NEPAL GINGER PROFILE. SAMARTH Nepal Market Development Programme

Transcription

1 NEPAL GINGER PROFILE 2016 SAMARTH Nepal Market Development Programme

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3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nepal Ginger Profile 2016, has been developed in joint collaboration between Samarth-NMDP and Nepal Ginger Producers and Traders Association (NGPTA). The information in the profile aims to fulfil knowledge gaps on quality parameters of commercially traded Nepalese ginger cultivars. The data on the quality parameters will help the traders, processors and policy makers in making informed trade and marketing decisions and in accessing higher value markets. Firstly, we would like to extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. Buddhi Prakash Sharma Adhikari, the principle researcher of the study. His long standing experience was demonstrative in the planning and meticulous execution of the activities engaging multiple stakeholders from the twenty major ginger producing districts of Nepal. We would also like to recognize National Ginger Research Programme s (NGRP) contribution in sample preparation and physical analysis of the cultivars. Finally, the initiative would not have been possible without sincere efforts and contribution from District Agriculture Development Offices (DADOs), farmers, traders, cooperatives and the technical expertise from various agencies, for which we are very grateful.

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5 MESSAGE FROM SECRETARY OF MoAD Ginger is an important spice crop extensively grown in the mid-hills of Nepal. Nepal is the third largest producer of ginger in the world, trailing behind China and India. Despite being one of the exportable commodities and a promising source of income for smallholder farmers, many constraints needs to be addressed for the Nepalese ginger to remain competitive in the international market. Some of these constraints include limited access to improved seeds, new technologies and market opportunities. Additionally due to limited research, it is difficult to pinpoint its physical characteristics and assess the commercial value. There is no official data on some of the essential components such as the oil and oleoresin contents that are valued by the traders and the industrial buyers. This report hopes to fulfil that gap. The report is intended to serve as a valuable resource for the ginger exporters and buyers that are engaged in the trade and marketing of ginger. I truly appreciate the initiative taken by Samarth-NMDP and the Nepal Ginger Producers and Traders Association (NGPTA) in putting together this report, which will not only help in addressing the constraints but also contribute immensely in bolstering the trade and marketing of Nepalese ginger. UK aid funded Samarth-NMDP has been working in the agriculture sector in close collaboration with both private sector and government bodies in a number of systemic interventions in response to constraints hindering the pro-poor growth in rural market systems. Similarly, NGPTA has been working with related stakeholders to create a conducive environment for growth of the ginger business through a variety of initiatives. Lastly, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and congratulate both the organizations for undertaking such a novel initiative. I am confident that the report will serve as a valuable resource to all the market players that are involved in ginger supply chain. Uttam K Bhattarai Secretary Ministry of Agriculture Development (MoAD)

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7 MESSAGE FROM SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT OF FNCCI Ginger production is one of the main sources of cash income for small farmers of the mid-hills of Nepal and the return is significantly higher than that of cereals and vegetable crops. Ginger is known for its health benefits, medicinal purposes and widely used spice for cooking purposes. Because of its medicinal and economical value, demand of ginger has been increasing globally each year, which encouraged farmers to go for commercial farming. Recently, there has also been an increment in ginger production areas. Subsequently, ginger production has increased significantly and Nepal has become the world s third largest producer of ginger after India and China. Despite its encouraging production, it has not been able to get competitive prices in the international market, mostly due to lack of value addition on fresh ginger before it is sold. Although farmers have keen interest on ginger cultivation, they are facing several constraints like shortage of improved variety, lack of storage facility, inadequate knowledge on disease management measures and prevalence of rhizome rot. In order to address all these problems, Nepal Ginger Producers and Traders Association (NGPTA) is actively involved in supporting ginger producers and traders in different forms. The preparation of this report in the collaboration with Samarth-NMDP is an initiative to provide useful information in a single document. I would like to congratulate both the organizations for preparing this valuable document. I hope, the information of the document will be useful for all the stakeholders that are involved in the ginger sector. Bhawani Rana Senior Vice President, Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) and Chairperson, Agro Enterprise Centre (AEC)

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9 MESSAGE FROM PRESIDENT OF NGPTA Ginger is one of the major cash crops of Nepal. Traditionally, ginger farming used to be done for household uses, but now it has emerged as a viable commercial product. The farmers, especially in the hills of Nepal, consider ginger as a major source of income. Even though ginger is a high value cash crop with market potential, the farmers involved in ginger farming face many challenges. Furthermore, the challenges of the sector are not only limited in the production level, but extends to different layers of the value chain. Some of the major constraints are limited availability of improved variety seeds, lack of seed storage facilities, inadequate knowledge on disease management measures, limited access to new technologies and market opportunities. These constraints hinder the development of the sector and need to be addressed in order to make sure we are in a position to meet the minimum global standards and secure exports to international markets. Only then, all market players in the value chain of ginger of Nepal, especially the farmers, can expect to receive competitive price for their produce. In order to address these problems, Nepal Ginger Producers and Traders Association (NGPTA) is always actively involved in supporting ginger producers and traders in different forms. I truly appreciate and would like to thank Samarth-NMDP for taking the initiative to prepare the Nepal Ginger Profile I hope, the information of the document will be beneficial to all the stakeholders of the sector, including producers, traders, policy makers, and other organizations directly or indirectly involved in the development of the ginger sector in Nepal. Narendra K Khadka President Nepal Ginger Producers and Traders Association (NGPTA)

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11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEC DADO DoA DoAE DFTQC EIF FAO FNCCI GPS ha KII masl MoAD MoCS MT NARC NGPTA NGRP QEL STDF VDC v/w w/w Agro Enterprise Centre District Agriculture Development Office Department of Agriculture Directorate of Agricultural Engineering Department of Food Technology and Quality Control Enhanced Integrated Framework Food and Agriculture Organization Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Global Positioning System hectare Key Informant Interview meters above sea level Ministry of Agriculture Development Ministry of Commerce and Supplies Metric Ton National Agriculture Research Council Nepal Ginger Producers and Traders Association National Ginger Research Programme Quality Evaluation Laboratory Standards and Trade Development Facility Village Development Committee volume/weight weight/weight

12 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Limitations of the Study 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Sampling 2.2 Analysis of Physical Properties of Ginger Cultivar Samples 2.3 Drying Recovery of Ginger Cultivar Samples 2.4 Moisture Content in Dried Ginger Cultivar Samples 2.5 Analysis of Biochemical Properties of Ginger Cultivar Samples PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GINGER RESEARCH FINDINGS Physical Properties of Ginger Cultivar Samples Biochemical Properties of Ginger Cultivar Samples OVERVIEW OF GINGER CULTIVAR SAMPLE COLLECTION DISTRICTS JHAPA ILAM Cultivar ZI 1601 Cultivar ZI 1602 Cultivar ZI 1603 Cultivar ZI 1604 PANCHTHAR Cultivar ZI 1605 Cultivar ZI 1606 Cultivar ZI 1607 DHANKUTA Cultivar ZI 1608 TERHATHUM Cultivar ZI 1609 MORANG Cultivar ZI

