March, 2016 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol. 7 No.2 J. Resour. Ecol. 2016 7(2) 144-150 DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2016.02.010 www.jorae.cn Report A Checklist of Macrofungi in Yaoluoping Nature Reserve, Anhui HE Yanxin 1, WU Wangbao 2, LI Nengshu 2* 1. School of Jianghuai, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China; 2. School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China Abstract: Field work to survey and investigate the Anhui Yaoluoping Macrofungi Nature Reserve was undertaken in order to understand and rationally develop macrofungi resources. The results showed that there are, in total, 101 macro-fungal species and varieties, including 59 kinds of edible mushroom, 20 kinds of medicinal mushroom, and 8 kinds of toadstools, grouped according to their economic values. The species belong to 5 classes, 13 orders, 43 families and 67 genera, Another 14 species are unknown fungus food or medicine and remains to be further developed. They are widely distributed in broad-leaved forests, mixed forests, coniferous forests, bamboo forests, wastelands and areas with other vegetation types. Large fungi resources are abundant; some varieties are rare and very valuable to develop. Among those of value are some edible and medicinal mushrooms, anti-cancer sulfur bacteria, morchella, gold equivalent cow bacilli, pine mushrooms, etc. Some species and species resources have still not been fully investigated. These large fungi can be domesticated and cultivated, and have very good commercial development prospects. Key words: macrofungi; nature reserve; catalogue; Anhui Yaoluoping 1 Introduction Macrofungi, also known as mushrooms, belong to a large fungal group forming large fleshy or gummy fruiting bodies or sclerotia. When looked at in economic terms, macrofungi can be divided into three groups: edible mushrooms, medicinal mushrooms and toadstools. Most mushrooms belong to the phylum Basidiomycota, while a minority belong to the phylum Ascomycota. Some are of high nutritional or medicinal value; the most promising prospects for development are among fungi taxa. In addition, some large fungi can facilitate tree metabolism by breaking down dead plants and helping to maintain the natural cycling of materials and ecological balance. Therefore, macrofungi have an important role to play in the paper industry and as part of environmental cleanups. On the other hand, some other large fungi can cause a variety of tree diseases or can damage to wood products, in some cases resulting in the death of a large area of forest. Better understanding of such pathogenic fungi can help in the fight to prevent such diseases or reduce the losses they cause. Mushrooms are widely distributed in different natural environments. Forests are hotbeds of macrofungi growth, about 80% of known species are found in forests. Mushrooms form a rich diversity of taxa, with a large number of species playing a variety of ecological roles, as well as being important to human societies and ecosystems. In recent decades, Chinese mycologists, working in a difficult environment, carried out extensive field work, collected a large number of specimens, and carried on research to classify specimens. Numerous modern research reports and studies have been published during these years(he Y X, Li N S. 2013; Chai Y X, Zhang B, Wang M Y, et al. 2007; Li N S, Shen Y S, Wang J Q. 2002; Ke L X, Yang C. 2003). The author was engaged for many years in field investigations of macrofungi at the Huangshan Mountain in Anhui and the Dabie Mountain Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, and published related research papers (Liu X D, 2004). The Yaoluoping nature preservation zone is located in Yuexi Received: 2015-8-26 Accepted: 2015-12-28 Foundation: Ministry of Education, Anhui University-Yaoluoping National Reserve practical education base for natural sciences Item number TS1Z163 *Corresponding author: Tel.: 18056052806. E-mail address: 2605996615@qq.com. Citation: HE Yanxin, WU Wangbao, LI Nengshu. 2016. A checklist of macrofungi in Yaoluoping Nature Reserve, Anhui. Journal of Resources and Ecology. 7(2): 144 150.
