WORLD PISTACHIO TRADE - PDF Free Download

WORLD PISTACHIO TRADE 2017 Schramm, Williams & Associates, Inc. October 2017, First Edition

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...3 MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES U.S. - Trade...9 Iran - Trade...16 Turkey - Trade...21 Syria - Exports...27 MAJOR NON-PRODUCING IMPORTING AND EXPORTING COUNTRIES China - Trade...31 Hong Kong - Trade...35 Germany - Trade...40 The Netherlands - Trade...45 United Arab Emirates - Trade...49 Vietnam - Trade...51 Other Pistachio Trading Countries ASIAN COUNTRIES India - Imports...55 Japan - Imports...56 South Korea - Imports...57 Russia - Imports...58 Thailand - Imports...61 Singapore - Trade...62 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Belgium - Trade...69 Cyprus - Imports...73

France - Trade...74 Italy - Trade...80 Luxembourg - Trade...86 Spain - Trade...88 Switzerland - Imports...92 Ukraine - Imports...94 United Kingdom - Trade...95 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES Israel - Imports...101 NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES Morocco - Imports...105 NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES Canada - Imports...109 Mexico - Imports...111 SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES Brazil - Imports...115 Chile - Imports...117 Venezuela - Imports...118 SOUTH PACIFIC COUNTRIES Australia - Imports...121 New Zealand - Imports...122 CURRENTLY APPLIED TARIFFS Table 1...125 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...129 APPENDICES FAS GAIN Report - European Union-28 Tree Nuts Report 2017...Appendix - A FAS GAIN Report - Turkey Tree Nuts Report 2017...Appendix - B FAS GAIN Report - China Tree Nuts Report 2017...Appendix - C 2

Introduction The 2017 World Pistachio Trade Report identifies major producing, importing, and exporting trading countries in order to clarify movement of pistachios traded internationally. The report s statistics, for most countries, include calendar years 2008 to 2016. The United States export trade data is reported quarterly in the American Pistachio Growers (APG) newsletter, which can be found by accessing their website at: http://www.americanpistachios.org/apg-members/memberlogin. The Administrative Committee for Pistachios 1 (ACP) provides data for U.S. exports and imports monthly for shipments from the states of California, Arizona, and New Mexico, but does not have the authority to obtain export data. In calendar year 2016 the U.S. pistachio industry exported approximately 320 million pounds (145,000 MT) and imported 2.4 million pounds (1,080 MT). Pistachio Producing Countries The United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran) are the global leaders in the production and cultivation pistachios. The Republic of Turkey 2 (Turkey), and the Syrian Arab Republic (Syria) follow the United States and Iran in pistachio production. While Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Israel, Italy, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and the Mediterranean Islands also produce pistachios, most are locally consumed, with minor exports to countries within their respective regions. Pistachio producing nations are not typically thought to be importers, yet statistics show that the United States and Iran both import. Reverse trade for the United States is typically a result of reimported domestic product that was exported for the purpose of separating the pistachio nut from its shell. This process allows producers to take advantage of lower labor rates in other nations, such as China. Other instances for re-imported product can be attributed to rejected shipments based on quality standards. Major Pistachio Importing Countries The largest pistachio import markets are Hong Kong/Peoples Republic of China, Vietnam, and Germany. Not all countries import directly from pistachio producing countries. Transshipments may occur for the following reasons: strategic trading purposes, quality issues, or evasion of domestic and foreign laws and regulations. 1 ACP is a Federal Marketing Order for pistachios grown in California, Arizona, and New Mexico. 2 Most of Turkey s pistachios are sold for ingredient purposes. 3

Major Non-Producing Pistachio Importing/Exporting Countries Hong Kong 3 occupies a key position in the world trade of pistachios as the largest transshipper of pistachios, with most of its imports being re-exported into Vietnam. Germany, the United Arab Emirates and the Netherlands and most recently Vietnam also import and re-export a significant percentage of the world trade of pistachios. Pistachio Trade Reporting Sources Several government sources were researched for this report: The United States International Trade Commission (USITC); Eurostat, the European Union s government database; Economia, a Mexican government trade database; the United Nations (UN) Comtrade database; the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (as reported by the Iran Pistachio Association); and the United Arab Emirates Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority. The UN database is the source for the vast majority of the import and export data detailed in this report. The United Nations obtains statistical trade data by requesting individual countries to report what they have imported and exported. Due to this methodology, discrepancies sometimes occur when comparing what one country reports as imported product with what a partner country has reported as exports. These discrepancies can occur due to the exporting country reporting the destination, but the importing country not reporting the shipment as imported due to transshipments to a third country. The discrepancies can also occur if data is improperly reported to the UN by a reporting government or if transshipments of products are misreported. Statistical Observations Throughout this report there are instances of large trade volumes that occur between nontraditional or non-historical trading partners. Where possible we have attempted to note these occurrences or provide explanation for trade exports that do not match trade volume imports and vice versa. Additionally, with each update of this report we revisit and sometimes revise previous years data to correct errors that occur from incomplete or partial data reporting by countries to the reporting sources listed above. For the last several years of this report we noted discrepancies with U.S. exports to Europe; exports that do not match their country to country corresponding import volumes. Generally, in 2016, the 28 members of the European Union reported importing a combined 82 million pounds of raw pistachios from the United States, while the United States reports exports of nearly 13 million pounds more, 95 million pounds. Circumstantial evidence indicates that these discrepancies are the result of transshipments between European and non-european countries, and delayed reporting by EU member states. 2016, however, is the second consecutive year where we are unable rectify the inconsistencies between the two reporting agencies. Additionally, according to Eurostat, European imports of U.S. pistachios are significantly down, 3 While Hong Kong is recognized as a territory of China, statistically it is regarded as a separate entity due to its historic position as a transshipment point for large volumes of trade. 4

