Hygrophoraceae. -basidia in most cases more than 5 times as long as width - waxy thick gills -white smooth spores

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Myrtle Jennings
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1 Hygrophoraceae

2 Hygrophoraceae -basidia in most cases more than 5 times as long as width - waxy thick gills -white smooth spores

3 Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sized tricholomatoid with decurrent gills, trama divergent, with often slimy veil, ectomycorrhizal Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid, trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, often bright coloured Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid, trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors

4 Hygrophorus bakerensis - almond smell Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood

5 Hygrophorus hypothejus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood

6 Hygrophorus subalpinus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood

7 Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sized tricholomatoid with decurrent gills, trama divergent, with often slimy veil, ectomycorrhizal Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid, trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, often bright coloured Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid, trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors

8 Hygrocybe punicea - one of several bright scarlet species Photo from Mykoweb: Mike Wood

9 Hygrocybe flavescens Photo John Lennie

10 Hygrocybe singeri - stains black when handled Photo from Mykoweb: Mike Wood

11 Hygrocybe calyptriformis

12 Hygrocybe psittacina

13 Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sized tricholomatoid with decurrent gills, trama divergent, with often slimy veil, ectomycorrhizal Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid, trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, often bright coloured Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid, trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors

14 Camarophyllus pratensis

15 Camarophyllus russocoriaceus - smells of cedar Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood

16 Russulaceae

17 Characteristics of the family Russulaceae amyloid ornamented spores "heteromerous" trama (sphaerocysts present) laticifer hyphae (that stain dark with sulphovanilla and form the cystidia) All species are mycorrhizal

18 Diagram of gill trama of Russula showning sphaerocysts

19 Sphaerocysts in pileus trama of Lactarius

20 Sulfovanillia stained cystidia picture from class

21 Russula Latex absent Sphaerocysts usually present in gill trama and pileus trama Lactarius Latex present Sphaerocysts usually absent in gill trama but present in pileus trama

22 Tree from Miller et al. 2001showing that Lactarius is derived once or maybe twice within Russula

23 Russula characters used to separate species Taste Spore color Smell Color Bruising Reaction to Fe salts Spore ornamentation Cuticle structure Lamellae spacing and forking

24 Russula compactae gr. Large whitish mushrooms Often staining black or red Russula albonigra Russula dissimulans Russula brevipes

25 Russula emetica gr White spores Hot acric taste Mostly medium to small species Russula cremoricolor Russula fragilis

26 Foetens group All with distinctive smells Mushroom some shade of brown Russula laurocerasi Russula fragrantissima

27 Russula xerompelina Stains green with Fe Smells like shrimp

28 Russula rosea Red cap and red on the stipe, mild taste

29 Lactarius characters used to separate species taste Color of latex (fresh and changing) Color of mushroom Smell Spore ornamentation Pileopellis structure Lamellae spacing and forking

30 L. rubrolacteus L deliciosus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood

31 Lactarius xanthogalatus Photo from Mykoweb Mike Wood

32 Tree from Miller et al showing that Lactarius Hypogeous and gasteroid taxa are derived multiple times from within Russula and Lactarius

33 Steps in the evolution from a mushroom to a false-truffle initial mutation arrests sporocarp development resulting in secotioid or a gasteroid form. Loss of selection for spore discharge follows - resulting in changes in basidia and spore shape Selection for hypogeous fruiting (below ground) Selection for animal dispersal (odors, flavor?)

34 Macowanites Basically a distorted Russulas

35 From

36 From

37 From

38 Leucogaster from

39 Members of the order Russulales Polypores: Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion Hydnoid (toothed) fungi: Auriscalpium, Hericium Other gilled fungi: Lentinellus Resupinate genera: Peniophora, Gleocystidiellum

40 Tree based on 25S rrna gene sequences The order has contains diverse and convergent morphologies Larsson and Larsson 2003 Peniophora (resupinate) Gloeocystidiellum (resupinate) Russula and Lactarius Stereum -polypore-like Auriscalpum (a tooth fungus) Hericium (a tooth fungus) Heterobasidium and Bondarzewia (polypores)

41 Bondarzewia

43 Albatrellus flettii a mycorrhizal polypore in the Russulales

44 Hericium erinaceus - a wood decay fungus in the Russulales

45 Peniophora and Gloeocystidiellum resupinate wood decay fungi in the Russulales Photos from Fungi of Switzerland vol 2

Key to Waxcap Mushrooms of Eastern North America

Key to Waxcap Mushrooms of Eastern North America by Alan Bessette 1a Cap white, ivory, creamy white, buff to yellowish buff, pale gray, pale brownish gray or pale tan to grayish tan, sometimes tinged yellowish,