Integrted Protetion of Olive Crops IOBC/wprs Bull. 30(9), 2007 pp. 89-99 Suseptiility to Btroer olee (Gmelin) of some Siilin olive ultivrs Roerto Rizzo, Virgilio Cle Diprtimento S.EN.FI.MI.ZO., Sez. Entomologi, Arologi e Zoologi, Università di Plermo, vile lle Sienze, 90128 Plermo, Itly. r.rizzo@unip.it Astrt: Geneti resistne of olive germplsm ould e n importnt tool in the ontrol of Btroer olee (Gmelin), the key pest in Mediterrnen Bsin olive groves. Up to now, no study rried out on olive vrieties stressed omplete resistne to the ttk of B. olee, lthough differenes mong olive ultivrs in the suseptiility to olive fruit fly ould e usefully onsired oth in orgni nd onventionl olive ultivtion, to otin qulity produtions nd to redue insetiis use. The present study ws rried out t Cstelvetrno (Trpni provine, Siily), in the olive germplsm olletion of Ente di Sviluppo Agriolo of the Siilin Region. From 2002 to 2005, the ssessment of suseptiility ws m reording infesttion levels on 18 v, representing the most wily ultivted in Siily. Smplings were rried out every 11-20 dys, strting from the seond hlf of August to the end of Otoer. Moreover, from 2003 to 2005 infesttion levels were orrelted with hrdness nd size of the olives, while in 2004-2005 further dt on olive olourtion were olleted t different ripening stges. A positive orreltion etween infesttion nd olive sizes ws found, resulting in higher infesttion levels reord on the ultivrs produing lrger olives. A negtive orreltion etween hrdness nd infesttion ws found in the erly olive growing, until they rehed lmost finitive sizes. B. olee showed to hve ler preferene for green drupes, insted of reddish or lkish ones. Among the ultivrs produing lrger olives, Noellr l Belie resulted the suseptile to the olive fly ttks, while Noellr messinese ws the less infested. Among ultivrs with medium nd smll-sized fruits Mores, Vddri, Nsitn frutto grosso, Minut nd Bottone di gllo were the less sueptile. Key words: olive fruit fly, fruit size, fruit hrdness, orgni frming. Introdution The olive fly, Btroer olee (Gmelin), is onsired the olive key pest in Mediterrnen Bsin. As onsequene of ECC inentives, during the lst five yers mny olive growers hnged ultivtion strtegy from onventionl to orgni method, lthough the olive fly ontrol is very diffiult, euse of the limited vilility of effetive produts s permitted y Counil Regultion (EEC) No 2092/91. Severl studies were rried out on the effetiveness of llowed produts or of new nturl sustnes (Belri & Boio, 1999; Tsolkis & Rgus, 2002; Pethi & Minnoi, 2003; Sour & Mkee, 2004) nd on the suseptiility of different ultivrs to the olive fly ttks (Doni, 1971; Neuenshwnr et l., 1985; Innott, 1999). In Siily mny lol ultivrs re well hrterized nd regulrly ultivted; nevertheless their resistne to the olive fly infesttion is not yet eply investigted. The im of the present reserh is to ssess the suseptiility of the most wispred Siilin ultivrs, to etter ontrol the olive fly nd to give useful informtion for new olive groves plnting. 89
90 Mterils nd methods From 2002 to 2005, the reserh ws rried out on 18 Siilin ultivrs, in the experimentl olive grove Cmpo Croj of ESA (Ente Sviluppo Agriolo, Regione Siilin), loted t Cstelvetrno (Trpni Provine). A list of the 18 ultivrs is reported in Tle 1; L Mnti et l. (2005) now onsir Pizzo di orvo s junior synonym of Girrff. In the different yers, the ultivrs with not enough drupes for the minimum smpling were not inlud in the reserh. Eh thesis onsisted of three untreted plnts for eh ultivr, sujeted to the sme ulturl prties. Mle olive fly popultion ws monitored y wing trps ited with