He Yanxin, et al.: A checklist of macrofungi in Yaoluoping Nature Reserve Anhui 145 County in the southwest of Anhui Province. It is bordered by Huoshan County in the north and Yinshan, Hubei in northwest. Yaoluoping belongs to the main section of the watershed of the Dabie Mountain in the northern subtropics. Residing in a transition zone between the first and second rung of China s topographical ladder means Yaoluoping mingles features from the two areas, whether viewed from a south-to-north or an east-to-west orientation. Its unique geographical location, long geological history and complex ecological environment make the Yaoluoping area rich in fungal resources. A thorough macrofungi investigation carried out in this preservation zone allowed the establishment of a comprehensive repository of information about macrofungi in the region. This reliable first-hand data has provided a solid theoretical foundation for the study of fungal flora of this region. 2 Research methods 2.1 Specimen collection Macrofungi in the preservation zone were thoroughly surveyed; different vegetation types and different vertical bands were chosen as sampling points. Data, including location, acquisition time, altitude, and vegetation were recorded. The identification of genus and species was based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of samples and some biochemical features. Given the close correlation between large-scale propagation of fungi and temperature/ rainfall, with few exceptions most of macrofungal samples were collected from May to October of 2014. A certain sampling routine that involved looking in grass, leaf litter, twigs, rotten wood, etc. was followed. Before fungi were collected as samples, fungal fruiting bodies were photographed, and information concerning the fungal habitat (such as forest land, bark, grassland or wetland, etc.), habitus (such as single or part of a group or cluster), collection site, collector, time and date of acquisition, and morphological features of rings and teleblemata was carefully recorded. 2.2 Specimen identification and preservation After photographing and recording data during the field Table 1 The macrofungi species of Basidiomycota Agaricales sampling, a spore print of the fruiting body (Figure 1) was made. Making of the spore print was followed by a microscopic observation that documented morphological characteristics of the spore like size, shape, color and type of pleated marrow. For identification purposes reference was made to Mao, X, Dai Y., Huang N. and Institute of Microbiology and Liu Xudong Coloratlas of the Wild Macrofungi in China (2) Soaked specimens were deposited in the Experimental Teaching Center of Life Science, Anhui University(Mao X L, 2000; Huang N L, 1998; Dai Y C, 2010; CAS, Institute of Microbiology, 1987; CAS, Spore Flora Editorial Committee, 1998). 3 Results list of macrofungi in Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve Our research of macrofungi in the Yaoluoping Reserve, Anhui Province, identified a total of 101 species belonging to 5 classes, 13 orders, 42 families and 67 genera. The macrofungi are widely distributed among broad-leaved forests, mixed forests, coniferous forests, bamboo forests, wastelands and areas with other vegetation types. Based on their economic values, they can be classified into 59 species of edible mushrooms, 20 species of medicinal mushrooms and 8 species of poisonous mushrooms. There are economic gains to come from developing macrofungi resources in this area for the food industry, pharmaceutical industry, and silviculture. Our investigation identified most of the species as basidiomycetes (82 species); only 14 species were ascomycetes. Among the basidiomycetous fungi, the 2 orders which contained the most