Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Elazığ (Turkey)

Transcription

1 Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 1 (1), January 2015, pp Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Elazığ (Turkey) Rıdvan Polat 1 *, Ugur Cakilcioglu 2, Musa Denizhan Ulusan 3 & Mehmet Yavuz Paksoy 4 1 Giresun University, Espiye Vocational School, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Espiye, Giresun 28600, Turkey; 2 Tunceli University, Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Pertek, Tunceli 62500, Turkey 3 Süleyman Demirel Üniversity, Faculty of Forestry, Depermant of Soil Science and Ecology, Isparta 32000, Turkey. 4 Tunceli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Enviromental Engineering, Tunceli 62100, Turkey * rpolat10@hotmail.com Received 23 May 2014, revised 15 July 2014 This study aims to record accumulation of knowledge on plants which are used as food by local people of Elazığ that has a rich culture and a very natural environment. Field study was carried out over a period of approximately two years ( ). During this period, 92 vascular plant specimens were collected. The plants were pressed in the field and prepared for identification. A total of 62 food plants belonging to 28 families were identified in the region. There is no detailed information in the literature with regard to the use of brevipes for human nutrition. It is certained that wild plants being used for nutritional purposes by human beings are also used for medicinal purposes. Highlighting the importance of flora and ethnobotanical inventory studies in terms of the protection and use of plant sources, what is required is the cultivation of endangered plant species, establishment of seedbanks for these plants, recording of their natural habitat as well as conducting studies in order to raise public awareness. Keywords: Wild food plants, Ethnobotany, Elazığ, Turkey IPC Int. Cl. 8 : A61K 36/00, A47G 19/26, A47J 39/02 Humans have always made use of their native flora, not just as a source of food but also for fuel, medicine, clothing, home construction, and chemical production. Traditional knowledge of plants and their properties has always been transmitted from generation to generation through the natural course of everyday life. However, the continuation of this knowledge is endangered when transmission between the older and younger generation is no longer assured¹. Documentation of indigenous knowledge through². Therefore, establishment of the local names and indigenous uses of plants has significant potential societal benefits³. Medicinal plant studies have increased in recent years. In the Eastern Anatolia Region, most ethnobotanic studies have been conducted in Elazığ 4. As well as use for medicinal purposes, wild plants can also be used as food. In particular, wild plants growing in spring when vegetables are rare are commonly used in our country, notably in the Aegean and Eastern Anatolia Regions 5. Plants are used as food; eaten raw, or boiled, drained and then rice is added. They are eaten with or without eggs or with garlic yoghurt. *Corresponding author Alternatively, they are stuffed. Some research has been conducted on some edible wild plants 4. In other areas during years of hunger, people preferred to eat cord (leather shoelaces) or beech bark, rather than wild fauna or delicious wild vegetables. Flowering plants were not even considered 6. Wild edible flora did not play a major role in the population s survival in ancient times. However, it was crucial for survival during the recent war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in the cities that were under siege. Wild edible plants may satisfy the daily human need for elementary nutrition sources, particularly those of vitamins C and A, and for some minerals, according to WHO regulations 7. This study was conducted in and around Elazığ, which has a rich cultural heritage and natural environment in order to research and record the accumulation of knowledge of local people concerning wild plants used as food for human nutrition. Another aim was to raise awareness with regard to the direct effects of these plants, many of which are also used as an economic way to feed animals. This study was also conducted to serve as a source for scientists for the purpose of determining