the speifi pheromone (1.7-dioxspiro [5.5] unne). During eh yer, two-three trps were pled in the field from the end of July-eginning of August to the end of Otoer. Trps were heked every week, nd pheromone dispensers were repled every 30 dys. Tle 1. Siilin olive ultivrs tested in the reserh; ultivrs re listed in sending orr of size No CULTIVAR 2002 2003 2004 2005 SIZE*(m 3 ) 1 Pizzo di orvo (= Girrff) X X X X 11.1 l 2 Girrff X X X X 9.6 l 3 Tond Ile X 8.2 l 4 Noellr messinese X X X X 7.7 l 5 Noellr l Belie X X X X 6.6 l 6 Crui X 6.6 l 7 Mores X X X X 5.3 m 8 Vddri X X X X 4.5 m 9 Nsitn frutto grosso X X X X 4.3 m 10 Cersuol di Si X X X X 4.2 m 11 Binolill Cltellot frutto grosso X X 4.1 m 12 Cltin X X 3.0 m 13 Piriuddr X X X X 2.5 s 14 Binolill Cltellott frutto piolo X X 2.2 s 15 Bottone di gllo X X X X 2.1 s 16 Cstriinell rpprin X X X X 1.9 s 17 Minut X X X X 1.9 s 18 Olivo di Mndnii X X X X 1.5 s TOTAL No PER YEAR 15 16 14 15 *verge size ([(π/6) x mx.d.] x min.d. 2 ) t the end of Otoer lulted from 2003 to 2005; l = lrge, m = medium, s = smll. From August to Otoer, smples of 60 drupes (20 per tree) in 2002-2004 nd 90 drupes (30 per tree) in 2005 were rndomly olleted every 11-20 dys, t 1.70 m height nd round ll the tree. In the lortory olives were exmined unr steromirosopy, to hek
91 the presene of oviposition puntures. Olives were lso setioned to reord the presene of the different preimginl stges. The numer of eggs, lrve of the different stges, pupe nd exit holes ws reord to lulte the totl infesttion. Furthermore, sterile stings (puntures not followed y oviposition) nd empty glleries were ounted. Moreover, during 2003-2005, on 30 smpled drupes of eh ultivr, the following iometri dt were reord: hrdness, mximum dimeter (mx.d.), minimum dimeter (min.d.). The ltter two mesurements were used to lulte the olive volume ([(π/6) x mx.d.] x min.d. 2 ). A visul nlysis of olive olour ws rried out on 30 drupes of the lst smple olleted on 2003 nd of ll the 2004 smples, nd on ll the 90 olives olleted during 2005. Three different olourtion lsses were dopted to lssify olives: green, reddish (mostly during virison), nd lkish (ompletely mture olives). Climti dt from the grometeorologil sttion loted t Cstelvetrno (30 m.s.l., Trpni Provine) were kindly provid y S.I.A.S. (Servizio Informtivo Agrometeorologio Siilino of Government of the Siily Region). Dt on totl infesttion reord t eh smpling dte were sttistilly evluted y ANOVA followed y Tukey post-ho test t onfine level p<0.05. Person liner orreltion (p<0.05) totl infesttion/olive volume nd totl infesttion/hrdness ws lulted t eh smpling dt from 2003 to 2005. Results 2002 In ll smplings the four ultivrs with lrge fruit were mong the most infested ultivrs with the exeption of Noellr messinese whose infesttion did not sttistilly differ from the four smller ultivrs (Tle 2). Tle 2. Totl infesttion in 15 Siilin olive ultivrs (listed in sending orr of size) nd sttistil nlysis (ANOVA 1-wy followed y Tukey post-ho test; p<0.05). Yer 2002. CULTIVAR 03/09/02 18/09/02 01/10/02 15/10/02 29/10/02 Pizzo di orvo 0.17 0.73 2.09 1.63 1.59 Girrff 0.43 0.94 1.47 1.29 d 1.41 d Noellr messinese 0.04 0.26 d 0.56 f 0.54 h 0.78 e f Noellr l Belie 0.29 0.46 1.18 1.64 1.50 Mores 0.13 0.15 d 0.59 d e f 1.13 d e 0.22 f Vddri 0.11 0.71 0.60 e f 1.09 d e f 0.79 e f Nsitn f.g. 0.19 0.70 1.01 d e 1.04 d e f g 0.97 e Cersuol di Si 0.17 0.70 1.19 0.59 g h 1.14 d e Binolill Clt. f.g. 0.03 0.10 d 1.06 d 1.81 1.14 d e Piriuddr 0.03 0.24 d 0.51 f 0.89 d e f g h 2.16 Binolill Clt. f.p. 0.07 0.31 d 1.13 1.54 1.03 d e Bottone di gllo 0.03 0.30 d 0.49 f 0.70 e f g h 1.02 d e Cstriinell rpp. 0.00 0.10 d 0.43 f 0.66 e f g h 1.17 d e Minut 0.01 0.26 d 0.44 f 0.61 f g h 0.91 e Olivo di Mndnii 0.04 0.14 d 0.30 f 1.03 d e f g 0.86 e
