INTRODUCTION. Sarkar Anup Kumar 1*, Dey Manas 2 and Mazumder Mallika 3

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1 Original Article International Journal of Life Sciences International Peer Reviewed Open Access Refereed Journal Int. J. of Life Sciences, 2018; 6 (2): ISSN: (p) X(o) UGC Approved Journal No Open Access Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy of the People of Adjoining Areas of Jalpaiguri Forest Division, West Bengal, India Sarkar Anup Kumar 1*, Dey Manas 2 and Mazumder Mallika 3 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Aurangabad, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India. Pin Assistant Teacher, Jurapani High School, Jurapani, Dhupguri, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. Pin Post Graduate Student, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.Pin *Corresponding author: anupsarkar.jpg@gmail.com. Manuscript details: Received : Accepted : Published : Editor: Dr. Arvind Chavhan Cite this article as: Sarkar Anup Kumar, Dey Manas and Mazumder Mallika (2018) Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy of the People of Adjoining Areas of Jalpaiguri Forest Division,West Bengal, India, Int. J. of. Life Sciences, Volume 6(2): Copyright: Author, This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial - No Derives License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Available online on ISSN: X (Online) ISSN: (Print) ABSTRACT The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of interest in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) among conservation and development organisations in India. Non-timber forest products are an imperative part of the traditional life style in Forest adjacent area of West Bengal. In this study the diversity of nontimber forest products (NTFPS) was assessed in the Forest Adjoining Areas of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. The present investigation also revealed that although there is high resource potential in the study sites but need of awareness, scientific knowledge, expertise and adequate market information. Keywords: NTFP, Biodiversity, Forest, Conservation, Livelihood. INTRODUCTION Forest fringe people of every corner of the world face a constant dilemma between economic development and pressure towards resource conservation. From the ancient time they used Forest Products as the important source of livelihood. But the increasing process of resource depletion leads to conservation oriented policies by the policy makers and commercialization of forest product has been restricted. Products from the forest can be differentiated in to two broad categories, Viz., Timber and Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Non-Timber Forest Products are simply referring the products that are derived from forest with the exception of timber (Ahenkan and Boon, 2011). It is also defined as all products obtained from plants of forest origin and host plant species yielding products in association with insects and animals or their parts and items of mineral origin except timber (Mathur and Shiva 1996). NTFPs are also considered as minor products of forest. NTFP has received increased attention after the famous article by Peters et al. (1989) IJLSCI 365

2 Sarkar et al., 2018 In the present days NTFPs have gained global attention due to their contribution to food security, household livelihood, Poverty reduction, Sustainable development and biodiversity conservation (Ahenkan and Boon, 2011). NTFPs include twigs, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, fruits, spices, medicinal plants, oils, gums, resins, honey, mushrooms, weaving and dying materials, aromatics, and recreation. Such useful products are also a vital source of economy, nutrition and sustenance for many forest-based communities around the globe. The marketing of non-timber forest products are the main source of income to earn a livelihood for the indigenous communities residing to the fringe areas of the forest. In the upliftment and upgradation of rural economics, the role and contribution of NTFPs are crucial. In addition, the promotion of a sustainable management mechanism for NTFPs could lead to the better conservation of biodiversity. Thus NTFP-based development has emerged as an economically acceptable ecological option for socioeconomic development and livelihood security of the local people subsisting in and around forests (Islam et al., 2014). India has enriched biodiversity and above 3000 NTFPs were recorded but 126 have developed the marketability (FAO, 1995). The marketing of NTFPs was regulated by different mechanisms in different states. Under the Forest Produce (Control and Trade) Act 1981, trading is largely controlled through public institutions, such as State Development Corporations, Federations, Cooperatives and tribal societies (Prasad et al., 1985). Like other parts of world, Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been a vital part of the local economies of Forest patches of Jalpaiguri forest division, West Bengal, India. In Jalpaiguri, the NTFPs are marketed through different channels depending upon a variety of factors such as nature of the product, demand, distance of the market etc. In addition of commercial impact on the study area, NTFPs have begun to appear on mainstream scientific study agendas in a variety of disciplines including Economics, Regional Geography, Medicine Science and Biological Sciences. MATERIAL AND METHODS Description of Study Site: The study was conducted in the the Forest Patches of Jalpaiguri Forest Division and adjacent area. Jalpaiguri Forest Division is one of the largest biodiversity region of the earth. It is very rich in floral diversity and faunal diversity. Within a relatively small geographic boundary, Jalpaiguri enjoys a diverse array of ecosystems. It shares the international border with Bangladesh and Bhutan. The population of Jalpaiguri is a great combination of ancient tribal communities and descendants of ancient migrants of Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan.As a result the traditional knowledges of tribal communities also combined with the traditional knowledges of migrants. The mixed traditional knowledge gradually modified through the experiences gained by the people during the interaction with the ecosystems (Kennedy, 2006). The combined traditional knowledge is thus developed and transmitted from generation to generation (Daya and Vinj,2006). Now a days it has wide range of application. The forest Division includes Eight territorial forest ranges, namely Ramshai Range, Lataguri Range, Chalsa Range, Diana Range, Moraghat Range, Dalgaon Range, Nathua Range and Banarhat Range. The adjoining area includes Malbazar, Moulani, Chalsa, Meteli, Nagragata, Diana, Birpara, Lataguri, Batabari, Banarhat, Dalgaon, Chamurchi, Nathua, Duramari, Dhupguri, Maynaguri etc. (Sarkar and Mazumder,2017). Method: A preliminary survey was conducted to gather information on the geographic area of villages, occupation pattern, and other socio-economic aspects of the households. The interaction was held with officials, local political leaders and local people to explore issues, challenges and opportunities of NTFP in the district. To gather knowledge about NTFPs gradual excursions were conducted during the period of January,2015 to December, Plants, used as NTFP were collected along with photo data and noted down their related information. The ethnobotanical data was collected through interviews, discussions with the villagers and personal observations. Many traditional healers, senior villagers and patients who were associated with these healers for a quite long time were consulted, through repeated interview and by distributing questionnaires given by Parabia and Reddy (2002) with the modified pattern. For the documentation of edible plants and household products the local houses of tribes, markets, festivals, dance ceremonies and other functions were visited and observed. A simple random sampling method was adopted for the selection of samples, the unit of study being the household. From the each sampling site, fifty households (n = 50) were randomly selected for the study. The primary data and secondary data were collected as part of the study.a pre-tested questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview 366 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