13 DHADING Cultivar ZI 1611 Cultivar ZI 1612 NUWAKOT Cultivar ZI 1613 MAKWANPUR Cultivar ZI 1614 Cultivar ZI 1615 NAWALPARASI Cultivar ZI 1616 Cultivar ZI 1617 PALPA Cultivar ZI 1618 SYANGJA Cultivar ZI 1619 DANG Cultivar ZI 1620 SURKHET Cultivar ZI 1621 KAILALI Cultivar ZI 1622 DOTI Cultivar ZI 1623 Cultivar ZI 1625 DADELDHURA Cultivar ZI 1624 SALYAN Cultivar ZI 1626 Cultivar ZI 1627 Cultivar ZI 1628 DAILEKH Cultivar ZI 1629 SINDHULI Cultivar ZI

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15 NEPAL GINGER PROFILE 1. INTRODUCTION Nepal is the third largest ginger producer in the world with an annual production of approximately 250,000 MT 1. Despite being rich in climatic conditions that is suitable for the production of quality ginger, the current production is far below its potential. Difficulties in accessing post-harvest technologies and lack of information about the quality of Nepalese indigenous ginger cultivars are some of the major constraints that needs to be addressed to bolster trade and marketing of ginger. 1.1 Objectives The objective of the research was to collect samples of commercially cultivated indigenous ginger cultivars from the major ginger producing districts and analyse their physical and biochemical properties to develop Nepal Ginger Profile The analysis of ginger cultivars was conducted on the following properties: a) physical 2 and b) biochemical Limitations of the study Ginger production area in Nepal is scattered. Therefore, it was difficult to cover all the ginger cultivating districts owing to time-constraints and other resources. Hence, 30 ginger samples were collected from 20 major ginger producing districts. The study might not encompass all types of ginger cultivars grown in the selected districts, but only those with commercial importance from production and trade perspectives. The quality of ginger cultivar samples may vary depending on various factors such as soil, micro-climate and harvest-time. Since ginger is not harvested at the same time in all places, the uniformity of age of the ginger cultivar samples could not be established, and hence could have a significant impact on the physical and biochemical properties of the cultivars. Only the properties pertinent to the trade and marketing aspects of ginger were analysed. Specifically, ginger attributes such as drying recovery, essential oil, oleoresin and fibre content were considered in the study. Other properties related to nutrition value, such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals in ginger were not taken into account for this study. 1 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2 Physical properties include rhizome girth, rhizome expansion, internode length, skin appearance, flesh colour and drying recovery 3 Biochemical properties include crude fibre content, essential oil content and oleoresin content Nepal Ginger Profile

16 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Sampling 20 ginger producing districts were selected based on their ginger production and acreage under cultivation. The districts were selected based on the information generated from Key Informant Interviews (KII) with District Agriculture Development Office (DADO), traders, farmers, cooperatives and ginger associations. 3kgs fresh samples of each cultivar was collected, numbered, washed, dried at room temperature, and packaged. The cultivars were labelled from ZI 1601 to ZI The exact location (latitude, longitude and altitude) from where the ginger cultivars were collected was recorded using Global Positioning System (GPS). All cultivar samples collected were brought and stored at National Ginger Research Programme - Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NGRP-NARC), Kapurkot, Salyan, before the analysis. Of the 3kgs samples of each cultivar collected, about half was handed over to NGRP- NARC for germplasm maintenance and further evaluation. The research centre also assisted in sample collection process. 2.2 Analysis of Physical Properties of Ginger Cultivar Samples The physical analysis of the collected ginger cultivar samples was conducted at NGRP Kapurkot, Salyan. As per Mohanty and Panda (1994), the physical characterization is analysed using five properties: rhizome girth, rhizome expansion, internodes length, flesh colour and skin brightness. Rhizome Girth is the diameter of rhizome that signifies rhizome thickness. The diameter of ten largest rhizomes of each cultivar samples was measured with a Vernier Caliper. The average of the ten readings was recorded as the rhizome girth of each cultivar and categorised as (i) extra bold (>3.5 cm), (ii) bold ( cm), (iii) medium ( cm), and (iv) small (< 2.5 cm). 4 The labelling was performed based on the same system as adopted by National Ginger Research Program (NGRP). The cultivars were labelled from ZI1601 to ZI 1630 were ZI refers to ginger (Zingiber officinale), 16 refers to 2016 and refers to sample numbers. 2 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

17 Rhizome Expansion Rhizome Expansion is the total lateral length of the clump on both side of the primary rhizome. Five rhizome of each cultivar sample was selected and measured. An average of the five observations was recorded as the rhizome expansion of that cultivar. Rhizome expansion was categorised as (i) wide (>30 cm), (ii) medium (25-30 cm), and (iii) short (<25 cm). Internode length is the length between two nodes of the ginger rhizome. To study the variation in rhizome internodes, the internode lengths were measured on the secondary rhizome. Ten ginger rhizomes of each cultivar sample were randomly selected and their internodes measured. The average of the ten readings was recorded as the internode length of the cultivar. The process was repeated for all 30 cultivar samples. Based on the internode length, the cultivars were categorised as (i) long (>10 mm), (ii) medium (6-10 mm), and (iii) short (<6 mm). Internode Length Flesh colour of each cultivars were observed on the transversely cut cross-sections of five mature fingers of the secondary rhizomes. The process was repeated for all 30 cultivars. Photographs of the cross-sectional areas of the ginger cultivars were recorded. Nepal Ginger Profile

18 Skin Appearance was recorded based on visual observation. The rhizomes of cultivar samples were first washed thoroughly, dried in the shade, and then closely observed and photographed. The skin appearance of the cultivars were categorised as (i) buff skin (shady appearance and scales attached), (ii) brown skin (lightly shady with minimum scales attached) and (iii) bright and glazy skin (lemony white with a shine, no scales attached). 2.3 Drying Recovery of Ginger Cultivar Samples The drying recovery of the cultivar samples was studied at NGRP Kapurkot, Salyan. Drying recovery is the ratio of the weight of dried ginger obtained to the weight of the fresh ginger sample used in the process of dry ginger recovery. Rhizomes of each cultivar sample were washed, dried in shade, weighed and cut into 5 mm thick slices using a stainless steel knife. The 5 mm thick ginger slices were dried in a solar dryer at C. The weight of the sliced sample was measured each day and the drying process was continued till the weight of the sample was observed to remain constant for two consecutive days. The process was repeated for all 30 ginger cultivar samples. The dried ginger sample was finally weighed and its ratio to the corresponding original fresh ginger sample was calculated to determine drying recovery of the cultivar sample. Based on the drying recovery, the cultivar samples were categorised as (i) high (>20%), (ii) medium (15-20%), and (iii) low (<15%). 2.4 Moisture Content in Dried Ginger Cultivar Samples A sample of the dried ginger slices, prepared at NGRP-NARC, was tested at Department of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC) to determine the moisture content. The lab test reported the moisture content to be 9.87%. 2.5 Analysis of Biochemical Properties of Ginger Cultivar Samples Under biochemical properties of the ginger cultivars, essential oil, oleoresin and crude fibre contents were analysed. These properties of ginger are considered important from processing and trade perspective. Based on desk research, Quality Evaluation Laboratory (QEL) in Kerala - a lab accredited by the Spices Board India 5 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industries, Government of India, was selected to conduct the quality analysis of the ginger samples. Dried sample, weighing g with moisture content of 9.87%, of each cultivar sample was packaged in an air-tight plastic bag and shipped to QEL, Kerala for necessary lab analysis to determine the essential oil, oleoresin and crude fibre contents in the ginger cultivars. All results of the lab analysis at QEL have been reported at the moisture level of 9.87%. 5 National Accredited Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), India has given Spice Board India the authority to accredit labs to conduct quality analysis of spices. QEL Spices Board has accreditations under International Standards Organization (ISO) (NABL) and is certified under ISO 9001:2008 and 14001:2004. The lab also has approval under Food Safety and Standards Authority of India as a referral lab for the analysis of spices/spice products. 4 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