from 120 million pounds in 2015 to 82 million in 2016. U.S. data reports a more moderate decline from 102 million pounds to 95 million pounds. Trade reports from China continue to produce differences in export volumes to the United States. In 2016, China exported 701,000 pounds of pistachios to the United States (318 MT), while the United States reports zero imports from China. It is a common practice for U.S. producers of pistachios to ship in-shell closed pistachios that have not naturally opened to China to be artificially opened by local workers. A percentage of the opened nuts are then exported back to the United States. According to U.S. Customs and Border Protection, this product should be classified under HTS number 0802.51 or 0802.52, as the act of cracking, shelling, and sorting does not change the condition and/or value of the pistachios; U.S. statistical services do not report imports of the product when it is returned to the United States. Iranian data is sourced from the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. The trade is reported on the Islamic calendar year that runs from September 23 to September 22 of the following year. The most recent report covers 11 months for 2016, from September 23, 2016 to August 22, 2017. Nearly 256 million pounds were exported during these months and this number is expected to slightly increase with one additional month of export data yet to be reported. Iranian data also indicates that some 21.3 million pounds was exported to the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) (9,700 MT) and 10.5 million pounds to Turkey (4,790 MT). In recent years, Turkey has never reported imports from Iran. Iranian data, however, notes that both the U.A.E. and Turkey are re-export points. The U.A.E. is not a producer of pistachios, but is traditionally a re-distributor of pistachios. Since the establishment of the U.S. 2010 sanctions against Iran, the U.A.E. has only provided non-country specific total import and export data. Significant Changes in World Trade Informed industry members have stated that product enters from Hong Kong to Vietnam, as a transshipping point between Hong Kong and China, in order to avoid the Chinese tariff on pistachios. While China s tariff on pistachios is only 5 percent, Vietnam enjoys duty-free access to China under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations tariff agreement. Total Vietnamese imports of pistachios for 2016 were approximately 166 million pounds, some 75 percent higher than trade in 2015 and the largest volume on record. This is predominately due to increased exports from Hong Kong to Vietnam. Additional product to Vietnam is being reported by Madagascar. Madagascar has reported sizable exports of pistachios to several countries in this report from 2012 to 2016, mostly notable exports to Vietnam. This trade activity suggests that Vietnam be re-categorized as a major re-distributor of pistachios. After two years of significantly lower exports, U.S. exports to China were more than double the volume from 2015 to 2016, moving from 13.7 million pounds to 32 million pounds according to Chinese import reports. While this does not match U.S. export data, when China and Hong Kong export data is combined, the United States exported 163 million pounds verses imports from the two countries of 169 million pounds. Regardless of the differing sources, the China/Hong Kong was without question the top market for U.S. pistachios in 2016. While the reasons for this are varied, some return of export volumes in the 100 million pound range can be attributed to exports in 2016 that were not inhibited by the port delays of late 2014 and early 2015. 5

Tariff Nomenclature Prior to January 2012, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (formerly known as U.S. Customs) reported pistachio trade for three Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) numbers: HTS# 0802.50.20.00 (raw in-shell), HTS# 0802.50.40.00 (raw shelled), and HTS# 2008.19.30.20 (roasted in-shell and kernels). In January 2012, the United States incorporated tariff schedule changes recommended by the World Customs Organization for several commodities including those for raw pistachios. As such, raw in-shell pistachios have moved from 0802.50.20.00 to 0802.51. Likewise, raw shelled pistachios have been moved from 0802.50.40.00 to 0802.52. The HTS number for roasted pistachios (2008.19), included with several other roasted tree nuts, remained unchanged. Three years of data are now available and this report provides, where possible, raw in-shell and raw shelled imports and exports as well as combined raw pistachio trade. Tariff Levels Under the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreement, each country committed to limit tariff rates for commodities to a specific level. These tariffs are also specific to each country and are known as bound tariff rates. Since that time, individual countries have unilaterally adjusted their tariff levels on commodities in order to spur trade or discourage imports. Tariff rates that are lower than a country s bound rate are known as currently applied tariffs. A number of countries have been selected that represent key and potential export markets for pistachios and are organized in a table that includes details on their tariff, tax, and other duty information. The tariff data is the most up-to-date applied tariffs data available. Possible and Future Tariff Rate Adjustments As the World Trade Organization multilateral negotiations continue, as well as free trade agreement negotiations with and Europe (Transatlantic Trade Investment Partnership), the tariff table on page 124 of this report will be updated to reflect the currently applied tariffs as agreements are finalized and implemented. Aflatoxin Levels According to Codex s report on the Fourth Session of the Committee on Contaminates in Food, April 2010, the maximum aflatoxin level for read-to-eat tree nuts is 10 µg/kg, whereas maximum level for tree nuts for further processing is 15 µg/kg. While some countries follow aflatoxin levels as established by Codex, others have set their own maximum aflatoxin limit at levels either higher or lower than Codex s standard. 6

Major Pistachio Producing Countries 7

U.S. - Exports (all raw and roasted) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Hong Kong 14,371 25,898 26,960 31,902 57,052 55,983 33,992 15,484 70,320 Belgium 17,566 19,103 15,088 10,223 13,261 11,693 16,761 17,704 17,100 Canada 7,589 4,984 8,626 13,502 14,825 17,205 16,850 14,413 12,213 The Netherlands 11,753 12,515 11,850 8,933 10,580 7,607 11,048 8,473 7,715 Germany 7,897 7,073 6,446 5,833 5,610 9,163 8,615 6,942 6,222 Vietnam 127 202 47 68 34 459 1,195 902 3,945 France 5,394 5,082 5,064 4,205 3,929 3,205 4,342 4,185 3,816 China 12,968 11,244 8,113 10,607 16,199 11,100 4,294 3,511 3,792 Israel 195 2,420 4,572 4,208 3,348 3,199 4,401 2,238 2,716 Mexico 2,943 3,635 3,069 3,675 4,092 4,146 3,966 3,041 2,712 Spain 3,690 4,191 2,697 1,931 2,804 3,686 3,415 1,817 2,278 Italy 3,532 3,664 2,373 3,789 2,415 2,282 2,525 2,267 1,886 Japan 2,621 2,593 3,202 3,167 2,722 2,907 3,572 2,479 1,665 U.K. 2,681 2,654 2,682 2,058 1,704 2,288 2,352 1,733 1,632 Australia 1,927 1,974 3,000 4,414 4,265 5,257 5,528 3,470 1,629 Luxembourg 4,732 4,736 4,950 1,999 3,917 6,176 1,554 2,317 1,486 Saudi Arabia 43 138 127 401 576 1,068 1,196 848 1,211 Turkey 0 278 547 2,729 1,812 1,527 2,189 878 1,116 South Korea 370 709 681 1,377 1,130 1,394 1,249 926 669 U.A.E. 561 2,123 1,104 1,649 2,706 2,628 1,568 1,156 582 Russia 2,534 1,695 654 1,603 2,276 3,682 1,528 0 0 Other 17,840 12,670 11,061 10,843 10,724 12,739 12,658 7,838 6,918 Total 121,334 129,581 122,913 129,116 165,981 169,394 144,798 102,622 144,705 Source: United States International Trade Commission. 9

U.S. - Exports (roasted - 2008.19.30.20) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Canada 5,700 3,665 6,764 10,703 12,867 14,498 14,336 12,661 11,256 Mexico 1,611 1,596 1,759 2,663 3,138 3,442 2,640 1,836 1,666 Australia 118 57 143 305 887 2,119 2,229 1,573 722 Japan 140 215 178 415 453 561 467 385 367 Hong Kong 2,543 1,488 3,075 3,339 3,097 5,084 3,290 881 360 Taiwan 0 0 52 21 27 281 590 328 301 Philippines 117 20 20 55 27 13 30 203 254 China 334 316 741 825 151 295 439 561 251 Norway 348 363 293 251 0 0 0 0 244 New Zealand 73 23 73 69 0 208 337 235 127 Colombia 41 3 51 24 160 526 322 22 108 Korea 20 19 23 211 141 171 185 150 92 Guatemala 24 14 34 14 29 77 63 76 79 Panama 21 10 31 6 14 43 37 77 76 Costa Rica 26 9 48 11 22 72 21 88 73 Chile 66 83 113 15 184 144 129 1 64 South Africa 26 11 26 114 98 227 33 93 41 El Salvador 10 7 6 2 12 27 32 31 27 Honduras 18 12 17 7 6 39 42 22 24 Vietnam 5 124 26 28 0 32 43 69 23 Dominican Rep 26 19 88 7 23 16 33 23 21 Brazil 82 44 28 43 232 253 171 109 17 Venezuela 43 65 46 0 88 5 71 10 9 Spain 65 42 64 0 39 160 474 10 4 U.A.E 0 127 21 14 191 566 99 2 3 Turkey 0 0 160 346 480 420 1,149 349 0 United Kingdom 630 413 434 326 319 1,079 529 298 0 Belgium 1,413 509 79 709 1,964 873 37 212 0 10