3 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy was conducted with the help of local persons in the representative households of each tribal settlement. Similarly, from each selected market Fifty peoples (25sellers and 25 buyers) were sampled randomly. Further detailed information on NTFPs were done using semi-structured questionnaire regarding the used pattern of NTPFs. Valuable secondary information s were collected from literature, research article and books. Some informations were also collected from literature written by locals for their own use in local language. The forest department officials specially forest guard s help was also sought to gather information on plants, their collection and identification. Knowledgable persons and researchers were also consulted for identification of such plants and plant products. The data gathered through above methods were cross checked and validated with the similar person of different localities. Fig. 1: Map of the Forest patches and adjacent area of Jalpaiguri Forest Division, West Bengal, India. Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

4 Sarkar et al., 2018 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study total of 161 species of non-timber plant belonging to 72 families were documented for various uses by the indigenous tribal groups of the region for their livelihood (Table 1) Among them 125 plants are dicot, 32 plants are monocot and 4 plants are fern. The people of this region are mainly dependant on agriculture and wage for their food and economy, and these NTFPs play a key role in better livelihood where people use this NTFPs as a raw material for constructing different materials. 1. Ipomoea aquatic Forssk., 2. Trapa natans L., 3. Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht, 4. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill., 5. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand., 6. Adhatoda vasica Nees., 7. Duchesnea chrysantha (Zoll.and Moritzi) Miq., 8. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb., 9. Cannabis sativa L., 10. Solanum nigrum L., 11. Boerhavia diffusa L., 12. Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen, 13. Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don, 14. Heliotropium indicum L., 15. Curcuma caesia Roxb., 16. Momordica dioica Roxb. exwilld., 17. Senna sophera L., 18. Cardiospermum 368 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

5 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy halicacabum L., 19. Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham., 20. Amaranthus spinosus L. Different NTFP products and their marketization (1) Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

6 Sarkar et al., 2018 Different NTFP products and their marketization (2) 370 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

7 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy Table 1. Taxonomic and Economical aspects of NTFPs Sr. No. Name of the Plant Family Vernacular Name Parts Used 1 Hygrophila auriculata Acanthaceae Kule-khara Tender (Schumach.) Heine Importance on the basis of use of local peoples Use as cooked vegetable; Raw paste use as Blood forming supplement. 2 Adhatoda vasica Nees. Acanthaceae Vasaka Raw paste of leaves is use against cold and cough. 3 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Acanthaceae Kalomegh Whole plant Leaf extract to treat jaundice, fever, different stomach problems. 4 Thunbergia grandiflora Acanthaceae Githa (Nepali) Whole plant Effective use against snake bite. Roxb. 5 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Kantakhuria Tender Use as cooked vegetable; also use to treat anaemia, root paste applied for stomach to treat urinary disorder. 6 Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Amaranthaceae Sanchi, Salincha Tender 7 Amaranthus tricolor L. Amaranthaceae Lal note / Lalsak &tender shoot 8 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Note sak Tender 9 Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae Bathuasak Tender 10 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Suggisak Tender Shoot 11 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Apang, Chirchiti Tender Preparation of curry Cooked as Vegetable 12 Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Anacardiaceae Amra Unripe fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in prickle and chutney preparation. 13 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Aam Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries, chutney and pickle preparation. 14 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Nona, Fruits Ripe fruits uses as raw. Madargam 15 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Ata, Gam ja Fruits Ripe fruits uses as raw. 16 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae Thankuni Use as cooked vegetable; Raw paste use as anti-diarrhoic medicine. 17 Eryngium foetidum L. Apiaceae Bilati- Dhonepata Use as salad, vegetable and flavouring agent of curries. 18 Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Karamcha Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. 19 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Apocynaceae Sarpgandha Tap root system Use as local medicinal practice, Root extract used to treat fever. 20 Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don Apocynaceae Kurchi Raw paste of leaves use as gastrointestinal and anti-diarrhoic 21 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. 22 Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. 23 Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott 24 Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott 25 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson supplement. Apocynaceae Chatim Bark, leaves Bark extract used to treat intestinal worm, bark juice used to treat fever and leaves use against pain. Apocynaceae Akanda, latex are used to treat in pain relief, rheumatism and cuts; latex is used in dog bite. Araceae Ghetkachu with Petioles Cooked as vegetable Araceae Sujikachu/ Corm, Use as vegetable and different Dudhkachu leaves cookeries. Araceae Ool Corm Use as vegetable and different cookeries. Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