19 PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GINGER Rhizome Girth Rhizome Expansion Essential Oil Internode Length Oleoresin Skin Appearance Crude Fibre Flesh Colour Drying Recovery Physical Properties Biochemical Properties Nepal Ginger Profile

20 RESEARCH FINDINGS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GINGER CULTIVAR SAMPLES Rhizome Girth The rhizome girth of the 30 commercial ginger cultivars ranged from 2.18 to 3.77 cm. Two cultivars, ZI 1609 and ZI 1630, had extra bold (>3.5 cm) rhizome girth, and were found in Oyakjung, Terhathum and Bhadrakali, Sindhuli respectively. Their production volume, based on national data and KII, is 11,051 MT. Cultivar ZI 1605, popularly known as nangre from Pauwa Sartap, Panchthar, had the smallest rhizome girth. Extra bold 2 Bold Small Rhizome Expansion The rhizome expansion of the 30 commercial cultivars ranged from 14.8 cm to 32.8 cm. ZI 1608 from Pakhribas, Dhankuta and ZI 1630 from Bhadrakali, Sindhuli had wide rhizomes measuring 30.8 cm and 32.8 cm respectively. Their combined production volume is estimated at 12,801 MT. Cultivar ZI 1605, from Pauwa Sartap, Panchthar, had the shortest rhizome expansion at 14.8 cm. The production volume of this cultivar is estimated to be about 297 MT. Wide Short Internode Length The internode length of the 30 cultivars ranged from 5.8 mm to 12.6 mm. Four cultivars ZI 1607, ZI 1609, ZI 1613 and ZI 1623 had long internodes measuring more than 10 mm. These cultivars were from Phidim, Panchthar (12.6 mm), Oyakjung, Terhathum (11.0 mm), Haldekalika, Nuwakot (10.8 mm) and Mannakapadi, Doti (12.2 mm) respectively. Whereas, cultivar ZI 1610, from Letang, Morang, had the smallest internode length of 5.8 mm. Long Short 1 6 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

21 Skin Appearance Bright and glazy rhizomes that have lemony aroma are generally priced higher. Bright and glazy rhizomes is preferred for fresh ginger trading. Dark ginger (buff skin) rhizomes is preferred for its pungency for processing. ZI 1604, ZI 1605, ZI 1607, ZI 1608, ZI 1609, ZI 1612, ZI 1613, ZI 1614, ZI 1615, ZI 1618 and ZI 1630 had bright and glazy skin, and their combined production volume is estimated to be 60,870 MT. Bright and glazy 11 Brown skin 12 Buff Skin 7 Flesh Color Flesh colour is one of the requirements in fresh ginger trading and used for differentiating ginger cultivars. Ginger with pale yellow coloured flesh is the most favoured in the market, compared to brown or bluish flesh colour. All 30 commercial ginger cultivars had varying flesh colours: 11 cultivars had pale yellow colour; 1 cultivars had yellow colour; 6 cultivars had brown with bluish outline; 1 cultivar had bluish colour; and 11 cultivar had bluish with brownish outline. Cultivars ZI 1604, ZI 1605, ZI 1607, ZI 1608, ZI 1609, ZI 1610, ZI 1613, ZI 1614, ZI 1615, ZI 1624 and ZI 1626 had pale yellow flesh colour, with a combined production volume estimated at 66,731 MT. Six of these cultivars were from eastern Nepal. Pale Yellow Yellow Bluish Brown with bluish outline Bluish with brownish outline Drying recovery Drying recovery is an essential step in processing ginger. For the 30 commercial ginger cultivars, drying recovery ranged from 10.3% to 26.4%. The variation in drying recovery might be attributed to the genotype, growing soil conditions, moisture and fibre content of the cultivar. The cultivars with drying recovery of more than 20% was considered as high drying recovery and suitable for processing dry ginger. ZI 1601 from Prithivinagar, Jhapa, ZI 1611 from Jiwanpur, Dhading and ZI 1619 from Chilaunebas, Syangja had highest drying recovery with 23.4%, 24.8% and 26.4% respectively. ZI 1609 had the lowest drying recovery, but it had the highest rhizome girth, thus making it suitable for raw consumption and processing into ginger candy. High Low 6 Nepal Ginger Profile

22 BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GINGER CULTIVAR SAMPLES Essential Oil Essential oil in ginger determines aroma and flavour. It is an important quality parameter of ginger in the international trade and highly preferred for processing industry. Essential oil content in the 30 ginger cultivars ranged from 0.9 to 2.2% v/w. 19 ginger cultivars had more than 1.5% oil content, and thus met the acceptable international standard. Among those, ZI 1607 from Phidim, Panchthar, ZI 1610 from Letang, Morang, ZI 1617 from Mainaghat, Nawalparasi and ZI 1621 from Harre, Surkhet had oil content equal to or more than 2% v/w. The approximate production volume of those four cultivars is 31,504 MT. Cultivar ZI 1605, from Pauwa Sartap, Panchthar, had the lowest oil content of 0.9% v/w. high (>2%) medium (1.5%-2%) low(<1.5%) Oleoresin Oleoresin determines the pungent flavour of ginger and contains antioxidant property. Oleoresin is a product of spice extraction and is primarily used in the food processing industry. The oleoresin content of 30 ginger cultivars ranged from 2.57 to 6.21% w/w. ZI 1621 and ZI 1624, from Harre, Surkhet and Ashigram, Dadeldhura respectively, were two cultivars that met international standards of oleoresin content higher than 6% w/w. Their combined estimated production volume is 19,605 MT. ZI 1605 had the lowest oleoresin content of 2.57% w/w, which is from Pauwa Sartap, Panchthar. high (>6%) medium (4%-6%) low (<4%) Crude Fibre Crude fibre content is quoted as an important factor in defining the quality of ginger, and varies mostly between 3-7%. All 30 ginger cultivars were of fibrous nature; it ranged from 4.44 to 8.5% w/w. The less fibrous variety is preferred to develop confectionery such as candy, squash, crystalized ginger etc., provided they are harvested early. Eight cultivars had crude fibre content below 5% w/w and their total production volume, scattered in different locations, is approximately 35,549 MT. low (<5%) medium (5%-7%) high (>7%) Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

