2,229-87 -3.8 179 165-14 -7.7 Wine, vermouth, cider and vinegar 2,845 2,673-172 -6.1 233 214-19 -8.1 Roasted coffee and tea 1,624 1,666 43 2.6 133 131-1 -1.0 Chocolate, confectionery and ice cream 1,189 1,191 2 0.1 88 80-9 -9.7 Infant food & other prep of cereals, flour, starch or milk 399 407 8 2.0 31 29-1 -3.5 Pasta, pastry, biscuits and bread 1,227 1,267 40 3.2 104 103-1 -0.6 Soups and sauces 669 696 27 4.1 64 58-6 -9.4 Coffee and tea extracts 524 524 0 0.0 44 47 3 6.4 Food preparations, not specified 1,729 1,830 101 5.8 150 146-4 -2.8 Pet food 1,071 1,141 70 6.5 96 103 7 6.9 Waters and soft drinks 958 990 32 3.3 91 81-11 -11.5 Beer 306 377 71 23.1 35 32-3 -7.4 Spirits and liqueurs 1,549 1,543-7 -0.4 131 129-2 -1.6 Odoriferous substances 16 15-1 -8.5 3 0-3 -86.2 Raw hides, skins and furskins 701 666-35 -5.0 58 52-6 -10.8 Non edible animal products 345 366 22 6.4 28 34 6 22.2 Wool and silk 839 906 68 8.1 85 79-6 -7.3 Cotton, flax and hemp, and plaiting materials 582 525-58 -9.9 51 55 4 8.4 Cut flowers and plants 1,320 1,304-16 -1.2 117 106-11 -9.6 Bulbs, roots and live plants 829 882 53 6.4 66 71 5 7.1 Raw tobacco 2,589 2,255-334 -12.9 198 167-31 -15.8 Cigars and cigarettes 293 285-7 -2.5 50 22-29 -57.1 Fatty acids and waxes 1,509 1,838 329 21.8 139 150 11 7.7 Sugar alcohols 22 22 0 1.4 2 1-1 -51.8 Essential oils 915 952 37 4.1 71 79 8 11.0 Ethanol 361 243-119 -32.9 28 12-16 -57.0 Casein, other albuminoidal sub. & mod. starches 739 673-66 -9.0 55 56 1 2.1 Non-edible, not specified 5 56 51 0 23 23 Products non-attributable 469 1,131 663 141.5 15 308 293 1,957.0 Apr 17 to Apr 16