Israel 13 92 141 471 187 200 120 194 0 India 197 110 0 7 129 14 27 59 0 Qatar 0 0 0 0 0 149 69 3 0 France 1,355 1,594 346 20 64 440 465 0 0 Saudi Arabia 0 22 27 0 32 179 215 0 0 Iraq 0 41 0 34 0 0 193 0 0 Netherlands 896 1,211 248 259 43 150 190 0 0 Switzerland 53 97 327 319 56 184 86 0 0 Oman 0 0 17 68 51 148 15 0 0 Libya 0 0 0 94 83 202 0 0 0 Italy 412 644 119 58 42 54 0 0 0 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 116 0 0 0 0 Russia 387 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 Germany 2,312 2,971 3,487 1,531 12 0 0 0 0 Jordan 0 0 200 137 0 0 0 0 0 Ukraine 100 70 39 31 0 0 0 0 0 Greece 494 19 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Romania 80 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 668 307 204 168 202 452 270 193 161 Total 20,467 16,512 19,568 23,720 25,746 33,403 29,478 20,754 16,370 Source: United States International Trade Commission. 11

U.S. - Imports Country Description 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Turkey 101 84 52 48 84 62 113 169 201 Italy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Canada Thailand Raw Inshell Pistachios 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 Greece 18 0 0 0 12 18 0 55 24 Other 8 0 0 0 447 19 0 3 15 Subtotal 127 92 52 48 543 99 113 227 279 Turkey 53 7 28 73 86 98 39 110 118 Italy 9 9 16 0 0 1 1 1 12 Canada Thailand Raw Shelled Pistachios 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Greece 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Other 273 162 415 1 86 3 0 26 34 Subtotal 335 178 459 74 172 102 42 138 165 Turkey 92 94 124 192 192 275 170 172 208 Italy 89 51 109 136 161 153 208 182 155 Canada 46 30 54 31 106 39 16 240 116 Thailand Roasted Pistachios 11 37 12 68 29 29 24 22 106 Greece 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 18 7 Other 22 5 10 17 22 23 62 77 42 Subtotal 262 218 310 445 511 521 482 711 634 Turkey 246 185 204 313 362 435 322 451 528 Italy 98 60 125 136 161 154 209 183 167 Canada 46 38 54 31 106 39 18 240 155 Thailand Total Pistachios 11 37 12 68 29 29 24 22 106 Greece 21 1 1 1 14 20 2 74 32 Other 302 167 425 18 554 45 62 97 91 Total 724 488 821 567 1,226 722 637 1,067 1,079 Source: United States International Trade Commission. 12

European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Belgium 12,922 9,562 5,619 6,131 6,708 6,128 4,783 6,347 8,124 Luxembourg 6,501 9,672 19,092 11,264 7,984 9,149 14,825 20,987 8,123 The Netherlands 12,660 11,951 9,683 7,381 8,880 7,879 7,646 8,522 6,786 Germany 7,637 4,171 3,831 4,142 5,681 8,989 12,239 9,187 5,140 France 4,514 3,827 4,408 3,219 4,591 3,660 3,869 3,135 2,999 Spain 2,895 3,342 2,456 1,766 2,548 2,853 1,890 2,082 1,819 Italy 2,336 2,796 1,898 2,701 2,650 2,558 2,706 1,962 1,393 U.K. 1,805 1,684 1,482 1,328 1,155 1,226 1,541 1,266 1,258 Croatia 25 1 n/a 59 92 55 75 22 443 Cyprus 438 191 274 186 156 61 98 34 271 Lithuania 214 59 80 20 20 100 298 320 260 Portugal 369 206 113 186 154 64 79 71 188 Poland 174 77 59 217 77 52 263 131 133 Bulgaria 268 172 173 150 116 107 118 87 64 Greece 1,385 1,872 1,912 517 232 96 165 35 39 Sweden 146 152 152 472 654 251 112 177 25 Slovakia 0 0 0 0 344 340 729 0 0 Latvia 325 20 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 Other 230 61 4 20 5 10 0 0 208 Total 54,844 49,816 51,236 39,759 42,066 43,578 51,437 54,635 37,293 Source: Eurostat. 13

European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Luxembourg 7,984 9,149 14,825 20,987 8,123 Belgium 6,614 5,960 4,687 6,242 7,653 The Netherlands 8,541 7,847 7,629 8,470 6,786 Germany 4,518 8,545 11,746 8,914 5,101 France 3,968 3,261 3,221 2,543 2,860 Spain 2,428 2,791 1,789 1,747 1,819 Italy 2,060 2,173 2,127 1,599 1,392 U.K. 1,034 1,194 1,332 1,037 1,258 Lithuania 20 100 298 320 260 Portugal 154 65 79 71 188 Poland 77 53 263 131 133 Bulgaria 116 107 118 87 64 Greece 188 57 134 19 35 Cyprus 88 57 80 34 30 Sweden 585 238 100 162 25 Croatia 89 55 75 21 13 Slovakia 344 340 729 0 0 Latvia 19 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 20 Total 38,827 41,992 49,231 52,384 35,760 Source: Eurostat. 14

European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 Belgium 89 174 95 105 471 The Netherlands 338 32 17 52 0 Germany 1,162 444 494 273 39 France 623 399 648 592 139 Spain 120 62 101 335 0 Italy 590 385 580 363 1 U.K. 121 32 209 229 0 Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 Poland 0 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria 3 0 0 0 0 Greece 44 39 31 16 4 Cyprus 68 4 19 0 241 Sweden 69 13 12 15 0 Croatia 4 0 1 1 430 Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 Other 5 0 0 0 208 Total 3,236 1,584 2,206 1,981 1,533 Source: Eurostat. 15