23 BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL GINGER CULTIVARS AS PER GLOBAL SPICE MARKETS STANDARD Code No. ZI 1601 ZI 1602 ZI 1603 ZI 1604 ZI 1605 ZI 1606 ZI 1607 ZI 1608 ZI 1609 ZI 1610 ZI 1611 ZI 1612 ZI 1613 ZI 1614 ZI 1615 ZI 1616 ZI 1617 ZI 1618 ZI 1619 ZI 1620 ZI 1621 ZI 1622 ZI 1623 ZI 1624 ZI 1625 ZI 1626 ZI 1627 ZI 1628 ZI 1629 ZI 1630 Essential Oil (>1.5%) Oleoresin (>6%) Crude Fibre (<3.5%)* Production Volume (MT) 2,565 1,984 33,950 12,120 Trading Volume (MT) 1,539 1,190 20,370 7,272 * Crude Fibre content of all 30 cultivars did not meet the acceptable standard of <3.5% in the global spice market ,376 6,020 4,930 3,180 10,485 1,540 1,540 2,700 3,344 4,013 6,629 6,629 14,855 6,656 5,180 8,370 3,000 4, ,235 19,352 NA NA 2,348 7, ,426 3,612 2,958 1,908 6, ,620 2,006 2,408 3,977 3,977 8,913 3,994 3,108 5,022 1,800 2, ,741 11,611 NA NA 1,409 4,722 Location Prithivinagar, Jhapa Bahundangi, Jhapa Barbote, Ilam Deumai, Ilam Pauwa Sartap, Panchthar Phidim, Panchthar Phidim, Panchthar Pakhribas, Dhankuta Oyakjung, Terhathum Letang, Morang Jiwanpur, Dhading Kebalpur, Dhading Haldekalika, Nuwakot, Namtar, Makwanpur Hetauda, Makwanpur Jaubari, Nawalparasi Mainaghat, Nawalparasi Barangdi, Palpa Chilaunebas, Syangja Kabhre, Dang Harre, Surkhet Sahajpur, Kailali Mannakapadi, Doti Ashigram, Dadeldhura Barchhen, Doti Malneta, Salyan NGRP, Dhanbang, Salyan NGRP, Dhanbang,Salyan Narayan NP, Dailekh Bhadrakali, Sindhuli 9

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25 OVERVIEW OF GINGER CULTIVAR SAMPLE COLLECTION DISTRICTS The following section will provide a detail description of all 30 ginger cultivars, along with a glimpse of ginger production and trading status in the 20 districts. HUMLA DARCHULA BAITADI BAJHANG BAJURA MUGU DADELDHURA DOTI ACHHAM KALIKOT JUMLA DOLPA KANCHANPUR DAILEKH KAILALI SURKHET BARDIYA BANKE JAJARKOT Cultivar Sample Location RUKUM MANANG MYAGDI SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG PYUTHAN GULMI DANG SYANGJA ARGHAKHANCHI TANAHUN PALPA KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI PARBAT MUSTANG NAWALPARASI CHITWAN GORKHA RASUWA DHADING MAKAWANPUR PARSA BARA NUWAKOT RAUTAHAT KTM. LALIT. BKT. SINDHUPALCHOK KAVRE SARLAHI DOLAKHA SOLUKHUMBU OKHALDHUNGA SINDHULI KHOTANG BHOJPUR MAHOTTARI DHANUSA RAMECHHAP SIRAHA SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG TERHATHUM PANCHTHAR DHANKUTA UDAYAPUR ILAM SUNSARI SAPTARI JHAPA MORANG Nepal Ginger Profile

26 JHAPA In Jhapa, ginger is grown extensively in 9 out of 38 VDCs. Kechana, Dhulabari, Taganduba and Kakarbhitta serve as collection centres in the district, all of which are operated by individual ginger traders. Farmers either bring their produce to the collection centre or traders themselves collect the ginger from the fields. After buying ginger from the farmers, traders sell the ginger to Indian traders in Naxalbari washing stations through Kakarbhitta/Panitanki custom office. Ginger traders from as far as Sindhuli and Makwanpur also use this custom point to sell their local produce to Indian traders. Although there are numerous farmers groups created specifically for ginger cultivation, there are no cooperatives reportedly working exclusively in ginger cultivation. Fiscal year 2014/ / / / /11 Area [ha] Production [MT] 4,583 4,488 3,345 4,562 3,965 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Productivity [MT/ha] A ginger washing plant in Duwagadi (2 km south of Dhulabari), the first of its kind in Nepal, jointly established by MoCS, MoAD, FAO and AEC, with financial support from STDF and EIF, has been recently handed over to NGPTA for operation. This plant is expected to become fully operational in the near future and have the washing capacity of 6 MT/hr. Two cultivar samples ZI 1601 and ZI 1602 were collected from Prithivinagar and Bahundangi respectively. 12 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

27 CULTIVAR ZI 1601 Cultivar ZI 1601 represents ginger grown in rain fed upland and clay loam type of soils found in Prithivinagar, Taganduba, Dangibari and Gherabari VDCs. JHAPA Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 1,539 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth Rhizome expansion Length of internodes Flesh colour Skin appearance Drying recovery (mm) Small Short Brown with bluish outline Buff High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Low Sample collected from - Prithivinagar (26 28' 4.53" N 88 4' 17.17"E), 150 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

28 CULTIVAR ZI 1602 JHAPA Cultivar ZI 1602 represents ginger grown in fertile, sandy loam type of soils grown in Mechi municipality, as well as Budhabare, Khudnabari, Bahundangi and Shantinagar VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 1,190 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.37 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 6.90 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Buff Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Sample collected from - Bahundangi (26 47' 2.98" N 88 9' 17.05" E), 450 masl 14 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

29 ILAM Fiscal year Area [ha] Production [MT] Productivity [MT/ha] Ilam is the largest district in terms of ginger production, where ginger is commercially grown in 15 out of the 48 VDCs. 2014/ / / / /11 3,233 3,880 3,170 3,170 3,165 45,994 55,096 45,000 56,000 44,310 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Fikkal and Biblyate are the two main collection centres in the district, though ginger is collected from other road head points like Kolbung and Mangalbare. Traders at Biblyate directly send ginger to Naxalbari via Kakarbhitta for washing. After washing and grading, ginger is sold to Indian traders at Naxalbari. DADO has reported many farmers groups involved in ginger production. Among them, Janahit Krishak Sahakari Sanstha in Suryodaya Municipality has started value addition of ginger and currently produces processed products like ginger powder. The cooperative plans to produce other processed products such as ginger candy, ginger squash, and ginger pickle in the near future. Necessary equipment has been installed with the support of DoA and other development agencies. Two cultivar samples ZI 1603 and ZI 1604 were collected from Barbote and Deumai respectively. Nepal Ginger Profile

