Environmental Impact Assessment of an Industrial Activity based on Life Cycle Analysis and Water Footprint Concept
|
|
- Silas Mosley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Environmental Impact Assessment of an Industrial Activity based on Life Cycle Analysis and Water Footprint Concept V. S. Koutantelia and M. P. Papadopoulou School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Zografou, 15780, Greece Keywords: life cycle analysis, environmental impact assessment, water footprint, vinification Presenting author ABSTRACT Nowadays due to the high consumption of water in agriculture, industry, energy production and domestic use, an urgent need for water accounting at Life Cycle Analysis level is required. This paper focuses on a vinification case study applying Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in Water Footprint (WF) concept. The calculations refer to a small-size wine production industry in Polydrosos, Greece with a production line of wine bottles (750ml) per year. The WF estimation and environmental impact assessment are based on the production-chain diagram presenting inputs and outputs for each process stage. The main processes considered in this case were: cultivation, vinification, creation of packaging materials and final product whereas the transportation phase was excluded. The WF of a 750ml bottle of wine was varied between 1565,77lt to 1757,16lt depending upon the adopted WF approach. The results indicated that 99,6% of the total WF is related to the supply-chain water consumption and only 0,4% to the operational one. The analysis showed that the selection and origin of raw materials need to be considered prior in order to achieve an optimal water resources management plan for a region. Additionally, in the impact assessment phase of LCA, cultivation process appears to be a hotspot for wine production that affects mostly the system. In conclusion, by identifying processes that have potential for improvement LCA was proved to be an important tool for sustainable development of high water consumption industries. 1. Introduction Water is one of the most important natural resources that affect humans life both in terms of survival, but also in their development. However, modern lifestyle, overpopulation and climate change have intensified water scarcity phenomenon. In various regions around the world occurs noticeable lack of water reserves and as a result nearby populations are not able to satisfy their daily domestic demands. The largest percentage of available freshwater worldwide is mainly used in agriculture to produce food therefore these phenomena create an urgent need for developing control systems to obtain optimal water resources management. Within the last few years, two new concepts are gaining prominence in the field of optimal water management: a) Water Footprint, an alternative environmental indicator of freshwater consumption that refers to the total volume of freshwater consumed in the production of a product or a service and b) Life Cycle Analysis, a tool to determine the environmental impacts caused by products or services through the production chain. Over the years there were several applications in terms of total water consumption in almost all sectors of productive activity (energy, agriculture and industry). Most of the studies focus on agricultural and industrial products such as food, drinks and beverages. In particular the main applications refer to cotton [1], wheat [2], rice [3], coffee and tea [4], pasta [5], beverage [6], tea and margarine [7], wine [8]. All these studies showed that there is still plenty of room for research in order to optimize water consumption in an industrial activity considering processes from cradle to grave. The aim of this paper is the estimation of water footprint indicator for a small-size wine industry. This product was chosen since the raw material grapes is one of the most widespread crop in Greece and its production
2 with respect to water consumption could be improved considering the various processing stages of cultivation, vinification and bottling. 2. Methodological Approaches 2.1. Water Footprint (WF) The WF concept was first introduced by Α.Υ. Hoekstra in 2002, at the University of Twente, Netherlands. This is an alternative indicator that measures the freshwater consumption and refers to the total volume of freshwater consumed in the production of a product or a service. The water footprint may also be calculated for a consumer, a country, a company or a particular geographical region. In particular, in case of products WF is calculated as the sum of the total volume of freshwater (direct or indirect) consumed during the different process steps. The main goal of WF is to find ways of connecting human consumption with water use and world trade with water resources management. The WF is usually expressed in units of water per unit of product (m 3 /ton) or in units of water per unit of time (m 3 /yr) and refers exclusively to the use of freshwater. The calculation may be based on two methodologies that have been proposed respectively by Hoekstra & Chapagain [9] and Ridoutt & Pfister [10]. According to Hoekstra et al. (2011) [11] WF has three components [volume/time]: Blue WF (WF proc, blue ) is defined as the consumption of blue water which refers to fresh surface or groundwater resources. By consumption meant the loss of water as evaporation, incorporation into a product, transfer to another basin, or return to the same basin in a different time period. WF proc, blue = BlueWaterEvaporation + BlueWaterIncorporation + LostReturnflow (1) Green WF (WF proc, green ) is defined as the consumption of green water which refers to the volume of rainwater during the production process that does not run off or recharges the groundwater but it is stored in the soil or temporarily stays on top of the soil or vegetation. WF proc, green = GreenWaterEvaporation + GreenWaterIncorporation (2) Grey WF (WF proc,grey ) is defined as the consumption of grey water which refers to the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on natural background concentrations and existing ambient water quality standards. WF proc, grey = L / (c max c nat ) (3) 2.2. Life Cycle Analysis LCA is a methodological approach used to estimate the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product or a process through an inventory analysis (inputs and outputs of the system), an impact assessment (evaluation of the environmental impacts of inputs and outputs) and an interpretation (interpreting the results of the inventory and impact assessment in relation to the objectives of the study). The environmental impacts refer specifically to general categories such as climate change, eutrophication, acidification, human health, ecosystem quality, resources etc [12]. The LCA studies include all life cycle stages for a product or service. Briefly these stages can be summarized as follows [12]: Design of the product Production and processing of raw materials Production of packaging materials Product manufacturing Transportation 2