8 26 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Sarkar et al., 2018 Araceae kachu Corm, with petiole Araceae Man-kachu with petiole Araceae Kanta-Kachu with 27 Alocasia macrorrhiza (L) G. Don 28 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites petiole 29 Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Tal Fruits,, Watery latex 30 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Khejur Fruits,, Watery latex 31 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Narkol/Coconut Seeds, Fibrous part of fruit, leaves and tree-trunk 32 Areca catechu L. Arecaceae Supari/Betel nut Seeds, treetrunk 33 Yucca sp. Asparagaceae Yucca plant Piece of stem with leaves, solid stem 34 Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae Asamlata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Oraon, Munda); Tetram phang (Rava) 35 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Asteraceae Helencha Tender 36 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Keshutpata/ Bhringraj 37 Acmella paniculata Asteraceae Rasun/Usni sag (Wall. ex DC.) (Oraon); R.K.Jansen Harerphang 38 Ageratum conyzoides (L.)L. 39 Mikania micrantha Kunth 40 Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach 41 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Asteraceae Asteraceae (Rava) Uchanti; Bhusuripata (Oraon); Elame (Nepali) Taralata, Josuralata; Mekanilata (Nepali) Tender Young leaves Young leaves Asteraceae Babrisak with tender shoot Athyriaceae Dhekisak Tender 42 Basella alba L. Basellaceae PuiSak Tender shoot and leaves 43 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae Hatisur; Nimplosuntipha ng (Rava) 44 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Root Corm, leaves and petiole use as vegetable and different cookeries. Ripen fruits are used as raw and different cooking purposes; watery latex of tree trunk use as making of sugar-cake. use as hand-made fan, shading of house-roof; tree-trunk use as different household purposes. Ripen fruits are eaten as raw; watery latex of tree trunk use as making of sugar-cake. Fruit fibre use in rope making; seed kernel use for making handcraft items; endosperm of seed is edible; dried leaves veins are used as broom and tree-trunk use for making of roof/celling of huts. Use as mouth-freshener; tree-trunk use for making of roof/celling of huts. Decorating and fencing purposes. Fresh leaf juice externally applied to cuts and wounds to stop bleeding. Natural Hair colour and use against skin diseases. Cooked as vegetable. Use to treat for cut. Leaf sap prevents bleeding. Root sap is used in eye treatment. Brassicaceae Raisak 372 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

9 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy 45 Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Tetul Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. 46 Senna sophera L. Caesalpiniaceae Kalkasunda Young Cook in curry. leaves 47 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Chekenda Tender 48 Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae Vangpata Simulative, refreshness and pain killer. 49 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Pepe/Papaya Fruits, leaves Eaten as cooked vegetable, gastritis medicine; leaves juice use in blood formation. 50 Drymaria cordata (L.) Caryophyllaceae Chimjera and and whole plant used to treat Willd. ex Schult. 51 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 52 Terminalia chebula Retz. 53 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. 54 Commelina benghalensis L. 55 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. 56 Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 57 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. 58 Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht 59 Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Dukpa); Niltos whole plant Cough and cold, and pain. Combretaceae Bahera Fruits Dried fruits use to treat against dyspepsia and Also use in serious gastritis problems. Combretaceae Haritaki Fruits, Seeds Fruits and seeds are use against different gastritis, stomach disorder and Hindu puja purposes. Combretaceae Arjun tree Bark Bark decoction taken in empty stomach to treat cardiac trouble. Commelinaceae Kanchirasak Tender Commelinaceae Baspatarisak Convolvulaceae MistiAalu/Rang alu/shakaalu Root tuber Convolvulaceae Kolmisak Tender Costaceae Keu; Betlahari Rhizome and Debkewa (Nepali) Cucurbitaceae Squash/ Fruits, Iskush Undergroun d Rhizome, tender shoot Eaten as raw, Use as vegetable and different cookeries and sweets. Rhizome used to treat stomach problem, blood in urine, diabetes. Eaten as cooked vegetable; rhizome Use as vegetable and different cookeries; tender shoot use in curry. 60 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Telakucha Fruits Young fruits use as vegetable and ripe fruits eaten as raw by birds. 61 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Cucurbitaceae Dhundhul / Khosafal Unripe Fruits, Dried fruits Young fruits use as vegetable and dried inner part of fruit use as body and dish cleanser. 62 Momordica dioica Roxb. Cucurbitaceae JangliKakrol Fruits Eaten as cooked vegetable. ex Willd. 63 Tricosanthus Cucurbitaceae Banpatal Unripe Eaten as cooked vegetable. cucumerina L. fruits 64 Momordica balsamina L. Cucurbitaceae Uchhe Fruits Eaten as cooked vegetable; anti-wormic and anti-diabetic. 65 Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Chalkumro Young fruits Young Fruits use as cooked vegetable. (Thunb.) Cong. 66 Dillenia indica L. Dilleniaceae Chalta Fruits Eaten as raw and also uses in prickle and chutney preparation. 67 Dioscorea alata L. Dioscoreaceae Kham Aalu/ Chupri Aalu Undergroun d-rhizome Use as vegetable and different cookeries. 68 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae Banalu/Chamalu /Methealoo / Gachhalu Undergroun d-rhizome Use as vegetable and different cookeries. 69 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. 70 Shorea robusta Gaertn. F. Dilleniaceae Tatari Use as fodder for cattle/ elephant. Dipterocarpaceae Sal Dried leaves Use for preparation of plate and local smoking raw materials. Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