30 CULTIVAR ZI 1603 ILAM Cultivar ZI 1603 represents ginger grown in loam type of soil within and periphery of Ilam municipality. This cultivar is grown largely in Barbote, Puwamajhuwa, Maipokhari and Sumbek VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 20,370 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.58 Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 8.50 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High Sample collected from - Barbote (26 56' 31.36" N 87 55' 25.34" E), 1300 masl 16 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

31 CULTIVAR ZI 1604 Cultivar ZI 1604 represents ginger grown in the adjoining VDCs and within Deumai Municipality. The major VDCs that produce this type of cultivar are Dhuseni, Jitpur, Shantidanda, Phakphok, Deumai and Sakhejung. ILAM Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 7,272 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.36 Bold Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 7.40 Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Low Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High Sample collected from - Deumai (26 57' 21.26" N 87 49' 53.87" E), 1275 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

32 PANCHTHAR Panchthar is the second largest ginger producing district in the eastern hills. The area under ginger production has increased by more than 200% within the last five years. Of the 40 VDCs in the district, ginger is commercially grown in 9 VDCs. Fiscal year 2014/15 Area [ha] 661 Production [MT] 8,839 Productivity [MT/ha] Phidim serves as the main collection centre. Ranke is also a major collection point along the Ilam-Phidim road. Traders in Phidim directly transport the ginger to washing stations in Naxalbari and sell the product to Indian traders. Despite the significant rise in the production of ginger in the past few years, farmers groups and cooperatives have not yet been exclusively formed in Panchthar. 2013/ / / / ,175 3,524 2,240 1, There are three major types of cultivar grown in Panchthar, locally known as Nangre, Majheula and Bose type. Local consumers prefer Nangre (small size) type because of its pleasant flavour, while traders prefer Majheula (medium size) type which fetches better price compared to nangre and bose (bold type). Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Three cultivar samples were collected from Panchthar district. ZI 1605 was collected from Pauwa Sartap. ZI 1606 and ZI 1607 were collected from Phidim. 18 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

33 CULTIVAR ZI 1605 Cultivar ZI 1605 represents small size (Nangre) ginger grown mostly in Chilingdin, Phaktep and Pauwa Sartap VDCs. PANCHTHAR Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 178 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.18 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 8.80 Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - Pauwa Sartap (27 2' 12.91" N 87 48' 38.14" E), 1900 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

34 CULTIVAR ZI 1606 PANCHTHAR Cultivar ZI 1606 represents ginger grown at the adjoining VDCs of Phidim municipality. The major VDCs and region that produce this type of cultivar are Nangin, Chokmagu, Bharpa, Panchami and Phidim-3. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 1,426 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.77 Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 9.10 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - Phidim (27 8' 54.31" N 87 45' 44.87" E), 1200 masl 20 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

35 CULTIVAR ZI 1607 Cultivar ZI 1607 represents ginger grown in the adjoining VDCs of Phidim Municipality. The production of this cultivar is found throughout the district, but is more concentrated in the VDCs situated close to the Terhathum border. PANCHTHAR Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 3,612 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.15 Bold Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) Long Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Low Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High High Sample collected from - Phidim (27 8' 46.23" N 87 46' 25.37" E), 1200 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

36 DHANKUTA Ginger production in Dhankuta is limited to about 250 ha, but the productivity (MT/ha) in the region is reported to be much superior compared to other ginger producing districts. Ginger is commercially produced in about 5 VDCs of Dhankuta. Fiscal year 2014/15 Area [ha] 249 Production [MT] 4,933 Productivity [MT/ha] Hile and Pakhribas bazaar are the major collection centres in the district, from where the traders supply ginger to traders in Dharan. In most cases, the collected ginger is not graded, washed and/or processed. Nonetheless, some collectors/small traders produce dry ginger (sutho) by blanching (boiling) poor quality rhizomes and subsequently drying them for days. The dried ginger is then supplied to traders in Dharan, who sell the product to domestic spice industries. One cultivar sample ZI 1608 was collected from Pakhribas. 2013/ / / / ,761 2,900 6,400 2,430 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

37 CULTIVAR ZI 1608 Cultivar ZI 1608 represents ginger grown in Dhankuta, particularly in Pakhribas Municipality, Phalante, Khoku, Chhintang and Muga VDCs. DHANKUTA Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 2,958 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.72 Rhizome expansion Wide Length of internodes (mm) 8.00 Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Low Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High Sample collected from - Pakhribas (27 3' 14.78" N 87 16' 6.70" E), 1580 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

38 TERHATHUM Of the 32 VDCs and one municipality, large-scale cultivation is done in 7 VDCs. Fiscal year Area [ha] Production [MT] Productivity [MT/ha] After the ginger is collected at the major collection centres, namely Jirikhimti and Myanglung, traders directly transport the ginger to Naxalbari via Kakarbhitta custom point. Majority of ginger farmers sell to local collectors without washing/grading/processing. However, with the support of Deurali Society, a local NGO, some farmers groups and cooperatives have been trained to process ginger into ginger candy and other ginger products. 2014/ / / / ,277 3,116 1,527 1, One cultivar sample ZI 1609 was collected from Oyakjung. 2010/ , Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD 24 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

39 CULTIVAR ZI 1609 Cultivar ZI 1609 represents ginger grown in Terhathum. The major ginger growing municipalities/vdcs are Myanglung, Tamphula, Jaljale, Simle, Oyakjung, Ishibu and Morahang. TERHATHUM Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 1,908 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.77 Extra bold Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) Long Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Low Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High Sample collected from - Oyakjung (27 9' 36.92" N 87 32' 2.76" E), 1500 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

40 MORANG In Morang, ginger is grown at the foothills of the Chure range. Adjoining VDCs to Dhankuta and Ilam district are the major ginger growing areas, though ginger is also grown extensively in the plains of Letang and Madhumalla. Of the 65 VDCs in Morang, ginger is cultivated in 10 VDCs. Fiscal year 2014/15 Area [ha] 1,165 Production [MT] 10,485 Productivity [MT/ha] 9.00 Letang and Madhumalla are the two major ginger collection centres in the district. Traders collect and grade the ginger in two categories (large and small) and pack them in 60 kg bags. Traders of Letang and Madhumalla then supply ginger to Indian traders at Naxalbari s washing stations. Kakarbhitta custom point is generally used after mother rhizomes harvest because of washing facilities available at Naxalbari. However, in case of normal harvest, Biratnagar custom point is also used. One cultivar sample ZI 1610 was collected from ginger trader at Letang; the sample was grown in Bhogateni. 2013/ / / /11 1,155 1,210 1, ,395 12,198 13,125 8,580 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

41 CULTIVAR ZI 1610 Cultivar ZI 1610 represents ginger grown in the foothills of Morang. The major municipalities/vdcs that produce this particular cultivar are Letang Bhogateni, Warangi, Singhadevi, Patigaun, Yangshila, Jante, Tandi, Ramitekhola and Madhumalla. MORANG Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 6,291 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.78 Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 5.80 Short Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Buff Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High Sample collected from - Letang (26 46' 27.99" N 87 29' 48.51" E), 850 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