3 Consumption Waste management LCA has been proved to be a useful tool for industries to obtain a sustainable development. LCA studies not only measure the various environmental impacts but also identify activities within the life cycle of a product that have a significant contribution to the system and the final product. By identifying these activities named hotspots, industries could make the necessary adjustments with respect to infrastructure facilities, location, materials and even technological alternatives in order to improve their environmental performance. 3. Estimation process 3.1. WF Estimation Primarily, a water footprint assessment has been conducted in order to estimate the freshwater consumption through the operational and supply-chain stages of the production. The following method was the one proposed by Ridoutt and Pfister (2009) [10] that excludes the green component of WF from the calculations. Initially supply-chain WF (WF S-C ) was calculated including WF of primary crops, WF of glass bottles and WF of paper packaging products. The WF of primary crops was calculated with the respect to the distinction between blue and grey components and the location of the vineyard (choice of the typical WSI according to Pfister et al. [13]). As far as the other two WFs data from the literature were used [14, 15]. Then, operational WF (WF OP ) was calculated including business WF that refers to the total volume of freshwater consumed or polluted due to its own operations. In order to estimate grey component, literature data were used [16] Impact Assessment Thereafter the results from the above mentioned water footprint assessment were inserted in the LCA, with additional data concerning land use, pollutants concentrations etc, in order to carry out the impact assessment for the industry. Via this process the grey component of WF was estimated. The used LCA software was OpenLCA created by GreenDelta, The main structural components of the program are [17-20]: Sources are references to literature and databases. Actors can be persons or organizations, the users of the system that edit and modify the data. Unit groups comprise units of similar types (e.g. length-related units). Flows are streams of substances and there are three flow types: elementary, product, waste. Flow properties are characteristics of the flows (mass, length, time, volume). Processes comprise flows as inputs and outputs. LCIA methods are needed for the impact calculation. Product systems are networks of processes that model and calculate case studies. Projects give the opportunity to the user to compare different systems. 4. Case study 4.1. General data This study focuses on the estimation of water footprint through LCA for the production of wine. The analyzed vineyard and wine producer is a small-size industry in Polydrosos, Greece whose yearly production is lt of wine or bottles (750ml). The total area under vines is around 280 hectares, which is enough to meet the annual demand for wine exclusively from private vineyards, with an average yield 850kg per hectare. Thanks to the ideal soil and climate conditions in the region both indigenous (Mavroudi Arachovis, the local variety Asprouda, the classic variety of Santorini Assyrtiko and aromatic Malagouzia) and international (Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir) varieties of vine are growing. The location of the vineyard is important for the calculation of WF due to the strong association between location 3
4 and water scarcity. Local scarcity is described by the Water Stress Index (WSI) whose value for the area of interest corresponds to WSI loc = 0,451 and the average national WSI for Greece is calculated equal to 0,319 [18]. Figure 1. Representation of the water stress index [13] 4.2. Assumptions and limitationsin this study due to lack of information critical assumptions and limitations in the analysis were considered such as [18]: 4.3. Procedures The analysis stops at the level of industrial processing (bottling and packaging) of the product. It does not take into account the transportation and distribution phases of final product. No WF account was taken associated to industry s infrastructure. No WF account was taken for raw materials such as cork, glue, paper for the label and some additional products used for filtering in the winemaking process (NaOH, SO 2 ) due to lack of data. The use of pesticides was not taken into account. The energy consumption of the industry is not considered. The data for water consumption through the production of glass bottles and cartons were obtained from the literature and they do not refer to the exact products used in the small wine industry under study. The integration of LCA into this study was obtained through a product system that includes all procedures and materials. The main procedures for this analysis are the following: Cultivation Vinification Creation of packaging materials Final product The qualitative and quantitative data of the analysis are grouped by process and are presented in Figure 2 and Table 1. 4
5 Table 1. Input and Output flows grouped by process [18] INPUT OUTPUT FLOW VALUE UNIT FLOW VALUE UNIT Occupation, arable m 2 *a Grapes Kg CULTIVATION Phosphorus 2758 Kg Water, ground Kg Potassium 3349 Kg Grapes Kg Wine 147,75 m 3 Water, ground Kg Nitrogen 5,23035 Kg VINIFICATION Sulfur dioxide 11,08125 Kg Phosphorus 5,23035 Kg Sodium hydroxide 240,34 Kg BOD 5 3,31157 Kg CREATION OF PACKAGING MATERIALS Glass Kg Paper Kg Water, ground Kg Total packaging Item(s) FINAL PRODUCT Total packaging Item(s) Wine 147,75 m 3 Final Product Item(s) 5