10 Sarkar et al., Diospyros malabarica Ebenaceae Gab Fruits Mature fruit eaten as raw. (Desr.) Kostel. 72 Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Elaeocarpaceae Jalpai Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in prickle and chutney preparation. 73 Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. ex G.Don Elaeocarpaceae Rudraksha Seeds Use as mala and different ornamental things. 74 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Reri Seeds Seed oil is used as pain killer. 75 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Lalbharanda Latex and seeds Seeds oil use to cure various skin diseases and also use as haemostatic agent. 76 Flacourtia indica (Burm. Flacourtiaceae Baichi Fruits Fruit eaten as raw or cooked. f.) Merr. 77 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Fabaceae Bok phul Flowers Eaten as cooked vegetable. Pers. 78 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Fabaceae Keshoralu Root tuber Eaten as raw vegetable and uses in preparation of different cooked vegetable. Fabaceae Palashphul Flowers Use for making natural colour and in Hindu puja purposes. Preparation of different ornamental stem purposes. Hydrocharitaceae Panikola Seeds Eaten raw by Children. 79 Butea monosperma (La m.) Taub. 80 Aeschynomene aspera L. Fabaceae Shola Hollow 81 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. 82 Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae Nishindra are used in curry; extract of leaves used against whitening of hair and memory loss. 83 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Danda-kalas Tender 374 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, Ocimum sanctum L. Lamiaceae Tulsi Raw paste of leaves is use against cold and cough. 85 Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Bon-Tulsi Raw paste of leaves is use against cold and cough. 86 Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Eberm. 87 Lathyrus sativus L. Leguminosae Khesarisak Young leaves, seeds 88 Asparagus racemosus Willdenow. Lauraceae Tejpata are use as spice and flavouring agent and use against cold and cough. Young leaves are used as vegetable and seeds are used as dal. Liliaceae Satamul; Kaisalgo (Oraon); Kuriol (Nepali) Root Root is used against stomach disorder. 89 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Henna pata Decoction of leaves use as hand-print/ Mehendi, hair colouring agent. 90 Trapa natans L. Lythraceae JalSingara Fruits Eaten as raw. 91 Corchorus aestuans L. Malvaceae Desi pat pata 92 Corchorus capsularis L. Malvaceae Pat, fibre 93 Corchorus olitorius L. Malvaceae Tita Pat, fibre Use as cooked vegetable; fibre use for making rope and different handcraft materials. Use as cooked vegetable; fibre use for making rope and different handcraft materials. 94 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae Jaba used to treat burning sensation, fatigue, skin diseases 95 Malva verticillata L. Malvaceae Laffa 96 Marsilea quadrifolia L. Marsileaceae Sushnisak 97 Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) Sahni & Bennet 98 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 99 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Meliaceae Lotka Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. Meliaceae Neem, Tender shoot Use as cooked vegetable; Raw paste use against different skin diseases and young twig use as a good toothache. Menispermaceae Gulancha Stem Stem sap used against acidity and helminthic infection.

11 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy 100 Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Molluginaceae Gimasak Tender Aug. DC. shoot 101 Ficus hispida L.f. Moraceae JangliDumur / Khoksa Unripe Fruits Eaten as cooked vegetable, Fried fruit reduce blood sugar level. 102 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Kanthal Fruits, seeds, Young fruits use as vegetable and ripe fruits eaten as raw, leaves are used for cattle. 103 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Jag-Dumur Unripe Fruits Eaten as cooked vegetable, Fried fruit reduce blood sugar level. 104 Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. Moraceae Deua Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. 105 Ficus rumphii Blume. Moraceae Dumur Unripe Cook as vegetable. Fruits 106 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Sajina Fruits, leaves, Flowers juice taken as high blood pressure remedy; fruit and flowers Eaten as cooked vegetable. 107 Musa balbisiana Colla Musaceae Bicha kola Fruits, Inflorescenc e, Inner solid part of stem 108 Syzygium fruticosum (Roxb.) DC. 109 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 110 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Peyara Fruits, Young twig, 111 Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry 112 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Ripe Fruits eaten as raw; Young fruits and inflorescence eaten as cooked vegetable; leaves are used as tray/plate; Inner solid part of stem uses as cooked vegetable. Myrtaceae Khudi jam Fruits Eaten as raw, blood purifier. Myrtaceae Jam Fruits Eaten as raw, blood purifier. Myrtaceae White Jamrul Fruits Eaten as raw. Nelumbonaceae Padda/Lotus, fleshy thalamus and seeds 113 Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl 114 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Punarnaba Tender 115 Nymphaea pubescens Willd. 116 Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews 117 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. 118 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. 119 Helminthostachya zeylanica Hook. Ripe fruits use as raw; leaves use effective in stomach problems; leaves and young twig use also toothache. are use as plate to serve food; seeds are eaten as raw and vegetable. Nephrolepidaceae Fern Decorating and ornamental purposes. Nymphaeaceae Dhaap/Saluk Petioles and Petioles use as vegetable and fried seeds seeds are used as dry food. Nymphaeaceae Saluk Petioles Nymphaeaceae Sapla Petioles Preparation of curry oleaceae sheuli, flowers juice effective against worm and stomach disorder. Ophioglossaceae Dinshabalindo Rhizome Rhizome used to treat jaundice (Meich); Nagdhup(Rava) Orchidaceae Orchid Flowers Decorating purposes. 120 Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. 121 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Orchidaceae Orchid Flowers Decorating purposes. Hook. ex G.Don 122 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae Kamranga Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. 123 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Amrulpata Use as cooked vegetable; natural cleansing agent of kitchen appliances. 124 Phyllanthus niruri L. Phyllanthaceae BhuiAmla Tender Raw paste of leaves use as gastrointestinal problems. Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

