NEW VINIFERA CREATIONS FOR RED WINES IN THE RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONS OF CULTURE IN THE NORTH- EASTERN AREA OF ROMANIA

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1 NEW VINIFERA CREATIONS FOR RED WINES IN THE RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONS OF CULTURE IN THE NORTH EASTERN AREA OF ROMANIA V.V. Cotea (1), Liliana Rotaru (1), Cintia Colibaba (1), M. Mustea (1), Ancuţa Vasile (2), C. Zamfir (1) University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iasi Allee M. Sadoveanu no.3, Iasi700490, ROMANIA tel (2) Station of Wine and Viticultural Research and Development Iaşi ABSTRACT The NorthEast of Romania is characterized by restrictive climatic conditions (cold winters and very dry summers), therefore the cultivation of red grape varieties for wine is less favorable. The number of days with bioactive period allows only the culture of grape varieties with a medium vegetation period, where the real insolation period is between hours, whereas the values of the viticultural bioclimatic index (Constantinescu index) and the index of oenoclimatic aptitude (Teodorescu index) accentuates the limited possibilities of grape varieties for red wine cultivation. Even so, according to studies made within the ampelographic collection of the Horticulture Faculty in Iasi, a series of new grape varieties was created in research units: Negru aromat, Codană, Balada and Arcas, together with the control grape variety Feteasca neagra have a favourable status in the northeast area of Romania. La zone viticole de NE de la Roumanie est caractérisé par les conditions éco climatique restrictive pour la culture des cépages pour vins rouges. Le numéro de jours avec période bioactive permet seulement la culture des cépages avec période moyenne de végétation, l'insolation réale a des valeurs entre heures, mais les valeurs de l'indice bioclimatique viticole (l'indice Constantinescu) et celui de l'aptitude oenoclimatique (l'indice Teodorescu) mettent en évidence les possibilités limitées pour la culture des cépages de vigne pour les vins rouges. Néanmoins, les études effectués dans le cadre de la collection ampélographique de la Faculté de Horticulture Iasi met en évidence une nouveau série des créations nouveaux de vigne roumaines dans les unités de recherche qui sont intéressés de leur extension en culture dans l'areal viticole plus froid du zone viticole de NE de la Roumanie. A côté du cépage témoin, Feteasca Neagra, connu dans cette zone on remarque les cépages: Negru Aromat, Codană, Balada, Arcas. INTRODUCTION Through its actions, except the normal limits and according to vine s climate, the climatic risk causes violent destruction, causing in the end partial or total biological capacity loss. Usually, the climatic risk should follow the risk limit for vine. A viticultural ecosystem is like a functional block, created and controlled by man in order to obtain high quality production, in proficient economical and social conditions. The vine ecosystem is influenced directly by the global climate changes. For a longlasting viticultural practice, the climatic shifts must be

2 tale into consideration, evaluation and monitorization, especially now, when we are confronted by unknown climatic phenomena. The global climatic shifts modified the rain frequency with effects in draught and desert areas expansion. Researchers say that it is possible that due to rising temperatures, draught and air pollution, some diseases and pests evolutions are being stimulated, with negative results for the vine s ecosystem health (Cotea Victoria et al., 1996). The elements and climatic phenomena impose, in many situations, qualitative limits regarding the wine and vine production. This is why, knowing the manifestation limits of the climatic elements and phenomena in the northeastern region of Romania and the agrobiological and technological value of the grape sorts in a certain area is very important for describing possibility conditions regarding significant oenological performances. The present study aims to present the behavior of four new red grape varieties obtained in Romania, in the restrictive ecoclimatic conditions of Iasi vineyard. MATERIAL AND METHODS Within the Iasi vineyard ecosystem, four new Romanian vine creations have been studied: Codană (Băbească neagră x Fetească neagră); Balada (Băbească neagră x Pinot noir); Negru aromat (wild propagation of Cabernet Sauvignon variety) and Arcaş (Cabernet Sauvignon x Băbească neagră). These varieties proved to be very adaptable in other viticultural areas. They were presented in comparison with Fetească neagră grape variety (control sample), a red grape variety specific to Iasi vineyard. This study was conducted in the ampelographic Collection of the Horticultural Faculty in Iasi. The used grapestock was Berlandieri x Riparia Selection Oppenheim 4, the planting was done in 1995 at 2.2/1.2 m (3788 vines/ha). The vines were pruned in bilateral cordon, semitall, with 23 buds. During , observations and determinations concerning vegetation phenophases, fertility and productivity, quantity and quality of grape production have been made. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Temperature represents the main climatic factor that influences physiological and biochemical processes of vine, also being a limitative factor for its cultivation. Following air temperature values analysis between in Iaşi meteorological station, the average annual temperature was 22.8 ºC. The highest average monthly temperature was in August 1992 (23.9 ºC). The lowest monthly thermo average from the above mentioned period occurred in January 1963 and was 11,4 ºC. The presence of tropical air masses above Romania made possible the appearance of the highest annual average temperatures in 1990 and 2000 (10.9 ºC). The lowest yearly average temperature occurred in 1956 (7.3 ºC), as an effect of the polar origin air masses. The average annual sunshine period between was 2129,8 hours. The month with the highest sunshine period was July (291.4 hours), and the month which registered the lowest value was December (76.5 hours). Annual average amplitude of this climatic parameter is hours. Sunshine distribution is as follows throughout the year: 69.7 % ( hours) in the warm semester (AprilSeptember), when vine s request for light is high, but different according to vegetation phenophases (higher when flowering and lower during harvest) and 30.3 % (645.9 hours) in the cold semester (OctoberMarch).