42 DHADING Despite a relatively low ginger acreage in Dhading, it is a major supplier of ginger to Kathmandu. Ginger is grown extensively in 8 VDCs. Fiscal year Area [ha] Production [MT] Productivity [MT/ha] Dharke is the main collection point in the district. Some traders of Dharke also collect ginger from Banepa and Gorkha, and send it to Narayanghat, Hetauda and Bhairahawa depending on market demand and price. 2014/ / ,082 3, There are no farmers groups and cooperatives working exclusively on ginger. 2012/ / ,690 2, Two cultivar samples ZI 1611 and ZI 1612 were collected from Jiwanpur and Kebalpur respectively. 2010/ ,300 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

43 CULTIVAR ZI 1611 Cultivar ZI 1611 represents ginger grown in Goganpani, Jiwanpur, Chhatre Deurali, Kebalpur, Thakre and Naubise VDCs in Dhading. DHADING Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 924 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.23 Small Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 6.20 Flesh colour Brown with bluish outline Skin appearance Buff Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Low Sample collected from - Jiwanpur (27 44' 48.13" N 85 7' 39.31" E), 1200 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

44 CULTIVAR ZI 1612 DHADING Cultivar ZI 1612 represents ginger largely grown in Dhading district, though the VDCs that predominantly cultivate this specific cultivar have not been distinctively identified. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 924 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.44 Small Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 7.40 Flesh colour Brown with bluish outline Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - Kebalpur (27 44' 44.84" N 85 9' 18.90" E), 1260 masl 30 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

45 NUWAKOT Fiscal year 2014/ / /13 Area [ha] Production [MT] 2,705 2,630 2,565 Productivity [MT/ha] Ginger production in Nuwakot has more than doubled in the last five years despite being relatively new to ginger cultivation. Of the total 63 VDCs in the district, ginger is grown extensively in 10 VDCs. Bidur Municipality is the main collection point in the district. Ginger that is collected is either sold in vegetable markets in Kathmandu including Kalimati, or transported to Narayanghat and Hetauda. 2011/ , One cultivar sample ZI 1613 was collected from Haldekalika. 2010/ , Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Nepal Ginger Profile

46 CULTIVAR ZI 1613 NUWAKOT Cultivar ZI 1613 represents ginger grown in Thaprek, Haldekalika, Madanpur, Sunkhani, Thanapati, Kabilas, Jiling and Bhadratar VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 1,620 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.15 Bold Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) Long Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - Haldekalika (27 55' 39.81" N 85 14' 5.90" E), 1150 masl 32 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

47 MAKWANPUR Fiscal year 2014/ / / / /11 Area [ha] Production [MT] 7,317 7,470 5,212 4,437 3,750 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Productivity [MT/ha] Ginger cultivation area and production in Makwanpur has almost doubled in the past five years despite being relatively new to ginger cultivation. Ginger is commercially grown in 14 VDCs among the 45 VDCs of district. Hetauda is the major trading centre in the district. Harnamadi, Hatiya and Namtar serve as secondary collection centres. Traders usually grade ginger (rhizomes with fingers and small rhizome bits) and separate extra soil by shaking the ginger in bamboo baskets. Traders in Hetauda sell the ginger to Indian traders in Naxalbari. Indian traders prefer ginger from Makwanpur, and commonly refer to it as Hetaude ginger. A few farmers groups have been formed in major ginger producing VDCs. A farmers group in Namtar are involved in ginger seed multiplication. Two cultivar samples ZI 1614 and ZI 1615 were collected from Namtar and Hetauda respectively. Nepal Ginger Profile

48 CULTIVAR ZI 1614 MAKWANPUR Cultivar ZI 1614 represents ginger grown in north hilly areas of Makwanpur district. The major VDCs that cultivate this particular cultivar are Namtar, Thingan, Shikharpur, Nibuwatar, Aambhanjyang and Gogane. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 2,006 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.74 Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 8.50 Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Low Sample collected from - Namtar (27 33' 56.14" N 85 0' 38.91" E), 1300 masl 34 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

49 CULTIVAR ZI 1615 Cultivar ZI 1615 represents ginger grown in Hatiya, Harnamadi, Padampokhari and Churiyamai regions. MAKWANPUR Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 2,408 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.30 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 7.10 Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery Low Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Sample collected from - Hetauda (27 17' 27.26" N 85 34' 5.84" E), 600 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

50 NAWALPARASI Nawalparasi is a major ginger producing district in the country. Of the 76 VDCs, ginger is extensively grown in 10 VDCs. Fiscal year Area [ha] Production [MT] Productivity [MT/ha] Road accessibility has been extended from Daldale (highway point) to Dedgaun, connecting Dhobadi, Naram and Ruchang. Thus, road heads of all VDCs serve as collection centres, from where the ginger is sold to traders in Daldale. Few years back, Arunkhola (highway point) was the main collection hub for all ginger growing VDCs in the district. But at present, owing to increased road access, Daldale serves as the main collection centre. 20 years ago, the entire VDCs located in the hills of Nawalparasi had no transportation facilities. Thus, ginger farmers had no alternative but to process fresh ginger into dried ginger (gola sutho). Today, farmers only process ginger into gola sutho if ginger price fall below farmers expectation. Nonetheless, Nawalparasi is still one of the trading centres of gola sutho. Two cultivar samples ZI 1616 and ZI 1617 were collected from Jaubari and Mainaghat respectively. 2014/ / / / /11 1,310 1,307 1,260 1,700 1,290 13,262 13,200 13,210 17,000 12,255 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

51 CULTIVAR ZI 1616 Cultivar ZI 1616 represents ginger grown largely in Naram, Ruchang, Jaubari, Dedgaun, Rakuwa, Dhobadi, Arkhale, Mainaghat, Hupsekot and Deurali VDCs. NAWALPARASI Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 3,977 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.32 Small Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 7.10 Flesh colour Bluish Skin appearance Buff Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Sample collected from - Jaubari (27 44' 9.38" N 84 9' 28.90" E), 1325 masl Note: Cultivar is suitable for processing into dry ginger. Nepal Ginger Profile

52 CULTIVAR ZI 1617 NAWALPARASI Cultivar ZI 1617 represents ginger grown in the same VDCs as cultivar ZI 1616, namely Naram, Ruchang, Jaubari, Dedgaun, Rakuwa, Dhobadi, Arkhale, Mainaghat, Hupsekot and Deurali VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 3,977 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.39 Small Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 7.60 Flesh colour Brown with bluish outline Skin appearance Buff Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High Sample collected from - Mainaghat (27 41' 0.04" N 83 57' 5.45" E), 1200 masl Note: Cultivar is suitable for processing into dry ginger. 38 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