2 70 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 1, NO 1, JANUARY 2015 the nutritional value of edible wild plants by comparing information obtained in ethnobotany studies, and researching the safety of the use of these plants. Materials and methods Study area Study area was located on the East of Anatolian diagonal, in the skirts of South-Eastern Taurus Mountains, in the Upper Euphrates Region of the Eastern Anatolia Region 8. Elazığ (Fig. 1) belongs to the Iran-Turan Plant Geography Region and falls within the B7 grid square according to the Grid classification system developed by Davis 9. Elazığ Province is bounded to the East by Bingöl, to the West by Malatya, to the South by Diyarbakır, and to the North by Tunceli. It is situated between longitudes 40 38º East and latitudes 38 39º North. The county is 1067 m above sea level. According to the data obtained from the website of Elazığ Province Administration ( Elazığ is located in junction of roads connecting Eastern Anatolia Region to West. Within provincial borders, there are rivers, lakes and dams. Elazığ which had a continental climate in the past has now transitioned to a mild climate as a result of dams built in the region. History of the region goes back to ancient times. The history of Elazığ should be considered in conjuction with its predecessor; Harput. Harput and its vicinity are one of the oldest residential areas of Anatolia. As a matter of fact, owing to the the region in which the Fırat River lies, natural shelters and abundance of land and freshwater animals, the region has been a settlement area since Paleolithic era. According to the data from Turkish Statistical Institute, ( Turkey s population is and Elazığ s population is as of the date of 31 th December % of the population within the borders of the province lives in urban areas whereas the remaining 26 % lives in rural areas. Plant materials Field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 yrs ( ). During this period, 92 vascular plant specimens were collected. The plants were pressed in the field and prepared for identification. Plants were identified using the standard text, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9. The names of plant families were listed in alphabetic order. Scientific names of plant species were identified according to the International Plant Name Index (IPNI: After the taxon names were identified, instances of endemism and hazard categories 10 were specified. We examined whether the plants used in had literature records or not. Interviews with local people A questionnaire was administered to the local people in Elazığ city center and 26 villages in the vicinity of the city center, through face-to-face interviews with 212 residents of Elazığ province. Mean age of the respondents was 53 yrs (in yrs range). Interviews were made on the busy hours of the common areas (especially houses and market places, etc.) visited by the citizens of Elazığ province. The respondents of the questionnaire are Turkish citizens. As we think that young people are not suitable for an ethnobotanical study, the questionnaire was only administered to people over 30 who know about food plants. The people who had knowledge of plants were visited at least for two times; one of these visits is particularly paid to their houses. The experiences of the local people were recorded during the interviews. During the interviews, demographic characteristics of the study participants, and local names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were recorded. The people who participated in the study were requested to indicate the wild plants they used. These plants were collected from the work book. Fig. 1 Geographical location of the study area

3 POLAT et al.: SURVEY OF WILD FOOD PLANTS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN ELAZIG, TURKEY 71 Calculations The use value 11, a quantitative method that demonstrates the relative importance of species known locally, was also calculated according to the following formula: UV = U/N, where UV refers to the use value of a species; U to the number of citations per species; and N to the number of informants. Knowing the use value of a kind may be useful in determining the use reliability of the related plant. Results and discussion Demographic characteristics of study participants Demographic characteristics of the respondents were determined and recorded through face-to-face interviews. Of the participants who took part in the questionnaire, 53 were between the ages of 30 and 40, 77 were between the ages of 41 and 50, 40 were between the ages of 51 and 60, 28 were between the ages of 61 and 70, and 14 were over the age of 71. Of the participants, 49 were residing in the province for less than 10 yrs; 163 were residing in the province for 11 yrs and above. A total of 141 were living in villages and county, 71 were living in Elazığ province. Of the participants, 136 were male, 76 were female. A total of 104 of the participants were primary school graduate, 47 were secondary school graduate, 18 were high school graduate and 43 were university graduates. Use of wild plants