3 Multiannual representation of sun s glare distinguishes the maximum value registered in the year 2000 (2390 hours) and the minimum value, registered in 1984 ( hours). In the years when the sunshine period had high values, an anticyclone characteristic was predominant, whilst in the less sunny years the cyclonecharacteristic was frequent. Following the analysis of the yearly average values of precipitations during , a maximum value was observed in July (76.3 mm) and a minimum one in January February (21.6 mm). The yearly average for rain was mm. The pluviometrical minimum is usually registered in February or October and is caused during winter by the Siberian Anticyclone, which acts in Romania by means of the Voeikov dorsal and in autumn by the Azoric anticyclone. The pluviometric maximum is registered in JuneJuly and it is caused by either the Atlantic cyclones rich in moisture or the Azoric Anticyclone which extends towards the inland of our continent through a dorsal. The semestrial repartition of atmospheric precipitations points out that in the warm semester (AprilSeptember) the highest quantity of rain is recorded (70.5 % of the annual average), due to intense cyclone activity. In the cold semester (OctoberMarch), the atmospheric precipitation represent almost a third of the annual average (29.5 %), consequence of the high pressure areas. The distribution of atmospheric precipitation in multiannual profile reflects the existence of some rainy or dry periods. The rich atmospheric precipitations occurring in certain periods are due to the persistence of some low pressure baric formations, like the Mediterranean ones, the influence of which is felt mostly in the second part of summer, in the beginning of autumn and in winter (825.1 mm) and 1998 (715.2 mm) were two of the most rainy years. The dry periods are due to anticyclone zones like those of Azore Islands, which act mostly in the summer by their flanks which they push over the Mediterranean Sea and Central Europe. Retreat of the baric formations towards the North allows the incoming of tropical air masses from Small Asia, air masses responsible for the installment of dry weather in Romania. The most dry years were 1963 (389.8 mm), 1965 (349 mm), 1967 (355.2 mm), 1982 (361.1 mm), 1986 (313.7 mm), 1994 (393.4 mm), 2000 (361.9 mm), 2003 (377.4 mm). The studied grape varieties and control variety Fetească neagră covered simultaneously the vegetation phenophases: budding 1819 April, flourishing 35 June, ripening 811 August, full maturity around 28 September (tab. 1). The percentage of fertile shoots is significant (Balada, Negru aromat) and even more so (Codană, Arcaş) superior to the control variety Fetească neagră, which had inferior fertility indexes (tab. 2). Table 1. Vegetation phenophases for wine grape varieties in Iasi vineyard ( ) Grape maturation Leaf falling IV 8 VI 10 VIII 2 X 26 X IV 3 VI 1 VIII 15 IX 27 X IV 28 V 15 VIII 8 X 25 X Limits 1326 IV 28 V8 VI 115 VIII 15 IX8 X 2025 X IV 12 VI 10 VIII 2 X 26 X IV 3 VI 3 VIII 15 IX 27 X IV 1 VI 15 VIII 8 X 25 X Limits 1526 IV 112 VI 315 VIII 15 IX8 X 2025 X IV 12 VI 15 VIII 2 X 26 X IV 3 VI 3 VIII 15 IX 27 X IV 1 VI 15 VIII 8 X 25 X Limits 1526 IV 112 VI 315 VIII 15 IX8 X 2025 X IV 5 VI 5 VIII 2 X 26 X IV 28 V 3 VIII 25 IX 27 X Grape variety Year Bud breaking Flourishing Ripening Fetească neagră (control) Balada Codană Arcaş