53 PALPA Fiscal year Area [ha] Production [MT] Productivity [MT/ha] Palpa is a major producer and supplier of ginger seed, where ginger is cultivated in almost all 67 VDCs but extensively grown in 7 VDCs. 2014/ / / / /11 1,260 3,780 1,260 1,252 1,235 14,853 26,520 14,523 14,147 12, Aryabhanjyang, Tansen, Dumre, Harthok, Bhairavsthan, Palung Mainadi, and Rampur are the major ginger collection centres in Palpa. Traders usually sell the collected ginger to traders in Butwal, but recently, traders have also started supplying ginger to Annapurna Processing Industries at Buddhi, Kapilvastu. There are many farmers groups and cooperatives in the district involved in ginger production and processing. Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD One cultivar sample ZI 1618 was collected from Barangdi. Nepal Ginger Profile

54 CULTIVAR ZI 1618 PALPA Cultivar ZI 1618 represents ginger grown in Palung-Mainadi, Feka, Siluwa, Barangdi and Khanigaun VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 8,913 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.26 Small Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 7.30 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - Barangdi (27 53' 49.13" N 83 33' 46.12" E), 1250 masl Note: Cultivar is suitable for processing into dry ginger. 40 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

55 SYANGJA Fiscal year 2014/ / / / /11 Area [ha] Production [MT] 7,000 6,662 5,506 5,520 5,047 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Productivity [MT/ha] In Syangja, ginger is extensively cultivated in 10 out of 65 VDCs. Ginger is collected in major collection centres, namely Putalibazaar, Waling and Galyang. It is subsequently sold to traders in Butwal and Bhairahawa. Recently, few traders have also started selling fresh ginger to Annapurna Agriculture Industries at Buddhi, Kapilvastu. Ginger farmers in remote area still process fresh ginger into dry ginger (gola sutho). But with improved market access and road access, relatively less farmers seem willing to process ginger into sutho. One cultivar sample ZI 1619 was collected from Chilaunebas. Nepal Ginger Profile

56 CULTIVAR ZI 1619 SYANGJA Cultivar ZI 1619 represents ginger grown in Alamdevi, Phaparthum, Setidobhan, Putalibazar, Pakwadi, Chilaunebas, Chitre Bhangjang, Galyang, Jagat Bhanjyang, Biruwa Archale and Waling municipalities/vdcs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 3,994 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.19 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 7.10 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Buff Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Sample collected from - Chilaunebas (28 8' 58.30" N 83 47' 54.91" E), 1075 masl 42 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

57 DANG Fiscal year 2014/ / / / /11 Area [ha] Production [MT] 5,180 6,025 4,557 3,434 3,434 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Productivity [MT/ha] Of the 36 VDCs in Dang district, ginger is grown in 5 VDCs. Murkuti, Kamirechaur, Ghorahi and Tulsipur are the major collection centres in the district. Traders in Ghorahi and Tulsipur directly supply ginger to buyers in Indian cities (Lucknow, Kanpur and Delhi) through Nepalgunj custom point. The practice of processing fresh ginger into dry ginger (gola sutho) was common in the eastern VDCs of Dang a few decades ago. In 1998, DADO in Dang had established ginger processing centre at Murkuti, which is now non-functional. But in the recent years, with the development of road and transport infrastructure, fresh ginger is now rarely processed into dry ginger. One cultivar sample ZI 1620 was collected from Kabhre. Nepal Ginger Profile

58 CULTIVAR ZI 1620 DANG Cultivar ZI 1620 represents ginger grown mainly in Saigha, Syuja, Kabhre, Loharpani and Hansipur VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 3,108 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.58 Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 6.90 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Sample collected from - Kabhre (28 1' 7.51" N 82 35' 30.35" E), 1250 masl 44 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

59 SURKHET Fiscal year 2014/ / / / /11 Area [ha] Production [MT] 8,372 5,012 7,120 8,952 6,489 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Productivity [MT/ha] Surkhet is a major ginger producing district in the Mid-Western Development Region. Of the 32 VDCs, ginger is extensively grown in 7 VDCs. Birendranagar, Chhinchu, Ramghat, Botechaur and Salli bazaar are the major collection centres in Surkhet. A ginger processing centre, Organic Mountain Flavour Pvt. Ltd., in Kalidamar, Chhinchu has recently started collecting and processing fresh ginger from Surkhet and south-west of Salyan district. The processing centre has signed contract with ginger farmers to buy the ginger at a negotiated price. Besides supplying to Organic Mountain Flavour, there are traders who collect ginger and sell to traders associated with Jadibuti Association of Nepal (JABAN) in Nepalgunj. One cultivar sample ZI 1621 was collected from Harre. Nepal Ginger Profile

60 CULTIVAR ZI 1621 SURKHET Cultivar ZI 1621 represents ginger grown in Chhinchu, Lekfarsa, Ramghat, Dasarathpur, Awalaching, Pamka, Neta, Sahare and Malarani VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 5,022 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.38 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 6.00 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High High Sample collected from - Harre ( N E), 1300 masl 46 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

61 KAILALI Fiscal year 2014/ / / / /11 Area [ha] Production [MT] 3,000 10,100 9,678 5,885 5,885 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Productivity [MT/ha] Of the 43 VDCs, 4 VDCs located on Chure range are the major ginger producing VDCs, including Sahajpur a widely known ginger producing VDC. Sahajpur is the main collection centre in the district. More importantly, a ginger washing facility with a capacity of 5 MT/day has also been established in Sahajpur with the financial support of Directorate of Agricultural Engineering (DoAE). The washing facility is targeted at washing ginger from ginger producing VDCs of Kailali and Boktan area of Doti district. Sahajpur Krishi Sahakari Sanstha is the leading cooperative involved in the collection and marketing of ginger in the district. Much of the ginger produced is exported to India through Dhangadi, Nepalgunj and Gaddha Chauki custom points. One cultivar sample ZI 1622 was collected from Sahajpur. Nepal Ginger Profile

62 CULTIVAR ZI 1622 KAILALI Cultivar ZI 1622 represents the ginger grown in Sahajpur, Nigali, Khairala and Mohanyal VDCs. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 1,800 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.48 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) Long Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery Low Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High Sample collected from - Sahajpur (29 0' 41.86" N 80 38' 3.60" E), 1300 masl 48 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

63 DOTI Fiscal year Area [ha] Production [MT] Productivity [MT/ha] Doti is the major ginger producing district in Far-Western Development Region. Of 56 VDCs of the district, ginger is commercially grown in 7 VDCs. 2014/ / / / /11 1,070 1, ,050 15,090 10,928 10,927 8,500 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD BP Nagar is the major ginger collection/trading centre in Doti, which serves the majority of VDCs in Boktan area. Farmers from Boktan area and adjoining VDCs of Kailali usually process fresh ginger into sutho. Processing is done by peeling fresh rhizomes using local wooden device. Repeated peeling and sun drying alternately 2-3 times produces dried sutho which gives metallic sound on beating. It has been assumed that under such conditions moisture level reduces down to <12%. Traders in BP Nagar supply ginger to traders in Sahajpur, or directly to Nepalgunj, Dhanagadi and Kanchanpur. Two cultivar samples ZI 1623 and ZI 1625 were collected from Mannakapadi and Barchhen respectively. Nepal Ginger Profile

