The following supplement accompanies the article Climatic shifts in high quality wine production areas, Emilia Romagna, Italy, 1961 2015 Nemanja Teslić*, Mirjam Vujadinović, Mirjana Ruml, Gabriele Antolini, Ana Vuković, Giuseppina P. Parpinello, Arianna Ricci, Andrea Versari *Corresponding author: nemanja.teslic@studio.unibo.it Climate Research 73: 195 206 (2017) Table S1. Mathematical definition and classes of bioclimatic indices used in the study Bioclimatic index Definition Classes References Growing season mean temperature -...0. (T mean ) Tmean = 1/N Ta..1. T a Mean daily temperature ( C) Too Hot: > 22 Very Hot: 21 22 Hot: 19 21 Warm: 17 19 Intermediate: 15 17 Cold: 12 15 Too cold: < 12 (Jones 2006, Fraga et al. 2014) Growing Degree Day (GDD) GDD = GDD = -...0...1. ;<=> ;<?@ Tn + Tx 2 Tn + Tx 2 10 C 10 C T n Minimum daily temperature ( C) T x Maximum daily temperature ( C) Too hot: > 27000000 Region V: 2222 2700 Region IV: 1944 2222 Region III: 1667 1944 Region II: 1389 1667 Region I : 850 1389 Too cold: < 850 (Winkel et al. 1974) Huglin Index (HI) HI = -0.C...1. (Ta 10 C) + (Tx 10 C) d 2 T a Mean daily temperature ( C) T x - Maximum daily temperature ( C) d Length of the day correction coef. d=1.03; 42 01-44 00 d=1.04; 44 01-46 00 Too hot: > 3000 Very warm: 2700 3000 Warm: 2400 2700 Warm temperate: 2100 2400 Temperate: 1800 2100 Cold: 1500 1800 Very cold: 1200 1500 Too cold: < 1200 (Huglin 1978) Cool Night Index (CNI) CI = 1/N -0.C...C. Tn T n Minimum daily temperature N Number of days Warm nights: > 18 Temperate night: 14 18 Cool nights: 12 14 Very cool nights: < 12 (Tonietto 1999) 1
Bioclimatic index Dryness Index (DI) Definition Classes References DI = Wo + [Pm Et + Es ] Es = -0.C...1. Et = apet PET 1 a Nef prec N W 0 Initial soil moisture (200 mm) P m Monthly precipitation E T Water loss through transpiration E S Bare soil evaporation PET Potential evaporation Humid : > 150 Moderately dry: 50 150 Sub-humid: -100 50 Very dry: < -100 a Plant radiation absorption coef. (a= 0.1,0.3,0.5 in April, May, June- September, respectively) N efprec Monthly effective soil evaporation N Number of days in month (Tonietto & Carbonneau 2004) LITERATURE CITED Fraga H, Malheiro AC, Moutinho-Pereira J, Jones GV, Alves F, Pinto JG, Santos JA (2014) Very high resolution bioclimatic zoning of portuguese wine regions: present and future scenarios. Regional Environmental Change 14:295 306 Huglin MP (1978) Nouveau mode d'évaluation des possibilités héliothermiques d'un milieu viticole. Comptes Rendus de l'académie d'agriculture de France 64:1117 1126 Jones GV (2006) Climate and terroir: impacts of climate variability and change on wine. In: Macqueen RW, Meinert LD (ed) Fine wine and terroir. Geological Association of Canada, St John's, Newfoundland, p 247 Tonietto J (1999) Les macroclimats viticoles mondiaux et l influence du mésoclimat sur la typicité de la Syrah et du Muscat de Hambourg dans le sur de la France: méthodologie de caráctérisation. PhD disertation, Ecole Nationale Supéricure Agronomique, Montpellier Tonietto J, Carbonneau A (2004) A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 124:81 97 Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliewere WM, Lider LA (1974) General viticulture. University of California Press, Berkeley 2
Fig. S1. Average minimum temperature during growing season in the Emilia-Romagna for the periods 1961 1990 [a] and 1986 2015 [b]; Differences between the two periods in average growing season minimum temperature, where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line [c]. 3
Fig. S2. Average maximum temperature during growing season in the Emilia-Romagna for the periods 1961 1990 [a] and 1986 2015 [b]; Differences between the two periods in average growing season maximum temperature, where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line [c]. 4
Fig. S3. Differences between Growing Degree Day calculated by standard (1 st April 31 st October) and nonconventional method (growing season start growing season end) for the first period (1961 1990) [a] and the second period (1986-2015) [b], where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line. 5
Fig. S4. Average thermal accumulation during growing season in the Emilia-Romagna presented as Huglin Index (HI) for the periods 1961 1990 [a] and 1986 2015 [b]; Differences between the two periods in average HI, where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line [c]. 6
Fig. S5. Average length of growing season in the Emilia-Romagna for the periods 1961-1990 [a] and 1986-2015 [b]; Differences between the two periods in average growing season length [c], average growing season starting date [d] average growing season ending date [e], where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line. 7
Fig. S6. Average diurnal temperature range during the ripening months (DTR) in the Emilia-Romagna for the periods 1961 1990 [a], and 1986 2015 [b]; Differences between the two periods in average DTR, where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line [c]. Fig. S7. Differences between the two periods (1961 1990; 1986 2015) in average growing season average number of wet days, where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line. 8
Fig. S8. Differences between the two periods (1961 1990; 1986 2015) average first fall frost date [a] and the last spring frost date [b], where areas with statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences are shaded and bordered within black line. 9