12 Sarkar et al., Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae Amlaki Fruits Paste of ripe Fruit given to children to treat diarrhoea. Unripe fruit taken as cooling agent and Laxative. Fresh fruit and root paste use to treat jaundice. Seed paste used to treat eye inflammation. 126 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Plantaginaceae Brahmii sag Tender Use as cooked vegetable; Raw paste use as memorizing tonic supplement. 127 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Poaceae Durbaghas Pers. 128 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Jangli Pan Eaten raw as condiment/ mouth refreshers. 129 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Gol -Marich Fruits Dried fruits use as spice, cough-cold remedy, anti-gastritis. 130 Bambusa tulda Roxb. Poaceae Banse Tender mature stem 131 Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Poaceae Banse Tender mature stem 132 Cymbopogon citrates (DC.) Stapf 133 Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda Cooked as curry and prickle preparation; Furniture, Construction material and different ornamental things. Young twig is used as vegetable and pickle preparation; Furniture, Construction material and different ornamental things. Poaceae Citronella Petiole Use as insect repellent and natural perfumery agent. Poaceae Broom/ Jhadu Inflorescence Inflorescence/ Flowering panicles are plant used to make light dust brooms. 134 Rumex maritime L. Polygonaceae Ban palang Tender shoot 135 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Nuniasak/ Tender Baralaynia shoot 136 Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Kul Fruits, Lam. Seeds 137 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Bon kul Fruits, Seeds 138 Duchesnea chrysantha Rosaceae Jangli Mature (Zoll.and Moritzi) Miq. Strawberry fruits 139 Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Gandhovadal, padalipata Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney; dried powder of seeds use as savoury. Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. Eaten as raw. Use as cooked vegetable; Raw paste use as gastro-intestinal and anti-diarrhoic supplement. 140 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser. Rubiaceae Kadam Flower Cooked as vegetable and uses in different ornamental purposes. 141 Limonia acidissima L. Rutaceae Kath bel Fruits Eaten as raw and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. 142 Citrus sinensis (L.) Rutaceae Kamala lebu, Orange Fruits, Ripe fruits use as raw, leaves uses as flavouring/perfumery agents. 143 Citrus maxima Merr. Rutaceae Batabi, Jambura Fruits, Ripe fruits use as raw, leaves uses as flavouring/perfumery agents. 144 Citrus aurantiifolia Rutaceae Kaghzilebu Fruits Ripe fruits use as raw, anti-gastritis. (Christm.) Swingle 145 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Rutaceae Bel Fruits, 146 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr. 147 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. 148 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Fruit pulp eaten as raw, juice; fruits are useful in Gastrointestinal problems; use as Hindu Puja/ritual purpose. Rutaceae Curry pata Use as flavouring agent in different cooking items; Rutaceae Ashshewra Tender Use as toothache. shoot Sapindaceae Lataphatkari; used to treat snake bite. Sibjhul; Bhado (Rajbanshi) 376 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

13 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy 149 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Bakul Ripe Fruits Eaten as raw. 150 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Saururaceae Much-muchinda / Astapata Tender shoot Use as cooked vegetable and stomach disorder. 151 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Kumarilata/Ra mdatan Root, Rhizome Use for abscesses, boils, swellings and rheumatism and also fordyosgenin. 152 Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Kakmachi 153 Melochia corchorifolia L. Sterculiaceae Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Bantipariya Cooked as vegetable. 155 Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanaceae Tomato Ripe fruits Eaten as raw in salad and commonly uses in curries and chutney preparation. 156 Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Harjora Stem Stem extract is used to treat broken bone 157 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Aada Rhizome Rhizome paste use to treat in coughcold and stimulant and also use as spice. 158 Curcuma amada Roxb. Zingiberaceae Aam-Ada Rhizome Rhizome paste use in appetizer, stomachic, carminative, stomatitis, bronchitis. 159 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Holud Rhizome Rhizome paste is applied to treat skin diseases, bone fracture and inflammation and spice. 160 Curcuma caesia Roxb. Zingiberaceae Bon-Holud/ Kaloholud 161 Amomum subulatum Roxb. Zingiberaceae Large cardamom Table 2: Source and commercial Inforamation of NTFPs Sr. No. Name of the plant Purpose Demand in market 1 Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Edible/ Rhizome Fruits, Seeds Supply in market Rhizome paste is applied to treat skin diseases, bone fracture and inflammation. Use as spice. Alternative source Medium Adequate Non Commercially 2 Adhatoda vasica Nees. No Demand Not 3 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Non Commercially Less Adequate Non Commercially 4 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. No Demand Not Sells rate (Rs.) 5-10/ 250 gm. 5 Amaranthus spinosus L. Edible Medium Adequate 5-10/ 500 gm. 6 Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Edible Less Adequate 5/ 500 gm. 7 Amaranthus tricolor L. Edible Medium Adequate Commercially 10/ 250 gm. 8 Amaranthus viridis L. Edible Less Adequate 9 Chenopodium album L. Edible 5-10/250 gm. 10 Celosia argentea L. Edible Less Adequate 11 Achyranthes aspera L. Edible No Demand Not 12 Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Edible Medium Adequate Non-Commercially 13 Mangifera indica L. Edible 14 Annona reticulata L. Edible High Inadequate Commercially 15 Annona squamosa L. Edible High Inadequate Commercially 40-50/kg /kg /kg /kg. Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