Iran - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* Hong Kong 17,928 37,742 60,952 28,732 53,731 32,887 58,332 41,170 24,147 Vietnam 1,935 5,026 6,274 5,358 6,391 9,465 19,493 18,317 19,084 U.A.E.** 10,989 20,361 16,364 15,540 16,314 15,518 17,887 14,395 9,705 Germany 9,530 13,877 10,897 9,948 6,464 7,745 9,938 11,083 9,684 India 933 3,392 5,171 2,483 4,270 4,872 4,666 6,116 6,549 Kazakhstan 1,011 988 816 1,457 5,221 11,233 6,907 5,549 6,509 Iraq 5,579 5,705 6,768 6,915 5,078 6,271 7,341 6,166 5,734 Turkey** 1,399 1,597 4,801 2,202 2,377 10,665 10,917 5,306 4,787 Pakistan 2,313 2,757 4,348 3,050 2,474 2,209 3,471 3,986 4,619 Lebanon 1,972 2,656 2,573 2,187 2,357 2,063 2,866 2,728 3,100 Spain 48 2,450 3,170 420 96 126 1,368 2,323 2,571 Italy 44 183 118 99 37 392 551 864 1,779 Russia 6,357 8,149 14,549 14,691 7,306 1,885 1,980 1,403 1,745 Kuwait 744 948 995 448 626 632 869 1,500 1,703 Jordan 94 194 94 94 378 628 1,489 1,498 1,632 Afghanistan 821 850 1,285 924 1,535 2,121 1,959 2,073 1,591 Taiwan 661 2,203 3,090 1,194 962 971 1,474 1,404 1,231 Greece 75 173 0 0 229 273 431 1,632 995 Uzbekistan 472 488 141 635 704 802 1,045 615 758 Canada 307 908 693 733 336 295 480 753 702 Slovakia 365 501 681 184 403 382 391 932 656 Kyrgyzstan 440 684 381 624 839 706 571 377 649 Qatar 98 95 155 141 363 340 317 607 602 China 140 341 1,334 1,083 197 277 92 392 466 Poland 242 352 88 11 62 43 338 433 454 The Netherlands 149 522 1,382 1,028 477 468 1,133 1,036 451 Lithuania 506 234 420 419 449 317 344 341 451 Syria 3,038 6,273 4,122 2,680 79 313 289 168 373 16

Singapore 22 101 173 181 239 203 307 436 363 Belgium 3,160 1,757 1,978 1,597 1,267 72 120 358 352 Tunisia 145 505 338 220 171 25 166 165 326 Japan 171 206 290 310 177 100 229 231 278 Australia 220 480 460 230 250 127 156 375 231 Ukraine 1,466 1,213 1,609 1,046 1,075 864 209 137 196 France 349 212 355 751 888 286 37 171 185 Turkmenistan 151 310 266 293 275 426 435 207 179 Malaysia 92 59 92 82 128 192 145 375 162 Egypt 879 2,193 1,052 1,042 617 299 541 470 115 Tajikistan 1,086 1,078 1,300 1,184 807 968 626 263 107 Azerbaijan 67 250 236 286 240 408 375 218 92 Romania 271 376 347 283 43 109 105 38 63 Mexico 0 174 310 73 72 121 216 267 50 Saudi Arabia 282 112 869 746 598 1,245 2,063 571 0 Croatia 75 113 50 0 0 0 0 20 0 Other 1,245 1,264 1,274 600 586 717 1,029 1,586 772 Total 77,871 130,052 162,661 112,204 127,188 120,061 163,698 139,055 116,198 Source: Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. NOTE: Data reported above is from September 23 to September 22 of the following year as reported by the Iran Pistachio Association. *NOTE: 2016 data only covers 11 months - September 23 to August 22 which is inclusive of all data available during the publishing of this report. ** NOTE: Report as a re-export market. 17

European Union 28 - Imports from Iran (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Germany 17,677 12,227 13,428 12,692 10,506 11,871 12,559 13,168 12,685 Spain 587 481 2,607 1,755 1,307 1,416 1,514 2,330 2,854 Greece 246 98 123 0 0 237 321 696 1,801 Italy 1,095 56 291 216 286 169 1,036 1,030 1,844 The Netherlands 25 199 669 1,827 1,155 436 713 1,105 972 Slovakia 663 438 547 352 247 446 358 626 917 Belgium 3,747 3,142 1,734 1,833 1,496 1,358 1,343 958 872 Lithuania 1,252 437 363 417 392 402 356 337 438 Poland 110 352 308 22 10 62 87 316 471 France 209 314 188 314 896 676 236 62 131 Romania 542 331 354 317 204 33 153 156 49 Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 33 Sweden 10 0 0 0 1 23 0 1 1 Luxembourg 506 322 173 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 30 60 50 14 6 0 0 0 142 Total 26,699 18,457 20,835 19,759 16,505 17,141 18,676 20,785 23,210 Source: Eurostat. NOTE: Eurostat reported no data for Portugal. 18

Europe - Imports from Iran (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Germany 8,305 10,182 9,784 10,324 9,813 Spain 1,248 1,391 1,472 2,284 2,840 The Netherlands 1,155 436 713 1,105 972 Italy 178 10 366 355 1,111 Belgium 1,496 1,109 1,166 839 731 Greece 0 237 304 601 1,718 Slovakia 243 438 323 547 783 Lithuania 392 402 356 337 438 Poland 9 62 87 316 471 Romania 204 32 153 121 48 France 441 434 32 0 1 Sweden 1 9 0 1 1 Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 33 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 Other 6 0 0 0 141 Total 13,677 14,742 14,756 16,830 19,101 Source: Eurostat. 19

Europe - Imports from Iran (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Germany 2,201 1,689 2,775 2,844 2,872 Spain 59 25 42 46 14 The Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Italy 108 159 670 675 733 Belgium 0 249 177 119 141 Greece 0 0 17 95 83 Slovakia 4 8 35 79 134 Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 Poland 1 0 0 0 0 Romania 0 1 0 35 1 France 455 242 204 62 130 Sweden 0 14 0 0 0 Czech Republic 0 13 0 0 0 Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 1 Total 2,828 2,399 3,920 3,955 4,109 Source: Eurostat. 20

Turkey - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy 510 342 252 549 638 1163 429 1,180 1,787 Saudi Arabia 46 212 3 69 42 151 28 243 861 Germany 157 126 91 96 154 279 188 404 418 Israel 194 105 104 107 468 86 29 349 324 U.S.A. 36 26 19 57 160 74 3 93 117 Greece 88 183 n/a n/a n/a 122 n/a 47 100 U.A.E. 5 11 5 4 27 26 0 51 85 Egypt 91 212 53 7 147 155 4 94 76 Jordan 40 66 14 1 12 103 27 182 63 Turkmenistan 7 8 0 23 13 7 10 2 55 Iraq 13 2 2 0 95 157 0 8 1 Libya 0 0 0 0 5 318 0 25 0 Other 1,574 1,331 179 275 388 707 110 532 713 Total 2,621 2,376 717 1,160 2,328 3,879 818 3,155 4,690 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 21