92 In the lst two smpling dtes Mores, Vddri nd Nsitn f.g. proly euse of their erly drk olourtion resulted mong the less infested ultivrs in the lst two smpling dtes. In the lst smpling dte Piriuddr, with olives still green in tht moment, rehed the hightest infesttion lthough its smll size. Averge totl infesttion per drupe 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Pizzo di orvo Men Men±0.95*ES Girrff Tond Ile Noellr messinese Noellr l Belie Crui Mores Vddri Nsitn f.g. Cersuol di Si Cultivrs Cltin Piriuddr Bottone di gllo Cstriinell rpp. Minut Olivo di Mndnii Figure 1. Totl infesttion level in 15 Siilin olive ultivrs (listed in sending orr of size) on Otoer 31 st 2003 (Different letters note sttistilly signifint differenes; ANOVA 1- wy followed y Tukey test; p<0.05) 2003 During this yer, B. olee infesttion ws very low, mostly due to the high tempertures. Signifint differenes mong the ultivrs were reord only t the lst smpling dte Otoer 31 st (Figure 1). Eight out of sixteen ultivr did not show ny sttistil differene from other ultivrs lso in this dte. The highest infesttion level ws reord on Olivo di Mndnii, Piriuddr nd Cltin, whih differed from only 5 ultivrs, nd lso on differing from Noellr messinese nd Nsitn f. g. lest infested ultivrs. Sterile stings were more undnt thn the totl infesttion, in the first five smpling dtes, while in the lst dte they were t the sme level of totl infesttion, due to the need of dult femles to get liquid food (Girolmi, 1978). Biometri nlysis on hrdness nd size of drupes from the different ultivrs showed signifint differenes mong them. The two ultivrs with highest hrdness vlues resulted Noellr messinese nd Piriuddr, hrterized y lrge nd smll size of olives, respetively.
93 Correltions infesttion/hrdness nd infesttion/size were not signifint, until the lst smpling dte. At this dte (30/10/2003), signifint positive orreltion ws found etween infesttion nd hrdness, while signifint negtive orreltion ws found etween infesttion nd size (Tle 3). Tle 3. Person liner orreltion infesttion/size nd infesttion/hrdness of vriously oloured drupes of 16 siilin olives ultivrs in 2003. (Vlues in old indite sttistilly signifint orreltion; p<0.5) INFESTATION 4 Septemer INFESTATION 23 Septemer INFESTATION 15 Otoer INFESTATION 30 Otoer SIZE HARDNESS -0.05 0.03 0.06-0.03 0.00-0.03-0.17 0.10 Tle 4. Totl infesttion in 14 Siilin olive ultivrs (listed in sending orr of size) nd sttistil nlysis (ANOVA 1-wy followed y Tukey test; p<0.05) Yer 2004 CULTIVAR 03/09/04 20/09/04 06/10/04 26/10/04 Pizzo di orvo 0.00 0.28 0.73 2.25 Girrff 0.06 0.55 0.70 d 1.38 Noellr messinese 0.00 0.02 d 0.88 0.75 Noellr l Belie 0.07 0.32 0.95 2.80 Mores 0.18 0.08 d 0.28 d 0.73 Vddri 0.03 0.25 d 0.60 d 0.80 Nsitn f.g. 0.00 0.08 d 0.53 d 0.82 Cersuol di Si 0.00 0.13 d 0.50 d 1.18 Piriuddr 0.00 0.05 d 0.37 d 0.95 Binolill Clt. f.p. 0.00 0.22 d 0.87 0.83 Bottone di gllo 0.00 0.12 d 0.48 d 1.05 Cstriinell rpp. 0.00 0.15 d 0.35 d 0.93 Minut 0.00 0.18 d 0.48 d 0.53 Olivo di Mndnii 0.02 0.02 d 0.45 d 1.13 2004 In ll smplings ultivrs with lrge drupes were the most ttked, exepting Noellr messinese on Septemer 20 th. In the lst dte Noellr l Belie nd Pizzo di orvo reord the highest infesttion signifintly differing from ll ultivr, while Minut ws the lest infested without signifint differenes from ten other ultivrs (Tle 4). In this yer, in ll the smpling dtes, signifint positive orreltion ws found etween the infesttion levels nd the olive size, inditing tht olive flies prefer to oviposit