14 16 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Edible/ Sarkar et al., 2018 Medium Adequate 17 Eryngium foetidum L. Edible Medium Adequate Non Commercially 18 Carissa carandas L. Edible Occasionall y Demand 19 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 20 Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don Less Demand Adequate Adequate No Demand Not 21 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. No Demand Not 22 Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. 23 Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott 24 Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott 25 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Commercially Commercially Non Commercially Non Commercially No Demand Not Edible Medium Adequate Non Commercially Edible Edible High Inadequate Commercially 26 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Edible High Adequate Non Commercially 27 Alocasia macrorrhiza (L) G. Don Edible Medium Adequate Non Commercially 28 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Edible No Demand Not 29 Borassus flabellifer L. Edible High Inadequate Commercially 30 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Edible High Inadequate Commercially 31 Cocos nucifera L. Edible/ Ornamental 32 Areca catechu L. Edible/ Ornamental 70-90/kg /kg /kg /kg /kg /kg / Piece(fruit) 30-50/kg (fruit); (tuft of midrib of leaves) /kg. 33 Yucca sp. Ornamental Less Adequate 34 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. No Demand Not 35 Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Edible Medium Adequate 36 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Less Adequate 37 Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex Edible Less Adequate DC.) R.K.Jansen 38 Ageratum conyzoides (L.)L. Less Adequate 39 Mikania micrantha Kunth No Demand Not 40 Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach 41 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Edible Medium Adequate Commercially 5-10/250 gm. Edible High Adequate 5-10/250 gm. 42 Basella alba L. Edible 5-10/250 gm. 43 Heliotropium indicum L. Less Adequate 44 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Edible Medium Adequate Commercially 20/kg. 378 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

15 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy 45 Tamarindus indica L. Edible/ Ornamental 46 Senna sophera L. Edible No Demand Not 47 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Edible No Demand Not 48 Cannabis sativa L. Occasionall y Demand 49 Carica papaya L. Edible/ 50 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. 51 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb /kg. Adequate High Adequate Non Commercially No Demand Not Locally collected 52 Terminalia chebula Retz. 53 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. 54 Commelina benghalensis L. Edible No Demand Not 55 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Edible No Demand Not 20-40/kg.(fruit) 5-10/Piece(fruit) 5-10/Piece(fruit) 50-80/kg. 56 Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Edible Medium Adequate 30-40/kg. (root) 57 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Edible High Adequate 5-10/250 gm. 58 Cheilocostus speciosus No Demand Not (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht 59 Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Edible 20-40/kg. (fruit); 80-90/kg. (Rhizome) 60 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Edible High Adequate 20-30/kg. 61 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Edible Medium Adequate 20-25/kg(Young fruit); 5/ Piece (fiber of dry fruit) 62 Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Edible Medium Adequate 20-35/kg 63 Tricosanthus cucumerina L. Edible Less Inadequate 10-15/kg 64 Momordica balsamina L. Edible/ 65 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cong. Edible 35-50/kg 15-25/ piece 66 Dillenia indica L. Edible Medium Adequate Commercially 5-10/ piece 67 Dioscorea alata L. Edible/ Less Inadequate 15-20/250 gm. 68 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Edible/ 69 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Edible No Demand Not Less Inadequate 15-20/250 gm. 70 Shorea robusta Gaertn. F. Ornamental 71 Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. 72 Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Edible Less Adequate Non Commercially Edible High Adequate Non Commercially 10-20/ kg. 80/ kg. Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

16 Sarkar et al., Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. ex G.Don Ornamental Medium Adequate Commercially 10/ Piece 74 Ricinus communis L. Less Adequate 75 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Less Adequate Non Commercially 76 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Edible Less Adequate Non Commercially 77 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Edible Medium Adequate Non Commercially 78 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Edible 79 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Ornamental Medium Less Adequate Non Commercially 80 Aeschynomene aspera L. Ornamental High Inadequate Non Commercially 81 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Edible No Demand Not 82 Vitex negundo L. Edible/ No Demand Not / kg / kg. 5/ 250 gm. 83 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Edible Medium Adequate 84 Ocimum sanctum L. No Demand Not 85 Ocimum americanum L. No Demand Not 86 Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Eberm. Edible/ Non Commercially 87 Lathyrus sativus L. Edible Medium Adequate Commercially 88 Asparagus racemosus Willdenow. Occasionally Demand 89 Lawsonia inermis L. Ornamental Occasionally Demand Adequate Adequate Commercially Commercially 5-10/ 100 gm / kg. 10/100gm. 10/100gm. 90 Trapa natans L. Edible 40-80/ kg. 91 Corchorus aestuans L. Edible Occasionally Demand Adequate 5-10/ 500 gm. 92 Corchorus capsularis L. Edible/ Ornamental 93 Corchorus olitorius L. Edible 94 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Less Adequate Non Commercially 95 Malva verticillata L. Edible Medium Adequate Commercially 96 Marsilea quadrifolia L. Edible Medium Adequate Non Commercially 97 Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) Sahni & Bennet Edible 98 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Edible/ 99 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr Occasionally Demand Adequate Non Commercially Less Adequate Non Commercially Less Adequate Non Commercially 5-10/ 500 gm. 5-10/ 500 gm. 10/ 500 gm. 10/ 250 gm / kg. 10/ bunch 100 Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. Edible Medium Adequate 10/ 250 gm. 380 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