as food In the study conducted in Elazığ, recorded uses of wild plants as food are given in Table 1, as is information regarding family, scientific name, edible parts, utilization methods, and uses stated in the literature. Aerial parts, branches, flowers, fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, stems, and tubers are used as food. In general, wild plants are used uncooked and without any processing, by preparing salads from them. They are also used as pickles, jam, tea by preparing syrups. They can be used as fruit- or spice by boiling them with water, rice, meat and egg or as a filling ingredient for pies. They are also stuffed or soups are made from them. Interviews with the local people living in Elazığ and villages in the study area indicated that 62 plants were used for food purposes. The most common families are: Asteraceae (9 plants), Rosaceae (8 plants), Lamiaceae (8 plants), Brassicaceae (4 plants), Fabaceae (4 plants). The overall number of taxa cited of the most used botanical families can be seen in Fig. 2. Allium ampeloprasum L., Amygdalus communis L., Juglans regia L., Malva neglecta Wallr., Mentha sp., Morus nigra L., Portulaca oleracea L., Rheum ribes L., Rhus coriaria L., Rosa canina L., Rubus sanctus Schreber, Thymus sp. and Urtica dioica L., was the plants most used by the local people. Numerous scientific research studies conducted in the last few years have revealed that a diet rich in fiber, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts is the diet considered to be the most ideal in order to maintain good health and prevent various illnesses 12. Other than uses of many edible wild plants in treating illnesses as well as interesting local elements, some of them (Crocus leichtlinii (Dewer) Bowles, Ficus carica L., Morus nigra L., Rheum ribes L., Rosa canina, Rubus sanctus Schreber) are also used as a source of vitamins and minerals. The studies that have been conducted assert that edible wild plants resemble other vegetables; moreover those plants are richer in some nutritional elements 13. The plants are used as spices since they give smell and flavor. This type of use is very common in Anatolia 14. Species of Allium ampeloprasum L., Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides, Origanum vulgare L., Rhus coriaria L., Satureja hortensis L., Teucrium polium L., Thymus haussknechtii Velen., Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. var. kotschyanus are used as spice in Elazığ located within the Eastern Anatolia Region. It is very common to consume wild plants as tea 15,16. Species of Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey., Bellis perennis L., Crataegus orientalis Pallas ex Bieb. var. orientalis, Hibiscus sp., Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus, Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus, Origanum vulgare L., Salvia sp., Sideritis sp., Urtica dioica L. are consumed as herbal tea in Elazığ. Besides, wild plants are commonly eaten fresh (Amaranthus viridis, Helianthus tuberosus, Tragopogon pterocarpus, Nasturtium officinale, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Hippophae rhamnoides, Trifolium pratense var. pratense, Fumaria officinalis, Crocus leichtlinii, Iris sari, Juglans regia, Allium ampeloprasum, Ficus carica, Morus nigra, Polygonum cognatum, Rheum ribes, Paliurus spina-christi, Cerasus mahaleb var. mahaleb, Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna, Cotoneaster nummularia, Pyrus communis subsp. caucasica, Rubus sanctus, Celtis tournefortii), consumed as cooked vegetable (Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus viridis, Gundelia tournefortii

4 72 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 1, NO 1, JANUARY 2015 Plant No. Table 1 Wild food plants in Elazığ Family Plant species, voucher specimen Vernacular name of Elazığ Edible Utilization methods UV parts a 1 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus L. RP-122 Kızılot Aer Cooked vegetable Amaranthus viridis L. RP-62 Silmastik Aer Eaten fresh; leaves cooked as 0.13 vegetable or egg-vegetable 3 Amaryllidaceae Allium ampeloprasum L. RP-35 Yabani See, Added to foods by milling its 0.46 sarımsak Lea seeds; as spice; eaten fresh; leaves eaten in salads 4 Anacardiaceae Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. Çedene Fru Consumed as coffee 0.09 palaestina (Boiss.) Engler. RP-71 5 Rhus coriaria L. RP-101 Sumak Fru As spice; prepared sour souce 0.57 is added to food, stuffed vegetables and salads 6 Apiaceae Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. Çörtük Aer Mixed soups; used in pickle 0.09 sibthorpiana (Guss.) Tutin RP-57 production 7 Araceae Arum maculatum L. RP-167 Nifik Lea Leaves eaten in salads Asphodelaceae Eremurus