94 on lrger drupes. The orreltion etween infesttion nd hrdness resulted sttistilly negtive on the 20 th of Septemer, nd positive in the lst dte (Tle 5). Moreover, limiting the nlysis to the green olives, signifint positive orreltion ws onfirmed etween infesttion nd olive size, while signifint negtive orreltion ws found only on Septemer 20 th (Tle 6). Tle 5. Person liner orreltion infesttion/ size nd infesttion/hrdness of vriously oloured drupes of 14 Siilin olives ultivrs in 2004 Tle 6. Person liner orreltion etween infesttion/size nd infesttion/hrdness of green drupes of 14 Siilin olives ultivrs in 2004 INFESTATION SIZE HARDNESS INFESTATION SIZE HARDNESS 3 Septemer 0.12-0.07 3 Septemer 20 Septemer 0.21-0.13 20 Septemer 6 Otoer 0.14 0.10 6 Otoer 26 Otoer 0.17 0.27 26 Otoer Vlues in old indite sttistilly signifint orreltion (p<0,05) 0.12-0.07 0.23-0.16 0.16-0.03 0.26 0.11 Averge totl infesttion 26/10/04 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Green Reddish Blkish Colortion Figure 2. Totl infesttion of differently oloured drupes of 14 Siilin olives ultivr (Different letters note sttistilly signifint differenes; ANOVA 1-wy followed y Tukey postho test; p<0.05) The different results otined in the lst smpling dte indites tht olive fly femles prefer lrger nd green olives for oviposition; on Otoer 26 th, green olives resulted sttistilly more infested thn the reddish nd lkish ones (Fig. 2). 2005 During the first three smpling dtes, infesttion levels were low on ll ultivrs. Only on Noellr l Belie the infesttion resulted signifintly higher t the first smpling dte.
95 Exluding Septemer 9 th in ll smples the infesttion level of Noellr l Belie ws the highest of lrge-sized of ultivrs, with the following sttistilly signifint differenes from: Noellr messinese in ll dtes, Girrff in ll dtes exept Septemer 23 rd, Pizzo di orvo in ll dtes exept Septemer 23 rd nd Otoer 7 th. Tle 7. Totl infesttion in 15 Siilin olive ultivrs (listed in sending orr of size) nd sttistil nlysis (ANOVA 1-wy followed y Tukey test; p<0.05). Yer 2005 CULTIVAR 26/08/05 8/09/05 23/09/05 7/10/05 20/10/05 31/10/05 Pizzo di orvo 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.49 0.63 e f g h 2.85 Girrff 0.00 0.03 0.12 0.46 d 0.88 d e f g 2.36 Noellr messinese 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 e f 0.92 d e f 1.51 d Noellr l Belie 0.05 0.00 0.17 0.71 2.43 5.24 Mores 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.14 f 0.30 h i 1.15 d e Vddri 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 f 0.50 g h i 0.64 e Nsitn f.g. 0.00 0.02 0.10 0.09 f 0.21 h i 0.88 e Cersuol di Si 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.48 d 1.68 3.52 Binolill Clt. f.g. 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.52 1.62 2.12 Cltin 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.39 d e 0.54 f g h i 1.31 d e Piriuddr 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.27 d e f 1.57 1.36 d e Bottone di gllo 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.24 d e f 0.24 h i 1.13 d e Cstriinell rpp. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 e f 0.98 d e 2.56 Minut 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 f 0.20 i 1.01 d e Olivo di Mndnii 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.08 f 1.17 d 2.19 In the lst three dtes Noellr l Belie showed n infesttion higher thn tht one in ll other ultivrs exepting Binolill Cltellott f. g. nd Cersuol di Si on Otoer 7 th. Among medium nd smll size ultivrs these lst two ultivrs plus Piriuddr, Cstriinell rpprin nd Olivo di Mndnii were the most ttked. In vriously oloured olives the positive orreltion etween infesttion nd olive sizes resulted sttistilly signifint from Septemer 23 rd to the end of smplings; the orreltion etween infesttion nd drupe hrdness ws signifintly negtive on the August 26 th, Septemer 8 th, Otoer 20 th nd 31 st, while it ws signifintly positive on the Otoer 7 th (Tle 8). In green olives positive orreltion etween infesttion nd size is onfirmed s sttistilly signifint from Septemer 23 rd to the lst smpling dte. Differently from nlysis in vriously oloured fruits, infesttion nd hrdness in green olives resulted positively orrelted on Otoer 20 th, nd not signifint on Otoer 7 th nd 31 st (Tle 9). These dt to indite tht, when the olives re ll unripe nd green, B. olee preferly oviposits on softer olives. When olives re ompletely grown in size, oviposition ours mostly on lrger nd still green drupes. Infesttion on olives hrterized y different olourtion (Figures 3-4) resulted sttistilly higher on green olives thn on reddish nd lkish ones, on Otoer 20 th nd 31 st.
96 Tle 8. Person liner orreltion infesttion /size nd infesttion/hrdness of vriously oloured drupes of 15 Siilin olive ultivrs in 2005 Tle 9. Person liner orreltion infesttion /size nd infesttion/hrdness of green drupes of 15 Siilin olives ultivr in 2005 INFESTATION SIZE HARDNESS INFESTATION SIZE HARDNESS 26 August 0.09-0.09 26 August 0.09-0.09 8 Septemer -0.11-0.11 8 Septemer -0.01-0.11 23 Septemer 0.10-0.04 23 Septemer 0.11-0.03 7 Otoer 0.25 0.10 7 Otoer 0.29-0.05 20 Otoer 0.14-0.30 20 Otoer 0.23 0.15 31 Otoer 0.26-0.13 31 Otoer Vlues in old indite sttistilly signifit orreltion (p<0,05) 0.57-0.11 Averge totl infesttion 31/10/05 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 Green Reddish Blkish Colortion 3 Averge totl Infesttion 20/10/05 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 4 Green Reddish Blkish Colortion Figures 3-4. Totl infesttion of differently oloured drupes of 15 Siilin olives ultivr (Different letters note sttistilly signifint differenes; ANOVA 1-wy followed y Tukey postho test; p<0.05)
97 Disussion The results of our reserh onfirm tht none of tested Siilin olive ultivrs is resistnt to olive fly ttk. Nevertheless, rnge of suseptiility mong the different ultivrs ws found. The sizes of drupes is onsired y severl uthors one of the most importnt ftors in the hoie of olives y B. olee femle (Pui & Amrosi, 1981; Jimenez, 1988). The positive signifint orreltion etween infesttion levels nd olive sizes seems to onfirm this reltionship. Moreover, the infesttion level on ultivrs hrterized y lrge drupe size resulted usully higher thn tht one reord on ultivrs ering smll olives (Figure 5). Olive hrdness ws proved to e nother importnt ftor in termining the hoie of drupes for oviposition y B. olee femles (Mrtin, 1948; Orphnidis et l., 1958). The ourrene of negtive signifint orreltion etween infesttion nd hrdness ws onfirmed mostly during the erly veloping nd ripening period of the olives, when ll drupes re ompletely green, showing tht hrdness ply n importnt role until the end of August- hlf of Septemer. Afterwrds, when olives reh their nerly finl sizes nd eome softer, they turn drkoloured. Also the olive olourtion seems to ply role in femles hoie (Ktsoynnos, 1989). Ined, green olives resulted more infested thn rown ones, s found lso y Orphnidis et l. (1959) nd Cirio (1971). As result, ultivrs suh s Girrff nd Pizzo di orvo, hrhterized y lrge olives nd erly ripening period, were the most infested in Septemer. Afterwrds, the omplete virison of olives from these two ultivrs, led the olive fly femles to prefer other ultivrs for oviposition. 2002 2003 2004 2005 Averge 2002-05 Olivo di Mndnii fg Minut g d e e Cstriinell rpprin fg Bottone di gllo efg Piriuddr d d Cersuol di Si Nsitn frutto grosso e Vddri f e Mores g d e Noellr l Belie Noellr Messinese fg Girrff Pizzo di orvo 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 Figure 5. Men vlues of totl infesttion in Septemer nd Otoer in 13 Siilin olive ultivrs (listed in sending orr of size) from 2002 to 2005, nd sttistil nlysis (repeted mesurements ANOVA followed y Tukey test, p<0.05)