17 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy DC. 101 Ficus hispida L.f. Edible/ 102 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. 103 Ficus racemosa L. Edible/ Medium Adequate 30-40/ kg. Edible High Adequate Non Commercially Medium Adequate Non Commercially 25-40/ piece(fruit); 60-80/ kg.(seeds) 30-40/ kg. 104 Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. Edible Less Adequate 20/ kg. 105 Ficus rumphii Blume. Edible Medium Adequate 30-40/ kg. 106 Moringa oleifera Lam. Edible/ 107 Musa balbisiana Colla Edible/ Ornamental 108 Syzygium fruticosum (Roxb.) DC. Edible/ 109 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Edible/ 110 Psidium guajava L. Edible/ 111 Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry 112 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Edible/ Ornamental 113 Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl High Adequate Non Commercially High Adequate Non Commercially No Demand Not High Adequate Non Commercially High Adequate Non Commercially Edible High Adequate Non Commercially Occasionally Demand Adequate Commercially / kg.(fruit) 5 piece(fruit), piece (fruit), 20-30/ piece (inflorescence), 5-10/ piece(solid stem) / kg.(fruit) 5-10/ piece / kg. 10/ piece (flower) Ornamental High Adequate 2/ piece (leaves) 114 Boerhavia diffusa L. Edible No Demand Not 115 Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Edible Medium Adequate 40/ 100 gm. (seeds), 10-15/ kg. (petiole and leaves) 116 Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews Edible Medium Adequate 10-15/ kg. (petiole and leaves) 117 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Edible Medium Adequate 10-15/ kg. (petiole and leaves) 118 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Edible/ 119 Helminthostachya zeylanica Hook. 120 Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. 121 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don 122 Averrhoa carambola L. Edible/ No Demand Not No Demand Not Ornamental High Adequate 20-30/ flower stock Ornamental Less Adequate 123 Oxalis corniculata L. No Demand Not 124 Phyllanthus niruri L. No Demand Not 125 Phyllanthus emblica L. Edible/ / kg /kg. Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

18 Sarkar et al., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Edible/ High Adequate Non Commercially 127 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Edible No Demand Not 128 Piper longum L. Edible 129 Piper nigrum L. Edible/ 130 Bambusa tulda Roxb. Edible/ Ornamental 131 Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Edible/ Ornamental 132 Cymbopogon citrates (DC.) Stapf 133 Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda Ornamental No Demand Not Commercially 10/ 100 gm. 5-10/ 100gm / kg / piece / piece Ornamental High Adequate 25-40/ kg. 134 Rumex maritime L. Edible No Demand Not 135 Portulaca oleracea L. Edible No Demand Not 136 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Edible High Adequate Non Commercially 40-50/ kg. 137 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Edible High Adequate 50-60/ kg. 138 Duchesnea chrysantha (Zoll.and Moritzi) Miq. 139 Paederia foetida L. Edible/ 140 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser. Edible No Demand Not Edible/ Ornamental Medium Adequate Non Commercially No Demand Not Non Commercially 141 Limonia acidissima L. Edible High Adequate Non Commercially 142 Citrus sinensis (L.) Edible 143 Citrus maxima Merr. Edible Medium Adequate Non Commercially 144 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Edible/ 145 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Edible/ Medium Adequate Commercially High Adequate Non Commercially 146 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr. Edible Less Adequate Non Commercially 147 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. 148 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. No Demand Not No Demand Not 149 Mimusops elengi L. Edible No Demand Not 150 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Edible No Demand Not 151 Smilax zeylanica L. No Demand Not Non Commercially 10/ 250gm. 5-15/ piece 1-5/ piece 5-10/ piece 2-5/ piece 5-10/ piece 152 Solanum nigrum L. Edible Less Adequate 153 Melochia corchorifolia L. Edible No Demand Not 382 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

19 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy 154 Physalis minima L. Edible No Demand Not 155 Solanum lycopersicum L. Edible / kg. 156 Cissus quadrangularis L. Less Adequate 50-80/ kg. 157 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Edible/ / kg. 158 Curcuma amada Roxb. Less Adequate 20-30/ kg. 159 Curcuma longa L. Edible/ / kg. 160 Curcuma caesia Roxb. Less Adequate 20-30/ kg. 161 Amomum subulatum Roxb. Edible High Inadequate Commercially 500/ kg. Table 3: Status of Species under each Family. SL. NO. FAMILY NO. OF SPECIES SL. NO. FAMILY NO. OF SPECIES 1 ACANTHACEAE 4 37 LYTHRACEAE 2 2 AMARANTHACEAE 7 38 MALVACEAE 5 3 ANACARDIACEAE 2 39 MARSILEACEAE (FERN) 1 4 ANNONACEAE 2 40 MELIACEAE 2 5 APIACEAE 2 41 MENISPERMACEAE 1 6 APOCYNACEAE 5 42 MOLLUGINACEAE 1 7 ARACEAE 6 43 MORACEAE 5 8 ARECACEAE 4 44 MORINGACEAE 1 9 ASPARAGACEAE 1 45 MUSACEAE 1 10 ASTERACEAE 7 46 MYRTACEAE 4 11 ATHYRIACEAE (FERN) 1 47 NELUMBONACEAE 1 12 BASELLACEAE 1 48 NEPHROLEPIDACEAE (FERN) 1 13 BORAGINACEAE 1 49 NYCTAGINACEAE 1 14 BRASSICACEAE 1 50 NYMPHAEACEAE 3 15 CAESALPINIACEAE 3 51 OLEACEAE 1 16 CANNABACEAE 1 52 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (FERN) 1 17 CARICACEAE 1 53 ORCHIDACEAE 2 18 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 1 54 OXALIDACEAE 2 19 COMBRETACEAE 3 55 PHYLLANTHACEAE 2 20 COMMELINACEAE 2 56 PIPERACEAE 2 21 CONVOLVULACEAE 2 57 PLANTAGINACEAE 1 22 COSTACEAE 1 58 POACEAE 5 23 CUCURBITACEAE 7 59 POLYGONACEAE 1 24 DILLENIACEAE 2 60 PORTULACACEAE 1 25 DIOSCOREACEAE 2 61 RHAMNACEAE 2 26 DIPTEROCARPACEAE 1 62 ROSACEAE 1 27 EBENACEAE 1 63 RUBIACEAE 2 28 ELAEOCARPACEAE 2 64 RUTACEAE 7 29 EUPHORBIACEAE 2 65 SAPINDACEAE 1 30 FLACOURTIACEAE 1 66 SAPOTACEAE 1 31 FABACEAE 4 67 SAURURACEAE 1 32 HYDROCHARITACEAE 1 68 SMILACACEAE 1 33 LAMIACEAE 4 69 SOLANACEAE 3 34 LAURACEAE 1 70 STERCULIACEAE 1 35 LEGUMINOSAE 1 71 VITACEAE 1 36 LILIACEAE 1 72 ZINGIBERACEAE 5 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,