species were Agaricales (Table 1) and Aphyllophorales (Table 2). They belong to and contain more than half of all the macrofungi species (30 and 22 species, respectively). Fewer of the samples identified were Gasteromycetes (20 species) and Heterobasidiomycetes (11 species), and only one species recorded belonged to Teliomycetes (Table 3 and Table 4). Only 16 species that were ascomycetes were indentified by our investigation, and most of them belonged to the Clavicipitaceae family (Table 5). This group showed less biodiversity than the basidiomycetous fungi. Agaricales Pleurotaceae Lentinus lecomtei Fr. RW E Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Figure2) RW E Pleurotus ostreatus(jacq. ex Fr.)Quel. RW E Pleurotus sapidus (Schulz.) Sacc. RW E Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum commune Franch.(Figure3) RW E & M Amanitaceae Amanita inaurata Secr. WL T Amanita virgineoides Bas WL T Pluteaceae Volvariella volvacea (Bull.:Fr.) Sing. GL E (to be continued on the next page)
146 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol. 7 No. 2, 2016 (Continued) Agaricales Tricholomataceae Agaricaceae Asterophora lycoperdoides (Bull.) Ditmar: Fr. MF U Marasmius oreades(bolt. ex Fr.)Fr. MF E Armillariella mellea (Vahl.:Fr) Karst Symbiotic E Tricholoma matsutake (S.Ito et Imai)Sing MF E Collybia velutipes (Curtis) P. Kumm. RW E Oudemansiella radicata(relh.:fr.)sing. WL E Laccaria amethystea (Bull. ex Gray) Murr. WL E & M Macrolepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Sing. GL/WL U Agaricus placomyces Peck Symbiotic E Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff. : MF E Agaricus campestris L.:Fr M/D E Psathyrellaceae Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.)Fr GL/WL E Coprinus domesticus Fr. BG E Cortinariaceae Cortinarius purpurascens (Fr.)Fr MF E Strobilomycetaceae strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.:Fr.)berk.(Figure4) MF E Boletaceae Boletus edulis (Figure5) MF E Suillus flavidus (Fr.) Sing. MF E Russulaceae Lactarius deliciosus(figure6) MF E Lactarius piperatus(l. ex Fr.)Gray MF E Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. CF E Lactarius volemus Fr. CF E Lactarius subdulcis (Pers. : Fr.) Gray MF E Russula delica Fr. MF E Russula lutea (Huds.) Fr MF E Russula cyanoxantha Schaeff. : Fr. MF E Notes: RW: rotten wood, BRW: broad-leaved rotten wood, CRW: coniferous rotten wood, GL: grassland, BG: broad-leaved forest ground, MF: Mixed forest, BF: Bamboo floor, CF: coniferous forest floor, WL: woodland, E: Edible, M: Medicinal mushrooms, U: Unknown Table 2 The mycrofungi species of Basidiomycota Aphyllophorales Aphyllophorales Cantharellaceae Cantharellus cibarius Fr. WL E Cantharellus cinnabarinus (Schwein.) Schwein. MF E Cantharellus floccosus Schw. MF E Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. WL E Clavariaceae Ramaria stricta (Pers.: Fr.) Quél. RW E Clavulina cristata (Holmsk.: Fr.) Schroet. MF E Clavaria vermicularis Fr. WL E Thelephoraceae Thelephora ganbajun Zang (Figure7) GL / WL E Fistulinaceae Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) Fr. BRW E Hydnaceae Sarcodon squamosus (Schaeff.) Quél. CRW E Auriscalpiaceae Auriscalpium vulgare S. F. Gray(Figure8) Pine, spruce cones U Hericiaceae Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. Oak E & M Polyporaceae Coriolus versicolor(l.ex Fr.)Quel. RW M Wolfiporia cocos(schw.) Ryv.&Gibn RW M Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray RW E & M (to be continued on the next page)