Turkey - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy 10 176 0 16 20 Saudi Arabia 15 59 n/a 50 587 Germany 0 29 0 2 4 Israel 282 48 20 267 116 U.S.A. 45 9 11 5 6 Greece 0 15 0 0 0 U.A.E. 3 0 0 0 4 Egypt 2 59 0 32 0 Jordan 9 49 4 10 0 Turkmenistan 12 0 24 0 52 Iraq 36 5 0 0 0 Libya 1 132 0 24 0 Other 248 966 12 135 107 Total 663 1,547 51 541 896 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 22

Turkey - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy 628 987 429 1,164 1,767 Saudi Arabia 27 259 n/a 193 273 Germany 154 250 188 402 414 Israel 185 103 8 82 208 U.S.A. 115 77 17 88 111 Greece n/a n/a n/a 47 100 U.A.E. 24 25 0 51 81 Egypt 144 44 27 62 76 Jordan 3 106 0 172 63 Turkmenistan 17 11 6 2 3 Iraq 59 69 3 8 1 Libya 4 11 6 1 0 Other 304 458 85 341 607 Total 1,664 2,400 769 2,613 3,794 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 23

European Union 28 - Imports from Turkey (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy 462 396 220 615 709 1,327 425 1,088 1,973 Germany 67 123 102 87 114 252 160 392 420 Greece 38 126 0 0 10 15 0 32 89 Belgium 175 484 104 151 50 59 17 111 49 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 0 47 Spain 0 1 0 4 0 73 144 13 13 France 2 2 1 26 3 47 2 33 12 Romania 0 0 0 0 0 178 0 0 9 U.K. 9 14 7 15 23 11 1 5 8 Other 73 51 4 16 34 12 6 11 37 Total 826 1,197 438 914 938 1,989 758 1,685 2,657 Source: Eurostat. 24

Europe - Imports from Turkey (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy 17 177 0 16 38 Germany 13 30 1 21 26 Greece 10 15 0 0 4 Belgium 19 6 2 10 10 Bulgaria 0 15 3 0 0 Spain 0 60 144 12 2 France 0 0 2 0 2 Romania 0 167 0 0 9 U.K. 7 5 1 3 1 Other 0 0 2 8 24 Total 61 473 155 70 116 Source: Eurostat. 25

Europe - Imports from Turkey (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Italy 692 1,150 425 1,072 1,935 Germany 101 223 159 371 394 Greece 0 0 0 32 85 Belgium 31 53 15 101 39 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 47 Spain 0 13 0 1 11 France 3 47 0 33 10 Romania 0 11 0 0 0 U.K. 16 6 0 2 7 Other 34 13 4 3 13 Total 877 1,516 603 1,615 2,541 Source: Eurostat. 26

Syria - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Jordan 1,037 2,998 2,324 1,308 1,279 1,749 437 894 1,110 Algeria 25 n/a n/a 0 0 25 0 0 378 Egypt 367 418 149 84 0 0 5 100 129 U.A.E 19 0 0 0 129 759 16 73 111 Sweden 16 10 34 2 6 15 22 21 42 Italy 119 312 20 253 315 317 69 24 10 Greece n/a 14 n/a 0 20 174 35 0 8 Canada 1 2 9 0 1 37 0 0 5 Saudi Arabia 76 204 128 133 724 1,419 363 503 n/a Tunisia 61 148 26 40 56 64 27 17 n/a Lebanon 0 2 410 413 748 940 121 0 n/a Belgium 0 12 280 128 13 28 12 0 n/a Spain n/a n/a n/a 0 0 160 0 0 n/a Kazakhstan n/a n/a n/a 0 0 33 0 0 n/a India n/a 14 5 7 14 29 0 0 n/a Other 128 1,430 1,662 79 294 72 18 1 37 Total 1,849 5,564 5,047 2,447 3,599 5,821 1,125 1,633 1,830 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. NOTE: Data for years 2011 to 2016 was reported by the importing country. 27

Major Non-producing Pistachio Exporting and Importing Countries 29

China - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 18,011 15,922 17,203 18,992 21,781 11,658 7,281 6,233 14,541 Iran 11,364 5,102 35,366 5,362 5,158 1,265 2,523 4,387 2,880 Australia 211 518 210 541 399 224 241 216 252 Other 19 3 2 57 26 24 6 60 6 Total 29,605 21,545 52,781 24,952 27,364 13,171 10,051 10,896 17,679 China - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 21,139 11,194 6,570 5,790 13,917 Iran 5,146 1,249 2,507 4,373 2,858 Australia 377 224 241 216 250 Other 27 24 6 56 6 Total 26, 689 12,691 9,324 10,435 17,025 China - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 642 464 711 443 627 Iran 12 16 16 14 22 Australia 21 0 0 0 2 Other 0 0 0 4 0 Total 675 480 727 461 651 NOTE: According to Foreign Agriculture Service, USDA Hong Kong post officials, China s market on average is estimated at 50,000 MT of pistachios annually. The majority enters through Hong Kong and is moved to China through official and grey channels. Approximately 5-10% percent goes to other Asian markets for above-board sales and consumption. See Hong Kong imports on page 35. Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 31

China - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 6,260 1,744 1,045 2,653 6,664 1,112 903 694 318 Hong Kong 108 67 244 1,260 1,055 2,900 633 452 288 Australia 252 362 56 160 188 145 250 129 184 Germany 100 0 0 119 277 91 n/a n/a 176 Malaysia n/a 21 n/a 105 59 14 52 65 124 Italy n/a n/a n/a 34 140 n/a 40 n/a 121 Singapore 42 8 72 86 34 7 62 72 98 Russian Federation 142 84 29 66 489 88 51 9 54 United Kingdom n/a 19 19 60 100 n/a n/a n/a 20 Indonesia n/a n/a n/a 121 92 n/a 47 55 0 France 0 0 0 63 389 n/a n/a 19 0 Spain 76 n/a n/a 40 120 n/a 21 45 0 Belgium 31 0 1,258 271 138 n/a n/a n/a 0 Other 112 164 459 140 32 5 9 45 24 Total 7,691 2,469 3,382 5,178 9,937 4,362 2,068 1,585 1,405 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 32

China - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 5,967 567 28 n/a n/a Hong Kong 944 2,771 546 381 210 Australia 14 7 n/a n/a n/a Germany 277 91 n/a n/a 730 Malaysia 59 8 46 56 110 Italy 140 n/a n/a n/a 80 Singapore 34 n/a 58 72 98 Russian Federation 489 88 51 9 54 U.K. 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a Indonesia 92 n/a 477 55 n/a France 332 n/a n/a n/a n/a Spain 120 n/a n/a n/a n/a Belgium 138 n/a n/a n/a n/a Other 252 0 47 56 n/a Total 8,866 3,532 776 574 730 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database 33

China - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 697 545 875 694 318 Hong Kong 111 129 87 71 78 Australia 174 138 250 129 184 Germany n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Malaysia 0 n/a n/a n/a 14 Italy 0 n/a 40 n/a 41 Singapore n/a 7 4 n/a n/a Russian Federation n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a U.K. n/a 6 6 10 20 Indonesia n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a France 56 n/a n/a 19 n/a Spain 0 n/a 21 45 n/a Belgium 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a Other 33 5 14 44 22 Total 1,071 830 1,292 1,012 676 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database 34