20 Sarkar et al., 2018 Fig2. Status of Dicot, Monocot and Fern Graph1: Numerical classification of Plant parts used as NTFP in the Forest patches and adjoining area of Jalpaiguri forest division. CONCLUSION REFERENCES The current study indicates that NTFPs have a great socio-economic significance because of their food and medicinal values. The presented inventory also reveal that many NTFPs of the studied area are not properly marketized. Proper commercialization of such products will be most effective for the development of forest adjacent people. However mass attention is needed to protect the biodiversity. Though the people never take off the whole plant but sometimes they collect all fruits or reproductive parts due to lack of proper scientific knowledge of plant regeneration. Awareness-cumtrainings camps, Workshop of Plantation and Biodiversity based programmes needs to be organized, for effective implementation and execution of the sustainable management of NTFPs. In this way the traditional knowledge of the forest fringe area is also incorporated in the mainstream scientific research. For example the chemical analysis of edible and medicinal NTFPs will provide nutritional and phytochemical profiles that could be useful for assessing the health benefits of such foods and medicines. Care should also taken about the balanced use of forest products. Evolving participatory strategies for multiplication and domestication of the economically valuable species can contribute to conservation of these plant in the forest and adjacent area. Only a balanced interaction between the people and forest ecosystem can implement the success of conservation and sustainable management of NTFPs. Conflicts of interest: Not declared Ahenkan A. and Boon, EK (2008) Enhancing Food Security and Poverty Reduction in Ghana through Non-timber Forest Products Farming: Case Study of Sefwi Wiawso District. GRIN Publishers, Munich. Ahenkan A and Boon E (2011) Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs): Clearing the confusion in semantics. Journal of Human Ecology, 33(1): 1-9. Ali I and Das I (2003) Tribal Situation in North-East India Studies of Tribes and Tribals 1(2), Bhattacharya P and Hayat SF (2003) Sustainable NTFP Management for Livelihood and Income Generation of Tribal Communities: A Case from Madhya Pradesh, India, in Proceedings of Workshop on Policies, Management, Utilization and Conservation of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in the South Asia Region. Bangalore: Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment. Daya Y and Vinj N (2006) Protecting traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in South Africa through the intellectual property regime, Agrekon, 45(3) FAO (1995) Non-wood forest products for rural income and sustainable forestry. Non-Wood Forest Products 7, Rome, Italy. Hajra PK and Boissya AK (1980) Ethnobotanical notes on Miris (Missings) of Assam plain; Jain S K: Glimpses of Indian ethno botany: Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi Islam MA, Quli SMS, Rai R and Sofi PA (2013) Livelihood contributions of forest resources to the tribal communities of Jharkhand. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences,3(2), Islam MA, Quli SMS, Rai R and Ali A (2014) Exploration of variables predicting livelihood assets status of tribal communities subsisting in forests of Jharkhand, India. Journal of Human Ecology,47(3), John Kennedy SM (2006) Commercial non timber forest products collected by the tribals in the Palani hills. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 5920: Kalita P, Deka S, Saharia BJ, Chakraborty A, Basak M, Deka MK (2014) An overview and future scope on traditionally used herbal plants of Assam having Antidiabetic activity. IJAPBC. 3(2): Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol. 6(2) April - June, 2018

21 Impact of non-timber forest products on Forest and in Livelihood Economy Mahapatra AK and Tewari DD (2005) Importance of nontimber forest products in the economic valuation of dry deciduous forests of India. Forest Policy and Economics, 7(3), Mathur RB and Shiva MP (1996) Standard NTFP classification and documentation manual. Dehra Dun: Khanna Bandhu. Olaniyi OA, Akintonde JO and Adetumbi SI (2013) Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products to household food security among rural women in Iseyin local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(7), Parabia M and Reddy MN (2002) Protocol for Ethnomedicinal studies in forestry Ethnobotany. Avishkar publisher, Distributor 807, Vyars. Building, Chaura Rasta Jaipur, India Peters CM, Gentry AH and Mendelsohn RO (1989) Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest. Nature 339: Prasad BN (1985) Regional Non Wood Forest Product Industries. Forest Industries Development Group. Asia Pacific Region, FAO, Kualalampur. Prasad N and Siddiqui MH (2006) Promotion and protection of Jharkhand forests to mitigate problem of livelihood. My Forest, 42(4), Sarkar AK and Mazumder M (2016) Surveillance to Evaluate the Diversity, Dominance and Community Structure of Tree Species in Nagrakata Forest Beat of Chalsa Forest Range, West Bengal, India Int. J Pure App. Biosci. 4(5): Sarkar AK, Dey M and Mazumder M (2017) Ecological status of medicinal plants of Chalsa forest range under Jalpaiguri division, West Bengal, India, International Journal of Herbal Medicine.5(5): Sarkar AK, Dey M and Mazumder M (2017) Evaluation of ecological status of natural vegetation of Diana forest range under Jalpaiguri division, West Bengal, India. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 6(8), Published by IJLSCI Int. J. of Life Sciences, Volume 6 (2) April-June,