Drying Oak and Thick Hardwood Lumber Applying Lean Manufacturing Techniques to Kiln Drying Wood Decay, Fungi, Stain and Mold

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Baldric Davidson
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5 Three of the presentations: Drying Oak and Thick Hardwood Lumber Applying Lean Manufacturing Techniques to Kiln Drying Wood Decay, Fungi, Stain and Mold

Vendellyne Marigal, 2111 President Trees, Lumber and Kilns Genesis Talin, Executive

Meeting 2111 Officers and Board Members NEKDA 2111 One Hundred Years Later Past

(ADF) 2111 Spring Meeting April 10 & 11 at the Holiday Inn, in Albany, NY http://en.

6 Vendellyne Marigal, 2111 President Trees, Lumber and Kilns Genesis Talin, Executive Secretary SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry NEKDA Home Spring 2111 Meeting 2111 Officers and Board Members NEKDA 2111 One Hundred Years Later Past Meetings NEKDA Award Applications NEKDA Award Winners 2110 NEKDA Membership Directory (ADF) 2111 Spring Meeting April 10 & 11 at the Holiday Inn, in Albany, NY

7 And three of the presentations will be: Drying Chestnut and Other Thick Hardwood Lumber Applying Lean Manufacturing Techniques to Kiln Drying Chestnut Wood Decay, Fungi, Stain and Mold: Problems of the Past Thanks to Chestnut

8 was once so common, they used it for everything - fences, shakes, RR ties, telephone poles

9 It is now so rare they salvage it out of old barns and sell it as Antique wood

11 Or is it pure nostalgia?

12 Chestnut wood is readily kiln dried or air seasoned with a minimum of warping, checking, or honeycombing. From: Saucier, Josesph R AMERICAN CHESTNUT: an American wood, USDA Forest Service. FS-230

13 In resistance to decay, chestnut is equal to the most durable woods, such as cedars, cypress, and redwood. Hypothetical question: If ~ 25% of the standing timber in the Eastern US was as rot- resistant as REDWOOD, would we have ever invented pressure treated lumber? From: Saucier, Josesph R AMERICAN CHESTNUT: an American wood, USDA Forest Service. FS-230

15 In 1924 the estimated standing volume of chestnut saw timber was 19.3 billion board feet. In the southern Appalachian Mountains, it made up about 25 percent of the timber volume.

16 * (First year reported) (~One-half of 1% of 1899 level!) *Numbers are millions of board feet (MMBF)

Yuletide carols being sung by a choir, And folks dressed up

18 The Christmas Song (by Torme and Wells in 1946) Chestnuts roasting on an open fire, Jack Frost nipping on your nose, Yuletide carols being sung by a choir, And folks dressed up like Eskimos.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 1807 1882 59.

19 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Village Blacksmith Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands; The smith, a mighty man is he, With large and sinewy hands; And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands. blacksmith /

20 Even in California

22 Cryphonectria parasitica (fungus) Colonizes wounds Forms a canker & girdles tree

23 In 1904, discovery of chestnut blight in the Bronx Zoo (Merkel) In 1876, nurseryman S.B. Parsons of Flushing NY Imported the first Japanese Chestnut trees

26 (figure from National Geographic, 1990, vol. 177, p133)

29 Summary of the progress over the first 100 years: Very limited No pure American trees found with strong resistance No suitable replacement chestnut species identified No cost-effective fungicides found

30 High-concentration injections Labor intensive and expensive Useful for single trees Example: historic trees (TACFNY member tests)

31 TACF Meadowview Farm, VA Dr. Fred Hebard (started 1983) Goal is for 1/16 Chinese chestnut genome to contain the 4 or more blight resistance genes

32 The American Chestnut Research and Restoration Center

33 So, I have (hopefully) convinced you that the American chestnut WAS important Q: How do we intend to get from where we are, back to 19 billion board feet of standing timber? A: Very slowly (and carefully!) But, We have already made a good start!

Over 50 researchers (collaborators, visiting scientists, postdocs, graduate students,

34 Current: Lab Researchers: Linda McGuigan Andy Newhouse Kathleen Baier Lilibeth Northern Graduate students: - Amelia Bo Zhang - Katie D Amico - Allison Oakes - Kristen Russell Over 50 researchers (collaborators, visiting scientists, postdocs, graduate students, undergraduate students, and High School students) contributed to this research over the past 20 years.

Supporters over the past 20 years: Forest

National Hardwood Lumber Association Wild

35 Supporters over the past 20 years: Forest Health Initiative New York Chapter USDA BRAG USDA CREES ArborGen LLC CPBR NYSTAR Unger Vetlesen Fdn Monsanto Fund The National Hardwood Lumber Association Wild Turkey Federation Northern Nut Growers Association

36 Goal: produce blight resistant transgenic trees What genes should we use? Must be: Effective (benefit) Safe (minimize risk) Durable (sustainable) Must understand disease process in order to select the most promising genes

37 Significant factors in canker formation:" mycelial fans! mechanical wedges " lowered ph " ph2.8 vs. 5.5" oxalic acid most predominant"

Tested in: Peanut, soybean, sunflower, tomato, lettuce,

38 This gene comes from wheat Natural defense gene of grains Detoxifies oxalic acid: oxalic acid > H 2 O 2 + CO 2 Tested in: Peanut, soybean, sunflower, tomato, lettuce, potato, and more crops all the time. Dr. Liang tested in poplar

40 Agrobacterium: the bacteria that is a natural plant genetic engineer

41 Somatic embryogenesis

42 Chestnut tissue culture How to make a tree from a seed, the hard way. Dr. Xing based on S.A. Merkle

43 ~2 week window

44 ~ 1 in 1000 embryos produces a somatic embryo culture

45 Somatic embryo culture Somatic! embryogenesis! Seed" Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and selection Maintained for ~7 years

46 Germination of embryos Somatic! embryogenesis! Heart, Torpedo,! and early! cotyledon stages! Cotyledon stage! & shoot formation! Seed" Shoots"

47 shoots

48 Making whole plants shoots rooting plantlet (Dr. Xing and Sharon Bickel)

49 2006 first transgenic American chestnut planted

50 2 years +, then 18 to 24 months, now < 18 months

53 Susceptible American chestnut control Low OxO expressing Transgenic event Wirsig American chestnut Resistant Chinese chestnut control

54 Wirsig Ct = Darling 1 Ct = Ready for field inoculations this summer

55 Inoculate field trees TACF breeding program inoculates 3 to 6 yearold trees SUNY-ESF inoculates 2 year old trees Any quicker way?

56 (Powell/Newhouse)

59 Variation Averages are key Chinese chestnut leaves consistently show less necrosis than American Combined data from 5 experiments inoculations per leaf type Error bars = 1 SEM T-test: P< (Andy Newhouse)

60 (Andy Newhouse)

62 Upper shelterwood plot

63 Ectomycorrhizal colonization Total Ectomycorrhizal Colonization Percent Colonization Beech CC Hybrid AC x CC Oak Wildtype AC Trangenic AC (Katie D Amico)

64 Goal: hemizygous resistance Maximize out-crossing pollen seed pollen Transgenic American chestnut TACFNY Mother Trees offspring Surviving wild population

66 Any Questions?

Our forests are facing many challenges. Chestnut Blight

Our forests are facing many challenges Chestnut Blight How a single gene may help save the American Chestnut Current research team: Bill Powell (Director) Chuck Maynard (Co-Director Emeritus) Linda McGuigan