He Yanxin, et al.: A checklist of macrofungi in Yaoluoping Nature Reserve Anhui 147 (Continued) Aphyllophorales Polyporaceae Ganodermataceae Laetiporus sulphureus (Fr.) Murrill RW M Trametes sanguinea (L.) Lloyd RW M Daedeleopsis purpurea (Cke.) Imaz.et Aoshi RW U Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex.Fr.) P. Karst. (Figure9) RW M Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. RW M Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang RW M Notes: RW: rotten wood, BRW: broad-leaved rotten wood, CRW: coniferous rotten wood, GL: grassland, BG: broad-leaved forest ground, MF: mixed forest, BF: bamboo floor, CF: coniferous forest floor, WL: woodland, E: edible, M: medicinal mushrooms, U: unknown Table 3 The macrofungi species of Basidiomycota Gasteromycetes and Teliomycetes Phallales Lycoperdales Gasteromycetes Sclerodermatales Phallaceae Claustulaceae Geastraceae Lvcoperdaceae Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc.)Fisch. BF E Dictyophora indusiata (Vent.Pers.)Fisch. BF E Phallus multicolor Bork.et Br. (Figure11) BF E Phallus rubicundus(bosc.) Fr BF U Pseudocolus mauritianus Lloyd BF T & M Lysurus mokusin (Cibot: Pers.) Fries Bamboo, grass T Anthurus javanicus (Penz.) Cunn.(Figure12) RW T Ileodictyon gracile Berk. F & GL U Geastrum saccatum (Fr.) Fisch. F & GL U Geastrum velutinum (Morg)Fisch. F & GL U Lasiosphaera fenzlii Reich. F & GL E & M Calvatia craniiformis(schw.)fr. F & GL E & M Calvatia lilacina (Mont. et Berk.) Lloyd. F & GL M Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. F & GL M Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. F & GL M Astraeaceae Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morgan(Figure13) WL M Pisolithaceae Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch. WL M Nidulariales Nidulariaceae Cyathus striatus (Huds.) Willd. WL M Teliomycetes Ustilaginales Ustilaginaceae Sphacelotheca sorghi (Link) Clint Sorghum stem E & M Notes: RW: rotten wood, BRW: broad-leaved rotten wood, CRW: coniferous rotten wood, GL: grassland, BG: broad-leaved forest ground, MF: mixed forest, BF: bamboo floor, CF: coniferous forest floor, WL: woodland, E: edible, M: medicinal mushrooms, U: unknown Table 4 The macrofungi species of Basidiomycota Heterobasidiomycetes Heterobasidiomycetes Auriculariales Tremellales Dacrymycetales Auriculariaceae Auricularia auricula (Hook.) Under. (Figure10) RW E Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. RW E Exidiaceae Exidia glandulosa Bull. : Fr. RW E Tremellaceae Tremella fuciformis Berk. RW E & M Tremella foliacea Pers. RW E & M Tremella fimbriata Pers. : Fr. RW E & M Tremella mesenterica Retz. : Fr. RW E & M Dacrymycetaceae Notes: RW: rotten wood, E: edible, M: medicinal mushrooms, U: unknown Phlogiotis helvelloides(de. ex Fr.)Martin RW E Guepinia spathularia (Sehw.)Fr. RW E Dacryomyces aurantius (Schw.) Farl. RW E Calocera cornea (Batsch.) Fr. RW U
148 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol. 7 No. 2, 2016 Table 5 The macrofungi species of Ascomycota Discomycetes Pyrenomycetes Clavicipitales Clavicipitaceae Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. Cereal Plant M Cordyceps sphecocephala (K1.)Sass Vespidae adults M Cordyceps militaris(l.)link The Lepidoptera pupae M Cordyceps hawkesii Gray Lepidoptera larvae M Cordyceps sobolifera (Hill)Berk. et Br. Parasitic on cicada pupa M Cordyceps nutans Pat. Hemiptera adult body M Cordyceps myrmecophila Ces. Parasitic on ants M Cordyceps nutans Pat.(Figure14) Stinkbug adults U Cordyceps pruinosa Petch The litter layer U Sphaeriales Sphaeriaceae Daldinia concentrica (Bolt.) Ces. et de Not BRW U Helotiales Geoglossaceae Ascocoryne sarcoides(jacquin ex Gray) Grov. & Wilson BRW U Spathularia clavata (Schaeff.) Sacc. CF U Pezizales Sclerotiniaceae Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(lib.) de Bary WL E & M Pezizaceae Peziza sylvestris (Boud.) Sacc. & Trotter On the dunghill or loam U Morohellaceae Verpa digitaliformis Pers. Leaved forest floor E Helvellaceae Helvella elastica Bull.:Fr. WL E Notes: BRW: broad-leaved rotten wood, CF: coniferous forest floor, WL: woodland, E: edible, M: medicinal mushrooms, U: unknown Among the 101 kinds of edible fungi, the most economically significant are black fungus, Auricularia, Armillaria, long root mushroom, Boletus edulis, Lactarius and so on. Oudemanciella not only contains Oudenone (Ord mushroom ketone), that helps to lower blood pressure and has an anti-tumor effect, but also has a good taste. This fungus is not yet widely cultivated, but has considerable commercial potential. Lactarius, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, is precious due to its delicious taste and the variety of health benefits associated with eating it. But to date it has not been successfully cultivated. Likewise, there is no known precedent for the cultivation of some species in Russulaceae and Boletaceae, also ectomycorrhizal fungi. Further study is required to better understand these species. Mushroom species found in the Nanyue Mountain Nature Reserve, due to their large number, will be described in the general catalogue. Among the 20 kinds of medicinal fungi found in the Yaoluoping Reserve, Ganoderma has been reported by numerous studies to enhance the immune system and strengthen the body by alleviating symptoms for hypertension, cancer, rheumatism, leg pain, inflammation, tuberculosis, etc. According to our survey of the Yaoluoping Reserve, there are 8 kinds of poisonous mushrooms, many of which are extremely toxic. Several poisoning incidents that resulted from eating Amanita species, which contain lethal amatoxins, were reported. References: Mao X L, 2000. The Macrofungi in China (M), Zhengzhou, Henan Science and Technology Press, Huang N L, 1998. China macrofungi primary color illustrations (M), Beijing, China Agriculture Press,. Dai Y C, 2010..Hainan large wooden endophyte diversity (M), Beijing, Science Press, CAS, Institute of Microbiology, 1987. Common and common fungi (M], Beijing, Science Press,. CAS, Spore Flora Editorial Committee, 1998. Flora of China (3) [M], Beijing, Science Press, Liu X D, Coloratlas of Wild Macrofungi in China (2) [M], 2004. Beijing, China Forestry Publishing House, He Y X, Li N S. 2013. Ecological Distribution of Macrofungi in Huangshan Area, Edible Fungi of China,. 32(5): 9-13. Chai Y X, Zhang B, Wang M Y, et al. 2007.Preliminary investigation of macrofungal resources in Langya Mountain, Anhui Province, Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nat. Sci. Ed. ), 35 (12): 217-231. Li N S, Shen Y S, Wang J Q. 2002. The resources of wild edible and medicinal fungi from Anhui, Journal of Anhui University Natural Science Edition, 26(4): 100-106. Ke L X, Yang C. 2003..Ecological distribution of macrofungi in Qingliang Mountain Natural Reserve, Anhui Province, Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14 (10): 1739-1742.
He Yanxin, et al.: A checklist of macrofungi in Yaoluoping Nature Reserve Anhui 149 何炎炘 1, 吴旺宝 2, 李能树 2* 1 安徽大学江淮学院, 合肥 230039 2 安徽大学生命科学学院, 合肥 230039 摘要 : 为了解及合理开发大型真菌资源, 通过线路调查法对安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区大型真菌的野外系统调查研究, 结果表明 : 安徽鹞落坪国家级自然保护区大型真菌种类共有 101 种和变种, 按经济价值分为食用菌 药用菌和毒菌, 分别有 59 种 20 种和 8 种, 隶属 5 纲 13 目 43 科 67 属, 另有 14 种是食药不明的菌类, 有待于进一步开发 它们广泛分布于阔叶林 混交林 针叶林 竹林 荒地等植被类型中 该区大型真菌资源丰富, 在食用 药用和营林等方面具有很好的开发前景 关键词 : 大型真菌 ; 保护区 ; 名录 ; 安徽鹞落坪 Fig.1 Lactarius deliciosus Spore prin 1 Fig.2 Lentinus edode s 2 Fig.3 Schizophyllum commune 3 Fig.4 strobilomyces strobilaceus 4 Fig.5 Boletus edulis 5 Fig.6 Lactarius deliciosus 6
150 Journal of Resources and Ecology Vol. 7 No. 2, 2016 Fig.7 Thelephora ganbajun 7 Fig.8 Auriscalpium vulgare 8 Fig.9 Ganoderma lucidum 9 Fig.10 Auricularia auricula 10 Fig.11 Phallus multicolor 11 Fig.12 Anthurus javanicus 12 Fig.13 Astraeus hygrometricus Fig.14 Cordyceps nutans 13 14