Hong Kong - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 14,639 23,732 29,334 35,620 53,381 64,361 29,674 21,914 68,295 Iran 33,230 25,639 61,594 34,219 43,595 30,488 58,800 46,202 35,743 China 521 227 549 1,414 1,118 2,906 582 558 94 U.A.E. 74 n/a 174 506 161 1,703 1,442 185 0 Turkey 0 0 0 0 120 636 30 45 12 Vietnam 890 25 23 n/a 933 174 0 50 n/a Other 1,536 636 966 186 726 460 214 225 255 Total 50,890 50,259 92,640 71,945 100,034 100,728 90,742 69,179 104,399 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 35

Hong Kong - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 53,362 64,361 29,674 21,894 68,289 Iran 43,457 30,472 58,787 46,173 35,684 China 1,103 2,769 579 524 53 U.A.E 161 1,703 1,442 185 0 Turkey 120 636 30 45 12 Vietnam 933 174 0 50 n/a Other 703 458 185 171 251 Total 99,839 100,573 90,697 69,042 104,289 Hong Kong - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 19 0 0 20 1 Iran 138 16 13 29 58 China 15 137 3 34 41 U.A.E. 0 0 0 0 0 Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0 Other 23 2 29 54 11 Total 195 155 45 137 111 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 36

Hong Kong - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Vietnam 6,274 10,727 4,618 22,106 42,157 26,381 51,789 40,793 66,145 China 16,945 13,585 40,021 18,725 13,181 7,541 5,867 6,373 13,056 U.S.A. 15 31 295 156 376 0 1,066 371 743 U.A.E. 0 45 0 299 1,002 709 226 94 364 Germany 117 0 0 0 49 407 628 0 253 Russian Federation 1,507 134 153 0 1,089 2,135 1,836 468 103 India 19 364 370 961 1,763 1,603 332 458 76 Australia 1 0 13 84 62 386 130 90 39 Thailand 8 200 10 0 70 36 102 19 23 Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 272 0 24 25 France 0 0 299 0 470 257 332 0 0 Ukraine 72 0 0 50 403 87 25 0 0 Other 182 229 204 1,473 293 646 494 436 496 Total 25,140 25,499 50,019 58,686 63,145 40,651 63,760 49,126 81,282 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 37

Hong Kong - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Vietnam 41,473 26,261 51,789 40,785 66,140 China 13,181 7,451 5,867 6,332 13,052 U.S.A. 376 0 1,066 371 743 U.A.E. 1,002 709 226 94 364 Germany 49 407 628 0 254 Russian Federation 1,089 2,135 1,836 468 103 India 1,751 1,603 332 458 57 Australia 62 368 130 78 30 Thailand 70 36 102 12 6 Turkey 0 272 0 24 25 France 470 257 332 0 0 Ukraine 403 87 25 0 0 Other 2,508 921 1,407 434 456 Total 62,434 40,507 63,740 49,056 81,230 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 38

Hong Kong - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Vietnam 684 120 0 9 5 China 0 0 0 40 4 U.S.A. 0 0 0 0 0 U.A.E. 0 0 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Russian Federation 0 0 0 0 0 India 11 0 0 0 0 Australia 0 18 0 12 10 Thailand 0 0 0 7 17 Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 France 0 0 0 0 0 Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 Other 16 6 0 2 16 Total 711 144 20 70 52 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 39

Germany - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 24,698 20,544 17,246 14,763 16,775 18,166 19,216 15,699 16,216 Iran 18,137 12,691 13,738 24,998 18,903 13,735 11,628 5,284 5,039 Italy 360 319 115 538 1,346 1,289 974 699 810 Luxembourg 57 0 0 0 0 0 98 892 474 Turkey 215 172 140 85 95 260 156 349 424 France 6 9 3 14 7 2 13 9 24 Other 281 770 2,431 1,152 189 5 112 1,080 182 Total 43,702 34,507 33,675 41,552 37,315 33,460 32,099 23,120 23,160 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 40

Germany - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 7,388 12,234 13,868 10,860 10,092 Iran 15,363 11,757 8,819 3,951 3,123 Italy 311 404 324 425 537 Luxembourg 0 0 24 0 0 Turkey 5 30 2 26 38 France 2 0 0 0 24 Other 90 4 34 145 179 Total 23,159 24,432 23,047 15,407 13,973 Germany - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 9,387 5,931 5,348 4,839 6,124 Iran 3,540 1,977 2,809 1,333 1,916 Italy 1,035 885 650 274 273 Luxembourg 0 0 892 474 474 Turkey 90 231 154 323 376 France 5 2 13 8 0 Other 99 1 78 935 24 Total 14,156 9,027 9,052 7,712 9,187 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 41

Germany - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Spain 4,484 2,145 2,738 3,342 1,960 1,953 2,554 2,910 4,302 Italy 1,735 1,804 3,051 3,293 1,635 2,172 2,793 3,585 3,846 U.K. 679 427 600 621 653 540 1,055 966 2,284 France 920 1,086 1,236 1,002 864 1,304 1,511 1,501 1,731 The Netherlands 1,595 939 1,470 626 1,287 1,720 1,379 1,794 1,404 Poland 349 137 214 254 354 212 560 229 934 Hungary 506 303 484 546 446 384 305 624 487 Lithuania 191 137 71 254 277 156 279 297 333 UAE 0 0 0 17 0 0 269 20 251 Sweden 68 56 34 56 47 0 140 132 231 Switzerland 113 100 160 124 104 158 148 158 155 Russian Federation 22 19 28 97 20 267 128 275 1 Other 6,715 6,108 8,542 5,150 2,989 763 1,595 1,272 933 Total 17,309 13,205 18,594 15,309 10,589 9,629 12,307 13,314 16,891 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 42

Germany - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Spain 1,960 1,953 2,554 2,910 3,944 Italy 1,635 2,172 2,793 3,585 3,321 U.K. 653 540 1,055 966 1,588 France 864 1,304 1,511 1,501 1,219 The Netherlands 1,287 1,720 1,379 1,794 1,058 Poland 354 212 560 229 836 Hungary 446 384 305 624 475 Lithuania 277 156 279 297 310 UAE 0 n/a 269 20 213 Sweden 47 n/a 140 132 162 Switzerland 104 158 148 158 139 Russian Federation 20 267 128 275 1 Other 2,989 763 1,186 823 593 Total 10,589 9,629 12,307 13,314 13,857 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 43

Germany - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Spain 251 137 245 485 357 Italy 424 315 697 605 525 U.K. 250 208 426 548 696 France 333 297 545 426 512 The Netherlands 262 121 212 323 346 Poland 95 100 83 128 98 Hungary 25 26 3 6 11 Lithuania 1 2 60 27 23 UAE 0 0 13 38 38 Sweden 31 61 65 70 70 Switzerland 91 116 127 122 131 Russian Federation 0 11 33 n/a 0 Other 901 239 258 129 227 Total 2,664 1,633 2,767 2,907 3,034 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 44