98 In the ultivrs Mores, Nsitn f. g. nd Vddri, hrterized y medium size olives nd erly mturtion, lmost 50% of olives on the trees is lredy lkish, in the first week of Otoer; these three ultivrs thus void the most hrmful olive fly ttk, ommonly ouring t the end of Otoer. Among the tested ultivrs, Noellr l Belie resulted the most suseptile to the olive fly ttk, oth for the lrge olive size nd the still green olourtion t the end of Otoer. On the other hnd, Noellr messinese, in spite of the lrge olive size, resulted one of the less ttked ultivr, with infesttion levels similr to the smll ultivrs (Figure 5). As Noellr l Belie nd Noellr messinese hve lso in ommon high fruit hrdness nd green olourtion until the end of Otoer, ut their suseptiility is highly different, other (physil, hemil) ftors re surely involved in terming this differene. Also in the suseptiility to B. olee ttks Girrff nd Pizzo di orvo did not show sttistilly signifint differenes in men vlues of the ll the yers, ording to L Mnti et l., (2005) onsiring them synonyms. Among the ultivrs produing smll olives, Minut showed the lowest suseptiility, proly due to oth the smll olive size nd to the rown olourtion tht more thn 50% of olives hd in the first hlf of Otoer. The wi rnge of suseptiility level shown y tested ultivrs ould e useful in orgni olive growing. In the most suseptile ultivrs, to limit dmges due to B. olee erly hrvesting nd effetive interventions re neessry; less suseptile ultivrs (Noellr messinese, Mores, Vddri, Nsitn f. g., Minut, Bottone di gllo) ould e suggested for new orgni olive plntings for oil or tle olives prodution. Aknowledgements We thnk E.S.A. (Regione Siilin), Diprtimento di Colture Aroree (University of Plermo), Dr. Drio Prrivehio, Fio Cstronovo nd Vito Mzzr for their help in smplings, Dr. Griell Lo Ver for the ritil reding of the text. Reserh fund y University of Plermo ex quot 60% ( Il ontrollo gl insetti fitofgi nell grioltur iologi e onvenzionle ). Referenes Belri, A. & Boio, E. 1999: L impiego l rme nel ontrollo ll mos lle olive Btroer olee. Informtore fitoptologio 49 (12): 52-55. Cirio, U. 1971: Reperti sul menismo stimolo-rispost nell'oviposizione l Dus olee Gmelin (Dipter Trypeti). Redi 52: 577-600. Doni, A. R., El Swf, S. K., Aou Ghdir, M. F., Swf, S. K. E. L., Ghdir, M. F. Aou 1971: Numer of genertions nd sesonl undne of the olive fruit fly, Dus olee (Gmel.) nd the suseptiility of different olive vrieties to infesttion (Dipter: Trypeti). Bulletin l Soiete Entomologique d'egypte 55: 201-209. Girolmi, V. 1978: Note mo-eologihe su Dus olee Gmelin. Notizirio sulle Mlttie lle Pinte 98-99 (III Serie 25-26): 11-25. Innott, N. 1999: Susettiilità di diverse v di olivo ll mos e ll'ohio di pvone. L'Informtore Agrrio 48: 69-73. Jimenez, A. 1988: Influeni l vriedd olivo en el omportmiento ovipositor Dus olee Gmel.. Boletin Snidd Vegetl. Plgs 14: 95-98. Ktsoynnos, B. I. 1989: Response to Shpe, Size nd Color. In: Roinson A.S., G. Hooper (Eds.) Fruit Flies their Biology, Nturl Enemies nd Control : 307-324.
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