spectabilis Bieb. RP-60 Gullik Lea Leaves cooked as vegetable Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. RP-72 Herezan Lea Used in pickle production Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. & Papatya Flo As herbal tea 0.20 Mey. Endemic, LC (Least concern). RP Bellis perennis L. RP-49 Papatya Flo As herbal tea Carduus nutans L. subsp. nutans RP-154 Eşek dikeni Ste Fresh plant is eaten after peeling off the outer part Gundelia tournefortii L. var. tournefortii RP Helianthus tuberosus L. RP-147 Yabani Kenger Aer Cooked as a stew or eggvegetable 0.27 ; eaten by removing its awns; obtained gum is chewed Tub Eaten fresh 0.34 yerelması 15 Lactuca serriola L. RP-142 Yabanmarulu Lea Leaves eaten in salads Scorzonera semicana DC. Endemic, Yemlik Aer Cooked as a stew or eggvegetable 0.12 LC (Least concern). RP Tragopogon pterocarpus DC. RP-118 Yemlik Flo, Eaten fresh; pie is made from 0.21 Lea its leaves 18 Boraginaceae Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea Guruz, tort Lea Leaves cooked as vegetable 0.18 RP Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. RP-19 Çoban çantası Aer Cooked as a stew or eggvegetable Nasturtium officinale R.Br. RP-124 Acice, tujik Aer, Eaten fresh; leaves eaten in 0.17 Lea salads 21 Raphanus raphanistrum L. RP-23 Yabani turp Aer Eaten fresh Sinapis arvensis L. RP-51 Hardal Lea Eaten fresh Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L. RP-160 Sirken Lea Cooked as a stew or eggvegetable Cupressaceae Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. Ardıç Fru As herbal tea 0.34 oxycedrus RP Elaeagnaceae Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. Pişot Fru Eaten fresh 0.27 caucasica Roussi RP Fabaceae Glycyrrhiza glabra L. RP-43 Biyan, meyan Roo Roots, chewed and sucked; their root is boiled and soup is made 0.32 (contd.)

5 POLAT et al.: SURVEY OF WILD FOOD PLANTS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN ELAZIG, TURKEY 73 Plant No. Table 1 Wild food plants in Elazığ (contd.) Family Plant species, voucher specimen Vernacular name of Elazığ Edible Utilization methods UV parts a 27 Ononis spinosa L. subsp. Kayışkıran Aer Cooked as a stew or eggvegetable 0.04 leiosperma (Boiss.) Sirj. RP Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense Kırmızı yonca Aer Eaten fresh 0.34 RP Quercus cerris L. var. cerris RP-96 Meşe Fru It is fried in pan then their 0.11 core is eaten 30 Fumariaceae Fumaria officinalis L. RP-87 Şahtere Lea Eaten fresh Iridaceae Crocus leichtlinii (D. Dewar) Çiğdem Aer Eaten fresh 0.14 Bowles Endemic, LC (Least concern). RP-4 32 Iris sari Schott ex Baker Endemic, Nergiz, Flo Eaten fresh 0.11 LC (Least concern). RP-83 kurtkulağı 33 Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. RP-135 Çeviz, goz See Added into pie and cakes; 0.40 eaten fresh 34 Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson Yarpuz, nane Lea As herbal tea; as spice; leaves 0.48 subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides RP-33 eaten in salads; leaves cooked as vegetable 35 Origanum vulgare L. RP-85 Kekik Lea As herbal tea; as spice Salvia officinalis L. RP-56 Adaçayı Flo, As herbal tea 0.19 Lea 37 Satureja hortensis L. RP-32 Anuh, zambur Lea As spice; used in pickle 0.14 production 38 Sideritis montana L. subsp. Adaçayı Aer As herbal tea 0.19 montana RP Teucrium polium L. RP-132 Ürper Flo As spice Thymus haussknechtii Velen. Endemic, Kekik Lea As spice 0.52 NT (near threatened). RP Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Kekik Lea As spice 0.41 Hohen. var. kotschyanus RP Malvaceae Hibiscus trionum L. RP-115 Hatmi çiçeği Flo As herbal tea Malva neglecta Wallr. RP-69 Ebegümeci, Bra, Cooked vegetable 0.43 tollik Lea 44 Moraceae Ficus carica L. RP-151 Yabani incir Fru Eaten fresh; jam is made Morus nigra L. RP-162 Karadut Fru Eaten fresh; jam is made Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. RP-94 Bük, gelincik Flo Cooked as a stew or eggvegetable Plantaginaceae Plantago major L. subsp. major Bağa, bağ Lea Used as stuffing leaves from 0.23 RP-46 yapragı fresh leaves 48 Poaceae Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. Ayrık Aer Patila is made by mixing 0.30 RP-6 fresh leaves 49 Polygonaceae Polygonum cognatum Meissn. Madımak Aer, Cooked vegetable ; eaten 0.32 RP-81 Lea fresh; leaves eaten in salads 50 Rheum ribes L. RP-103 Işgın, reweş Aer Cooked as a stew or eggvegetable ; eaten fresh Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. RP-134 Pirpirim Aer, Lea Fresh as salad or cooked plant is with yogurt; leaves cooked as vegetable 52 Rhamnaceae Paliurus spina-christi Miller RP-95 Dalıke Fru Eaten fresh Rosaceae Amygdalus communis L. RP-93 Badem, ajik, See Eaten as dried nuts; used in 0.52 payam, çagala pie making 0.41 (contd.)