The Netherlands - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 12,660 11,951 9,683 7,194 8,838 7,879 7,646 8,453 6,822 Iran 25 199 669 1,722 1,155 436 713 1,102 972 Germany 904 1,663 1,910 534 1,280 1,249 2,244 586 394 Greece 15 0 10 0 n/a 36 13 4 120 France 869 2,129 2,298 913 1,424 343 44 27 36 U.K. 0 104 0 2 n/a 57 0 10 0 Other 101 379 214 112 74 25 69 200 227 Total 14,574 16,425 14,784 10,477 12,771 10,025 10,729 10,380 8,571 Source: Eurostat. 45

The Netherlands - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 8,499 7,847 7,629 8,401 6,822 Iran 1,155 436 713 1,102 972 Germany 901 1,101 950 412 227 Greece n/a 0 13 4 120 France 1,327 340 28 4 1 U.K. n/a 0 0 7 0 Other 44 9 61 152 149 Total 11,926 9,733 9,394 10,082 8,291 The Netherlands - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 338 32 17 52 0 Iran 0 0 0 0 0 Germany 378 148 1,294 174 167 Greece n/a 36 0 0 0 France 96 3 16 23 35 U.K. n/a 57 0 3 0 Other 34 15 8 48 78 Total 846 291 1,335 300 280 Source: Eurostat. 46

The Netherlands - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Germany 12,595 9,089 7,398 5,353 7,088 5,613 4,676 4,941 6,832 France 3,264 2,535 3,279 3,363 2,283 1,939 1,867 2,199 1,976 Poland 606 623 2,391 778 747 908 668 535 609 U.K. 90 570 3,849 1,027 1,140 1,079 751 1,124 383 Belgium 98 59 652 139 26 13 38 38 13 Romania 60 62 78 93 130 20 114 6 9 Denmark 82 17 88 128 18 11 4 6 6 Switzerland 2 1 5 6 4 15 12 4 3 Serbia 33 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 Other 291 295 589 322 96 35 512 162 187 Total 17,121 13,251 18,329 11,209 11,532 9,653 8,642 9,015 10,028 Source: Eurostat 47

The Netherlands - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Germany 7,048 5,609 4,676 4,934 6,832 France 2,226 1,926 1,867 2,199 1,974 Poland 625 710 628 535 525 U.K. 1,133 1,046 697 1,074 351 Belgium 10 3 5 23 5 Romania 130 20 0 1 5 Denmark 1 1 1 5 3 Switzerland 2 4 0 0 1 Serbia n/a 20 0 0 0 Other 66 9 56 45 133 Total 11,241 9,348 7,930 8,816 9,829 The Netherlands - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Germany 39 3 0 2 10 France 57 12 0 7 2 Poland 122 198 40 0 84 U.K. 6 34 54 47 32 Belgium 16 11 33 10 8 Romania 0 1 114 4 4 Denmark 17 10 3 1 3 Switzerland 2 10 12 4 2 Serbia n/a n/a 0 0 0 Other 32 26 456 64 54 Total 291 305 712 139 199 Source: Eurostat. 48

United Arab Emirates - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008* 2009* 2010* 2011* 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 16,771 12,124 13,998 12,741 12,623 7,361 14,417 16,379 12,665 U.S.A. 67 1,004 283 387 2,515 2,076 1,469 1,212 831 Turkey 1 5 17 2 27 26 0 56 115 Syria 19 14 18 25 0 0 0 73 111 Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 178 105 Lebanon 0 0 1 10 34 8 0 7 19 Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0 0 356 22 11 Germany 48 0 0 0 0 82 270 0 0 Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 1,002 709 226 0 0 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 0 0 0 Other 127 0 10 2 5 24 0 145 814** Total 17,059 13,170 14,343 13,179 16,206 14,337 16,743 18,072 14,671 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data was sourced from the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, United Arab Emirates. **NOTE: Data listed as other for 2016 include 505MT from Yemen and 261MT from Afghanistan. 49

United Arab Emirates - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008* 2009* 2010* 2011* 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iraq n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 23 328 882 2,337 Saudi Arabia 4,012 4,311 5,415 4,492 1,039 3,276 6,154 6,418 2,266 India 2,135 729 654 758 654 920 712 958 943 Jordan 682 85 250 235 0 211 913 764 304 Egypt 1,810 754 1,095 526 204 1,000 663 491 24 Algeria 494 174 277 537 220 214 303 344 103 Oman n/a n/a n/a n/a 114 291 260 327 399 Kuwait 239 189 99 350 121 187 321 307 181 Yemen 377 52 61 91 37 198 552 235 0 Germany 872 464 518 376 25 997 326 146 130 Tunisia 477 529 606 594 196 304 304 132 89 Iran 788 362 319 397 n/a 378 153 125 124 Bangladesh 138 39 72 107 12 25 10 27 40 Libya 174 78 37 90 30 458 309 22 104 Qatar 36 47 177 91 6 9 698 21 17 Russian Federation 436 62 208 117 n/a 311 264 0 0 Hong Kong 77 50 49 n/a 101 1,703 1,667 0 0 Other 1,407 1,027 637 255 n/a 1,508 1,495 898 1,746 Total 14,154 8,952 10,474 9,016 8,292* 12,013 15,432 12,097 8,807 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data was sourced from the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, United Arab Emirates. 50

Vietnam - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 42,157 26,261 51,389 40,793 66,145 U.S.A. 4 0 24 22 34 427 1,152 833 3,922 Madagascar 0 0 0 0 1,509 9,660 0 0 3,007 China 12 24 23 3 0 0 0 0 0 Other 3 1 2 3 24 36 12 1 4 Total 19 25 49 28 43,724 36,384 52,553 41,627 73,078 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data from 2012 to 2016 was reported by the exporting country. Vietnam reports small quantities of pistachio imports as seen in years 2008 to 2011. Hong Kong, however, reports exports in very high quantities (see page 37). It can be assumed that some of Hong Kong s reported exports are being transshipped through Vietnam. Despite this, on the ground reports of pistachios in quantities larger than those reported by Vietnam provide strong evidence that imports for consumption are much larger than what is being reported. Additionally, Madagascar has reported sizable exports of pistachios to Vietnam. Initially, this appeared to be a data error, however, more investigation is needed to definitively determine the source of the product. Industry source believed it to be Iranian product. 51

Asian Pistachio Trading Countries 53

India - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 3,134 2,499 4,042 4,674 4,003 3,487 7,297 7,514 7,195 Afghanistan 2,596 2,500 1,306 1,293 436 775 1,467 2,383 1,789 U.S.A. 1,203 2,434 2,030 1,955 3,160 2,399 1,478 831 401 UAE 37 35 40 33 28 4 0 45 263 Turkey 0 10 n/a n/a 16 143 24 28 10 Other 201 334 64 863 614 33 31 40 52 Total 7,171 7,812 7,482 8,818 8,257 6,841 10,297 10,841 9,710 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 55