4 Negru aromat IV 3 VI 15 VIII 8 X 25 X Limits 1526 IV 28 V5 VI 315 VIII 25 IX8 X 2025 X IV 8 VI 5 VIII 28 IX 26 X IV 5 VI 3 VIII 27 IX 27 X IV 28 V 15 VIII 25 IX 25 X Limits 1328 IV 28 V8 VI 315 VIII 2530 IX 2025 X The absolute productivity index of Fetească neagră variety is superior (265.8), considering the grape size, but the relative productivity index is inferior (90.4) in comparison with Codană (175.8) and Balada grape varieties (132.2), due to a lower percentage of fertile shoots. Table 2. The fertility and productivity indexes for the wine grape sorts in Iasi vineyard ( ) Grape variety Fetească neagră (control) Balada Codană Arcaş Negru aromat Year % fertile shoots Absolute Relative Absolute Relative Difference fertility fertility productivity productivity % Significant to control coefficient coefficient index index Average Average * Average ** Average ** Average * DL 5% = 11.1%; DL 1% = 16.1%; DL 0.1% = 24.2% The obtained grape production (4.8 kg/wine for Balada, 4.6 kg/ wine for Arcaş, 3.6 kg/ wine for Negru aromat) are close (without significant differences) to the control variety Fetească neagră with 4.5 kg/vine. The exception is the Codană variety with a production of 6.9 kg/vine, significantly higher compared to the control variety (tab. 3). The sugar content of all four grape sorts is significantly lower than control variety Fetească neagră (200.3 g/l): Balada (187.7 g/l), Negru aromat (185 g/l), Codană (179.7 g/l) and Arcaş (175.3 g/l). The total must acidity is normal, values being close to the control variety, without significant differences.

5 Table 3. The quantity and quality of grape production for wine grape sorts in Iasi vineyard ( ) Grape variety Fetească neagră (control) Balada Codană Arcaş Negru aromat Year Average grape weight (g) Mass of 100 berries (g) Grape production Sugars kg/vine Dif. Significant t/ha g/l Dif. Significant Total acidity (g/l H 2 SO 4 ) Average Average Average ** Average Average DL 5% = 1.6 kg; DL 5% = 10.2g/l; DL 1% = 2.4 kg; DL 1% = 14.9 g/l; DL 0.1% = 3.5 kg DL 0.1% = 22.3 g/l CONCLUSIONS 1. The air temperature, sunshine period and atmospheric precipitations influence the vines developing processes, these take place normally only within certain thermo and hydrolimits. In general, these limits are met Iasi vineyard. All of these lead to establishing an close bond between the optimum development of vines phenophases, grape composition, wine characteristics and the accomplished production. 2. The studied grape varieties registered high grape productions especially Codană (6.9 kg/vine, meaning 26.2 t/ha), then Balada (4.8 kg/ vine, meaning 18 t/ha) and Arcaş (4.6 kg/ vine, meaning 17.5 t/ha), but the sugar content was inferior to control variety at all times. 3. Codană grape sort had a high grape production (26.2 t/ha) in the context of a high sugar content (179.7 g/l) while Balada had a grape production of 18 t/ha and a sugar content of g/l. 4. Arcaş and Negru aromat had inferior results regarding quality and production quantity in Iasi vineyard. 5. Fetească neagră, a traditional grape sort for Iaşi vineyard proved to be superior to the other studied varieties, mainly regarding quality, in the context of relatively high grape productions.

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was financed by the National Center of Program Management, GERMOVIT project, no / BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Barbu, N., Cotea V.V., Geografia viei si vinului in Romania. Studii si cercetari de geografie, Editura Academiei Romane, Bucureşti 2. Cotea, D.V., Barbu, N., Grigorescu, C. C., Cotea, V. V., Vignobles et vins de Roumanie, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti. 3. Cotea Victoria, Cotea V. V., Viticultură, Ampelografie şi Oenologie, Edit. Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti. 4. Cotea V.V., Rotaru Liliana, Irimia L.M., Colibaba Cintia, Tudose SanduVille S., The green house effect on the viticultural ecoclimat in northern Moldavia, Romania. XXXI th World Congres of Vine and Wine OIV, Verona, 1520 june. 5. Joussaume Sylvie, Reconstruire les chauds et froids de l Europe. Rev. La Recherche, no. 321/Juin, Paris. 6. Riou C., Le déterminisme climatique de la maturation du raisin. Application au zonage de la teneur en sucre dans la Communauté Européenne. CECA, Bruxelles. 7. Rotaru Liliana, The ecoclimatic changes in the viticultural area of NordEastern Moldavia. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, vol. XIII (XLIX), pp Topor N., Stoica C., Tipuri de circulaţie şi centri barici de acţiune atmosferică deasupra Europei, Inst. Meteorologic, Bucureşti. 9. Vaudour E., Approche écophysiologique à la parcelle. Les terroirs viticoles. Ed. Dunod, Paris.