6 74 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 1, NO 1, JANUARY 2015 Plant No. Table 1 Wild food plants in Elazığ (contd.) Family Plant species, voucher specimen Vernacular name of Elazığ 54 Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Miller var. mahaleb RP Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna RP Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. & Mey. RP Crataegus orientalis Pallas ex Bieb. var. orientalis RP-8 58 Pyrus communis L. subsp. caucasica (Fed.) Browicz RP-42 Edible Utilization methods UV parts a Melem Fru Eaten fresh 0.37 Aluç, alıç Fru Eaten fresh 0.26 Dağmuşmulası Fru Eaten fresh 0.30 Aluç, heluje Flo As herbal tea 0.20 Yabani miroy armut, Fru Eaten fresh; jam is made Rosa canina L. RP-25 Kuşburnu, şilan Flo As herbal tea; jam is made; 0.51 syrup is prepared 60 Rubus sanctus Schreber RP-29 Böğürtlen, dirik Fru Eaten fresh; jam is made Ulmaceae Celtis tournefortii Lam. RP-158 Dardağan Fru Eaten fresh Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. RP-1 Isırgan Lea As herbal tea; cooked as a stew or egg-vegetable 0.53 ªPlant part(s) used: Aer, aerial parts; Bra, branches; Flo, flowers; Fru, fruits; Lea, leaves; Roo, roots; See, seeds; Ste, stems; Tub, tubers. on the food use of brevipes. Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey., was reported to be an endemic and rare plant 17. Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey., Crocus leichtlinii (D. Dewar) Bowles, Iris sari Schott ex Baker, Scorzonera semicana DC., Thymus haussknechtii Velen. were found to be the endemic plants in Elazığ. Fig. 2 Most representative families var. tournefortii, Scorzonera semicana, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Ononis spinosa subsp. leiosperma, Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides var. typhoides, Eremurus spectabilis, Malva neglecta, Papaver rhoeas, Polygonum cognatum, Rheum ribes, Portulaca oleracea, Urtica dioica). Although consumption of Achillea millefolium L. as food has not been reported, it has been found that it is used in feeding animals 13. We record Achillea millefolium L., Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv., Fumaria officinalis L., Sideritis montana L. subsp. montana, Teucrium polium L., Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense, and endemic Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey., Crocus leichtlinii (D. Dewar) Bowles, and Iris sari Schott ex Baker as being used for food purposes, which we found out during the interviews in the present study. There is no detailed information within the literature Data analysis Literate people in the study area were found to be less knowledgeable on the used of food plants as compared to illiterate ones due to the higher level exposure of the former to modernization. According to the calculation made on the basis of the use-value UV 11 Rhus coriaria L. (0,57), Urtica dioica L. (0,53), Amygdalus communis L. (0,52), Thymus haussknechtii Velen. (0,52), Rosa canina L. (0,51), Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson (0.48), Allium ampeloprasum L. (0.46), Rubus sanctus Schreber (0.44), Malva neglecta Wallr. (0.43), Portulaca oleracea L. (0.41), Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. (0.41), Juglans regia L. (0.40), Morus nigra L. (0.39), and Rheum ribes L. (0.38) were reported to be of the highest use value (Table 1). As calculated by the use-value UV 18 Salvia tomentosa Mill. (0.68), Hypericum perforatum L. (0.66), Allium sativum L. (0.66), Origanum onites L. and Origanum vulgare L. (0.65), Tilia argentea DC. (0.65), Lavandula stoechas sp. stoechas (0.58), Rosa canina L. (0.52), Cistus sp. (0.50), and Anthemis sp. (0.46), Teucrium polium L. (0.44) were reported to be of the highest use value.

