People began to grow pine seedling to plant in the devastated coast line Apr.

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1 Prevention of tree wilt and reduction of Cesium with charcoal and mycorrhizal fungi M.Ogawa, N.Okada,T.Kurusu,S. Ohashi, Y.Sampei

2 Coastal Pine Forest before Tsunami Rikuzentakada Feb

3 70,000 pine trees disappeared at once with huge wave.old trees protected the beach. July 20,2011

4 The saplings inocurated with mycorrhizal fungi,rhizopogon rubescens and planted on charcoal survived even after Tsunami. July 22, 2011

5 People began to grow pine seedling to plant in the devastated coast line Apr.

6 Planting method of pine 2 year old seedlins with mycorrhiza. 1 liter charcoal was applied for one hole.

7 Mass pine wilt by root damage and disappearance of mycorrhiza. All of pine tree were killed by dessication. Shimane Pref. Oct The saplings with mycorrhiza are growing well nearby the damaged area.

8 Effect of mycorrhzal formation on the growth of pine seedling. Ectomycorrhiza formed by Suillus bovinus. Cross section of ecto mycorrhiza.

9 Trench or hole is digged around the trunk and charcoal is buried with a little phosphate fertilizer and spore. Rehabilitation of pine tree Fresh roots are regenerated from the cut root vigorously and the mycorrhizas are formed frequently

10 Some examples of revived pine tree The thick roots were covered by wood charcoal and the spore suspension of some mycorrhizal fungi and fertilizer were sprayed over charcoal. Tree growth recovered and the color of needels turned to blight green after one year

11 Expanding oak wilt by ambrosia beetle and parasitic fungi.. Another type of oak wilt by root damage.

12 Wood tip charcoal was scattered over the forest floor around oak.

13 Quick response of mycorrhizal fungi to charcoal application The mycelium came up to charcoal layer from litter and formed the ectomycorrhiza with Quercus serrata roots in spring. The mushrooms occurred in July after 9 months of charcoal treatment

14 Mushrooms collected from the plots on Oct. 20 in 2012 In Querucus serrata forest, wood tip charcoal was laid on the forest floor one year before ( 2-3 cm in thickness). with charcoal Species name Fruit body number Life type Lycoperdon pyriforme 16 LD Lycoperdon spadiceum 2 LD Lycoperdon sp. 3 LD Mycena sp. 1 gregarious LD Mycena sp. 2 4 LD Gymnopilus sp. 3 WD Rhodophyllus nidorosus 2 ECM Inocybe sp. 11 ECM Cortinarius traganus 3 ECM Lactarius quietus 2 ECM without charcoal Lycoperdon pyriforme 3 LD Gymnopilus sp. 1 WD Mycena sp LD Mycena sp. 2 6 LD Mycena sp. 3 4 LD Amanita sp. 1 ECM LD:litter decomposer WD:wood decaying fungi ECM: Ectomycorrhizal fungi

15 Experiment plot Plot 1: covered with charcoal after raking litter Plot 2: covered with charcoal without raking of litter Plot 3: same to the plot 2 Plot 4: control Mycorrhiza formation ratio (%) of Quercus serrata in A 0 layer The root and mycorrhiza of Quercus serratea were collected from A 0 layer by the square frame (30 30cm)

16 The trunk of Querucus attacked by ambrosia beetle and a parasitic fungus,rafferia

17 Four species of mushroom with high activity to accumulate Cesium Pholiota lubrica: 137Cs: 86,510Bq/kg Lactarius queitus :137Cs:163,617Bq/kg Lactarius chrysorreus: 137Cs: 366,692Bq/kg Rhodophylus rhodopolius:137cs:305,967bq/kg

18 Rhodophyllus rhodopolius -1 Rhodophyllus rhodopolius -2 Rhodophyllus rhodopolius -3 Laccaria bicolor Lactarius chrysorrheus -1 Lactarius chrysorrheus -2 L. Hygrophoroides L. quietus -1 L. quietus -2 Amanita abrupia Cortinarius alboviolaceus Lactarius hatsudake Russula emetica Suillus bovinus S. luteus Lycoperdon perlatum -1 Lycoperdon perlatum -2 Lycoperdon perlatum -3 Lycoperdon perlatum -4 L. spadiceum Macrolepiota procera Maraasmius maximuss Agaricus abruptifulbus A. subrutilaceus Lepista nuda Leucopaxillus giganteus Pholiota lubrica Polyporellus badius Microstoma aggregatum Lyophyllum decastes Tag(m 2 /kg) Ectomycorrhizal fungi Litter decomposing fungi Wood rot fungi Fig:Transfer factors of 137Cs from soil to the fruit-bodies

19 Pinus densiflora Abies firma Quercus serrata Q. mongolica Q. actissima Fagus crenata F. japonica Ilex macropota Prunus grayana Acanthopanax sciadophylloides Magnolia obovata Corus controversa Clethra borbivervis Parabenzoin praecox Ectomycorrhizal tree Non-ectomycorrhizal tree Tag(m 2 /kg) Fig:Transfer factors of 137Cs from soil to the tree leaves

20 Distribution of radioactive Cesium in the plot treated with charcoal in Quercus serrata forest. Experiment site: Kanayama-cho, Fukushima Pref. (ca. 200km far from Fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant) Samples were collected Oct. in 2012, one year after charcoal treatment. (SRA; Specific radioactivity, RE: Relative error) 137 Cs 134Cs Sampling plot SRA RE SRA RE (Bq/kg) (%) (Bq/kg) (%) 1. Charcoal Litter Soil(1~2cm in depth) Charcoal Litter Soil Charcoal Litter Soil Untreated top soil ( in average) Mushrooms Rhodophyllus rhodopolus Lactarius quietus Amanita phalloides Suillus sp

21 The evacuation area nearby Fukusima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Coastal pine forests were destroyed by Tsunami. All of town and villages in 20Km area has become ghost town since March in2011. Top soil and litter around resident area and road side were collected and stocked packing in bags. Thank you for your attention