Japan - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 2,061 1,674 1,946 1,889 2,020 2,080 1,895 1,524 1,077 Iran 323 138 238 237 161 226 191 333 208 Italy 33 25 20 18 20 26 24 20 21 Other 1 1 14 7 1 1 7 20 25 Total 2,418 1,838 2,218 2,151 2,202 2,333 2,117 1,897 1,331 Japan - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 1,924 1,965 1,750 1,403 953 Iran 59 88 38 101 61 Italy 0 n/a n/a 0 0 Other 0 0 7 17 22 Total 1,983 2,053 1,795 1,521 1,035 Japan - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 96 115 145 145 124 Iran 102 139 153 153 148 Italy 20 26 24 24 21 Other 1 0 0 0 3 Total 219 280 322 376 296 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database 56

South Korea - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 375 231 327 251 787 1,019 845 570 482 Iran 8 11 20 26 10 13 18 13 26 Other 122 49 1 0 0 0 9 5 0 Total 505 291 348 277 797 1,032 872 588 508 South Korea - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 646 958 761 495 408 Iran 0 0 0 0 4 Other 0 0 7 0 0 Total 646 958 768 495 412 South Korea - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 141 61 84 75 74 Iran 10 13 18 13 22 Other 0 0 2 5 0 Total 151 74 104 93 96 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 57

Russian Federation - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 18,830 7,836 11,570 15,690 13,774 6,857 416 2,096 1,589 Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0 0 100 3,973 0 643 China 20 107 53 67 499 88 332 104 14 Belarus 0 0 0 0 79 258 0 10 0 U.A.E 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,588 0 0 Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,487 0 0 U.S.A. 7,079 3,763 1,660 2,373 3,909 5,528 1,454 0 0 The Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 0 436 0 0 Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0 0 314 0 0 Germany 3 0 0 1 0 0 180 0 0 U.K. 0 0 0 0 0 0 160 0 0 Turkey 1 0 2 0 22 32 140 0 0 Argentina 0 0 0 0 20 60 0 0 0 Other 1,099 70 69 16 8 31 207 60 10 Total 27,032 11,776 13,354 18,147 18,311 12,954 10,687 2,270 2,256 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 58

Russian Federation - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 13,719 6,800 384 2,049 1,561 Kazakhstan 0 100 3,973 0 628 China 499 88 332 104 14 U.A.E 0 0 1,574 0 0 Czech Republic 0 0 1,487 0 0 U.S.A. 3,812 5,452 1,417 0 0 The Netherlands 0 0 436 0 0 Hong Kong 0 0 314 0 0 Germany 0 0 172 0 0 U.K. 0 0 160 0 0 Turkey 22 32 140 0 0 Argentina 20 60 0 0 0 Other 79 284 200 41 10 Total 18,151 12,816 10,589 2,194 2,213 59

Russian Federation - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 54 56 32 47 28 Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0 15 China 0 0 0 0 0 U.A.E 0 0 14 0 0 Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 0 U.S.A. 97 76 37 0 0 The Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0 Germany 0 0 8 0 0 U.K. 0 0 0 0 0 Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 Argentina 0 0 0 0 0 Other 9 6 7 29 0 Total 160 138 98 76 43 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 60

Thailand - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* U.S.A. 345 268 403 503 557 677 462 577 428 Iran 7 77 43 75 48 14 131 73 0 China 33 16 16 16 48 16 65 33 0 Other 66 0 9 11 0 2 0 1 215 Total 451 361 471 605 653 709 658 684 643 Thailand - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* U.S.A. 536 677 462 577 419 China 42 16 53 15 0 Iran 34 8 131 73 0 Other 0 2 0 0 197 Total 612 703 646 665 616 Thailand - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* U.S.A. 21 n/a n/a n/a 9 China 6 n/a 12 18 0 Iran 14 6 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 1 18 Total 41 6 12 19 27 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. *NOTE: Data reported by the exporting country. 61

Singapore - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 106 111 159 n/a 219 223 280 382 491 U.S.A. 131 71 22 93 96 274 286 177 225 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 China 158 121 172 87 85 119 49 25 8 Indonesia n/a n/a n/a 3 n/a 10 6 5 0 Thailand 17 n/a n/a n/a 9 6 6 n/a n/a Other 23 18 12 224 7 5 3 66 30 Total 435 321 365 407 416 637 630 655 777 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 62

Singapore - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 203 205 248 312 402 U.S.A. 30 197 271 162 210 The Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 China 85 73 47 25 0 Indonesia 9 10 6 5 0 Thailand 2 6 6 0 0 Other 3 2 1 57 23 Total 332 493 579 561 635 Singapore - Imports (in-shell - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Iran 16 18 32 70 89 U.S.A. 66 77 15 16 16 The Netherlands 0 46 2 0 23 China 0 0 0 0 8 Indonesia n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 Thailand 0 n/a n/a n/a 0 Other 2 3 2 9 7 Total 84 144 51 95 143 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 63

Singapore - Exports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Malaysia 221 128 217 105 100 163 75 70 86 India 33 33 29 26 26 40 56 31 61 Brunei 12 1 8 29 0 0 12 13 42 Indonesia 88 29 8 27 20 12 4 12 32 Ecuador 13 12 13 12 9 12 11 11 1 Hong Kong 19 7 0 6 27 14 n/a 2 1 Other 37 9 13 32 17 3 27 24 6 Total 411 218 280 208 199 247 173 150 229 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 64

Singapore - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Malaysia 92 101 56 34 68 India 10 40 44 26 61 Brunei 0 0 12 13 42 Indonesia 9 12 4 12 1 Ecuador 3 10 11 11 1 Hong Kong 3 7 n/a n/a 0 Other 15 2 14 20 1 Total 132 175 129 103 174 Singapore - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Malaysia 9 62 19 36 18 India 16 0 12 5 0 Brunei 0 0 0 0 0 Indonesia 11 0 0 0 31 Ecuador 6 2 n/a n/a 0 Hong Kong 23 7 n/a 2 0 Other 2 1 13 4 6 Total 67 72 44 47 56 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 65

European Pistachio Trading Countries 67

Belgium - Imports (in-shell and shelled) Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 U.S.A. 12,921 9,560 5,619 6,158 6,708 6,999 4,783 6,347 7,790 Iran 3,747 3,142 1,734 1,960 1,496 1,572 1,343 958 871 Luxembourg 52 210 371 504 628 554 387 380 302 Italy 65 56 54 64 232 64 67 294 101 Germany 181 185 365 275 40 105 69 209 85 France 277 178 413 550 50 59 33 110 53 Turkey 175 492 104 151 40 95 17 759 49 Spain 51 76 29 39 3 40 14 0 25 China n/a n/a n/a n/a 208 35 3 57 n/a Syria 0 12 280 128 13 28 12 0 0 Other 290 116 47 33 79 43 151 193 59 Total 17,759 14,027 9,016 9,862 9,497 9,594 6,879 9,307 9,335 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database. 69