64 CULTIVAR ZI 1623 DOTI Cultivar ZI 1623 represents ginger grown in 4 VDCs, which are Mannakapadi, Lana Kedareshwor, Simchaur and Chawarachautara. Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 2,889 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.24 Bold Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) Long Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low High Sample collected from - Mannakapadi (29 3' 44.54" N 80 53' 6.68" E), 1200 masl 50 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

65 CULTIVAR ZI 1625 Cultivar ZI 1625 represents ginger grown in Lakshminagar, Nirauli and Chhatiwan, Barchhen and Saraswotinagar VDCs. DOTI Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 6,741 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.29 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 8.30 Flesh colour Brown with bluish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - Barchhen (29 0' 29.25" N 80 46' 18.66" E), 1080 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

66 DADELDHURA Ginger is commercially grown in 2 VDCs out of 21 VDCs in Dadeldhura. Due to the low volume of production, ginger from Dadeldhura is not widely traded. Bhatkanda and Amargadi Municipality are the main ginger collection centres, though only negligible volume is traded to Dhangadi and Mahendranagar. Fiscal year 2014/ / /13 Area [ha] Production [MT] Productivity [MT/ha] One cultivar sample ZI 1624 was collected from Ashigram. 2011/ / Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD 52 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

67 CULTIVAR ZI 1624 Cultivar ZI 1624 represents ginger grown in Dadeldhura, specifically in Amargadi Municipality, Ashigram and Bagarkot VDCs. DADELDHURA Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 175 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.09 Bold Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 8.80 Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) High High Sample collected from - Ashigram (29 15' 25.01" N 80 37' 46.31" E), 1750 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

68 SALYAN Salyan is the second largest ginger producing district in the country. Malneta in Dandagaun VDC has historically been recognized as the national production centre for quality ginger. Though ginger is grown in almost all VDCs, it is extensively grown in 7 VDCs. Fiscal year 2014/15 Area [ha] 1,995 Production [MT] 19,255 Productivity [MT/ha] 9.70 Tharmare, Dhorchaur, Shreenagar, Luham, Tunibot and Kapurkot are the major ginger collection centres in the district. However, ginger farmers in Salyan are more involved in seed production. There is high demand of seed rhizomes each year from other districts. First grade rhizomes are kept for the seed purpose, second and third grade ginger is traded for consumption. Traders in Salyan directly sell to Indian traders or in some cases, supply to traders in Butwal and Nepalgunj. Moreover, Salyan is also well known for fresh and dried ginger (Sutho), particularly those produced in Malneta. Malneta sutho is lemony white and bold, therefore highly preferred by the traders. There are many farmers groups and cooperatives involved in ginger production, many of which were formed for the production of ginger seeds; Aduwa Utpadak Krishi Sahakari Sanstha, Malneta and Aduwa Biu Utpadak Krishak Samuh, Malneta are the two widely known cooperative and farmers group involved in the production of ginger seeds. One cultivar sample ZI 1626 was collected from Malneta. Other two cultivar samples ZI 1627 and ZI 1628 were collected from National Ginger Research Programme, NARC, located at Kapurkot, Dhanbang. 2013/ / / /11 1,985 1,904 2,050 2,050 19,453 19,255 23,575 23,500 Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

69 CULTIVAR ZI 1626 Cultivar ZI 1626 represents ginger grown in Tharmare, Pipalneta, Jimali, Kalagaun, Darmakot, Sibaratha, Marmparikanda, Suikot, Kalimati Kalche, Mulkhola and Dhanbang VDCs. SALYAN Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 11,611 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.21 Bold Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 7.90 Flesh colour Pale yellow Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Sample collected from - Malneta (28 25' 1.55" N 82 12' 1.28" E), 1380 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

70 CULTIVAR ZI 1627 SALYAN Cultivar ZI 1627 represents ginger variety released by the government as Kapurkot Aduwa-1, which has since been tried and tested by farmers in many ginger producing districts. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.08 Bold Rhizome expansion Length of internodes (mm) 8.40 Flesh colour Yellow Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Sample collected from - NGRP, Dhanbang (28 13' 37.57" N 82 21' 12.16" E), 1490 masl 56 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

71 CULTIVAR ZI 1628 Cultivar ZI 1628 is a promising pipeline genotype identified by the National Ginger Research Programme, Nepal Agriculture Research Centre (NGRP-NARC). SALYAN Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.19 Small Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 6.90 Flesh colour Brown with bluish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - NGRP, Dhanbang (28 13' 37.57" N 82 21' 12.16" E), 1490 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

72 DAILEKH Ginger is widely cultivated in 5 VDCs of the 56 VDCs in Dailekh. Narayan Municipality, Dullu and Chupra bazaar are the major collection centres in the district. Though Nepalgunj is the main trading partner, few traders in Narayan Municipality collect and sell ginger to traders in Surkhet or to Organic Mountain Flavour Pvt. Ltd. Recently, a cooperative Narayan Bahu Uddeshiya Sahakari Sanstha at Narayan Municipality has initiated ginger powder processing with the partial support of Raising Incomes of Small and Farmers Project. Fiscal year 2014/ / / /12 Area [ha] NA Production [MT] 2,348 2,230 2,216 NA Productivity [MT/ha] NA One cultivar sample ZI 1629 was collected from Narayan. 2010/ , Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD 58 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

73 CULTIVAR ZI 1629 Cultivar ZI 1629 represents ginger grown in Narayan Municipality as well as Salleri, Dada Parajul, Bada Bhairav, Kal Bhairav and Gamaudi VDCs. DAILEKH Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 1,409 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 2.77 Rhizome expansion Short Length of internodes (mm) 9.30 Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Brown Drying recovery Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low High Sample collected from - Narayan Municipality (28 50' 40.22" N 81 43'50.25"E), 1230 masl Nepal Ginger Profile

74 SINDHULI Ginger is commercially grown in 5 out of 52 VDCs in Sindhuli district. Bhadrakali and Sindhulimadi bazaar are the major collection centres in the district. Traders in Naxalbari prefer "Sindhuli ginger" because of skin brightness and large size rhizomes; thus close to 90% of trade volume goes to Naxalbari via Kakarbhitta. Fiscal year 2014/ /14 Area [ha] Production [MT] 7,870 7,935 Productivity [MT/ha] One cultivar sample ZI 1630 was collected from Bhadrakali. 2012/ / ,140 5, / , Source: Annual Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, MoAD 60 Nepal Ginger Profile 2016

75 CULTIVAR ZI 1630 Cultivar ZI 1630 represents ginger grown in Bhadrakali, Ratanchura, Bahuntilpung, Lampantar and Arun Thakur VDCs. SINDHULI Based on the production of year 2014/15, the estimated quantity of this cultivar available for trade annually is 4,722 MT. Physical Properties Rhizome girth 3.52 Extra bold Rhizome expansion Wide Length of internodes (mm) Long Flesh colour Bluish with brownish outline Skin appearance Bright & glazy Drying recovery High Biochemical Properties Essential oil Oleoresin Crude fibre (%v/w) Low Low Sample collected from - Bhadrakali (27 16' 57.30" N 85 55' 14.87" E), 1080 masl Nepal Ginger Profile