7 POLAT et al.: SURVEY OF WILD FOOD PLANTS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN ELAZIG, TURKEY 75 Conclusion In the study being conducted, use of wild plants as food points out interest of people in Elazığ in wild plants. Within the scope of this study, edible 28 families and 62 plant taxa have been determined. Five of those plants are endemic. Used parts, preparation and use of those plants are recorded. In case of food use of those plants, it is found out that they are either used in cooking or consumed without cooking. In the study, it is observed that uses of some of wild food plants used are as indicated in literature while some of them are new records. In literature research, there were no findings that 9 of those taxa are used as food plant. Although ethnobotanical studies are conducted in our country, it is not yet known that many wild plants are consumed as medicinal or edible plants. Our cultural heritage, traditional uses of those plants, is not recorded by ethnobotanical studies. It is tried to generate a source for persons studying in ethnobotany, food, pharmacology and chemistry sciences by comparing knowledge gained from traditionally used herbs with previous laboratory studies. In terms of the safety of nutrition, people should be warned that these plants contain toxic elements and unconscious consumption may cause many diseases. Therefore, more scientific studies on this subject must be conducted and legal arrangements should be done. Instead of random collection from nature, these plants should be produced through genetic improvements and cultivation, processed; it is necessary to ensure the yield of high quality and safe crops. References 1 Kargıoğlu M, Cenkci S, Serteser A, Evliyaoğlu N, Konuk M, Kök MŞ & Bağcı Y, An ethnobotanical survey of inner-west Anatolia, Turkey, Human Ecol, 36 (2008) Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N & Ignacimuthu S, Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 2 (2006) Bağcı Y, Ethnobotanical features of Aladağlar (Yahyalı, Kayseri) and its vicinity, Herb J Syst Bot, 7 (1) (2000) Polat R, Çakılcıoğlu U, Ertuğ F & Satıl F, An evaluation of ethnobotanical studies in Eastern Anatolia, Biol Divers Conserv, 5 (2012) Arslan N, Doğal ekonomik bitkilerin korunması, Tarım Köy Dergisi, 74 (1992) Filipovic M, Acorn in the nutrition of people from the Balkans, Bulletin for people s life and tradition in the Southern Slavic people (Zir u ishrani balkanskih naroda, Zbornik za narodni zivot i obicaje juznih Slavena), 37 (1953) Redzic S, Wild edible plants and their traditional use in the human nutrition in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ecol Food Nutr, 45(2006) Şengün MT, The effect of Keban Dam Lake to Elazığ climate under the last valuations light, Fırat Univ J Res East Anatol Reg, 5 (2007) Davis PH, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 1 9, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), Ekim T, Koyuncu M, Vural M, Duman H, Aytaç Z & Adıgüzel N, Red Data Book of Turkish Plants (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta), Turkish Association for the Conservation of Nature, Ankara, Trotter RT & Logan MH, Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants, In: Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet, Behavioural Approaches, edited by Etkin N L, (Redgrave Publishing Company, Bredford Hills, New York), Lentini F & Venza F, Wild food plants of popular use in Sicily, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 3 (2007) Yücel E & Tunay M, Nazilli (Aydın) ve yöresinde gıda olarak kullanılan yabancı otlar, Türkiye Herb Der, 5(2) (2002) Baytop T, Therapy With Medicinal Plants in Turkey (Past and Present). Nobel Medicine Publication, 2 nd edn, Istanbul, 1999, Polat R, Cakilcioglu U & Satıl F, Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Solhan (Bingöl-Turkey), J Ethnopharmacol, 148 (2013) Tetik F, Civelek S & Cakilcioglu U, Traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Malatya (Turkey), J Ethnopharmacol, 146 (2013) Akçiçek E & Vural M, Local names and ethnobotanical features of some plants in Kumalar Mountain (Afyon) and its vicinity, Herb J Syst Bot, 10 (2003) Polat R & Satıl F. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Edremit Gulf (Balıkesir-Turkey), J Ethnopharmacol, 139 (2011)