6 Figure 2. Final system grouped by processes 5. Results Analysis Considering the Ridoutt & Pfister approach [10] the WF for a full production line of the winery was calculated as shown in Τable 2. Table 2. WF calculation for a full production line [18] BLUE WF S-C GREY WF S-C BLUE WF OP GREY WF OP TOTAL VOLUME WSI loc WSI nat WF EQUIVELANT , ,69 59,02 958, ,94 0,451 0, ,16 The results from the water footprint assessment indicated the huge difference amongst the values of the operational and supply-chain water footprint. Most of the water used during production (99,6% of the total WF) is related to the supply-chain water consumption and only 0,4% to the operational one. The analysis showed that the selection and origin of raw materials need to be considered prior in order to achieve an optimal water resources management plan of a region. Thereafter the above mentioned results were used as primary data in LCA. For the purposes of this paper LCIA method of Eco-Indicator 99 was chosen which is adequate and appropriate for product development applications and specifically in this case for the winery as it provides a clear and simple approach to different environmental effects. The Eco-Indicator 99 method groups the results in three key impact categories: a) human health, b) ecosystem quality and c) resources. The unit of measurement of the impact is the «point» or as otherwise stated in the literature «eco-point». In order to estimate the ultimate effect that Eco-Indicator 99 gives for each product in each impact category, the weight of each raw material has to be multiplied to the value of the Eco-Indicator 99 and thus leads to the corresponding «eco-points». The more «eco-points» are calculated for a process the more negative impact for the environment is estimated. The value of each «eco-point» represents one thousandth (1/1000) of the annual environmental load caused by an average European citizen. The characterization results grouped by process are shown in Table 3. 6
7 Table 3. Characterization results [18] PROCESSES/IMPACTS FULL PRODUCTION HUMAN HEALTH ECOSYSTEM QUALITY TOTAL Respiratory effects Acidification & Eutrophication Land occupation CULTIVATION VINIFICATION 15,699 0, ,598 PRODUCTION OF PACKAGING MATERIALS FINAL PRODUCT The characterization results showed that: The vinification affects the categories of human health and ecosystem quality and specifically to the sub categories of respiratory effects and acidification & Eutrophication. As regards the ecosystem quality, the overall effects are mainly due to the cultivation ( land occupation = 25110). With regard to human health, the product impacts on respiratory effects only through the vinification process. The total impact assessment showed that the cultivation process is the one that affects the system the most. The production affects more negatively on land occupation (25110 points). This is expected since the wine production requires a large area for the cultivation of vineyards. The small negative effect calculated in category acidification and eutrophication (0,899 points) is explained due to limited use of fertilizers and also the analysis research did not considered pesticides application. The effects on human health is also limited (15,699 points) and only refer to the respiratory effects. These results are justified because the study took into account only some additives in winemaking that negatively impact. Also the transportation phase was excluded that may significantly contribute in air emissions and energy consumption. The processes production of packaging materials and final product seemingly do not have impacts on any of the above mentioned categories. This is happening due to the lack of data and the small amount of water that is being used through the production of paper and glass and through bottling phase. Finally, the overall effect is estimated equal to 25126,598 points corresponding to approximately 25,127 times the total annual environmental load of an average European citizen. This is an approximately small impact regarding the lack of information mainly about the pesticides and energy consumption that limit the research. 7
8 6. Conclusions In conclusion, LCA application could be used to identify potential risks and hotspots in production which should be investigated further. Nowadays a large number of industries and companies that are interested in optimal production management and sustainable development use LCA as a tool in order to achieve their goals. The LCA applications can be used not only in case of water management but also in every aspect of the production process. Specifically this case study showed through the calculations of the supply-chain WF and operational WF that the identification of crop and other raw materials origin such as glass, paper and fertilizers is really important in order to develop strategies to optimize impacts on water management. However it is crucial for researchers to include all available data and as far as cultivation is concerned (the process that affects most the system) the use of pesticides has to be considered due to their high impact on water and soil quality. Precisely, for the wine production the amount of water used for the full production is mainly consumed in the cultivation phase and to a very small percentage in the creation of packaging materials and during vinification phase. Therefore the phase of cultivation is a hotspot for water in the production process and this underlines the importance of formulating new rural policies. References 1. Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y., Savenije H.H.G., Gautam R., The water footprint of cotton consumption: An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries, Ecological Economics, 60 (2006) Mekonnen M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14 (2010) Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y., The blue, green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives, Ecological Economics, 70 (2011) Chapagain A.K., Hoekstra A.Y., The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in the Netherlands, Ecological Economics, 64 (2007) Aldaya M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., The water needed for Italians to eat pasta and pizza, Agricultural Systems, 103 (2010) Ercin A.E., Aldaya M.M., Hoekstra A.Y., Corporate Water Footprint Accounting and Impact Assessment: The Case of the Water footprint of a Sugar Containing Carbonated Beverage, Water Resource Manage, 25 (2011) Jefferies D., Munoz I., Hodges J., King V.J., Aldaya M., Ercin A.E., Mila I Canals L., Hoekstra A.Y., Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment as approaches to assess potential impacts of products on water consumption. Key learning points from pilot studies on tea and margarine, Journal of Cleaner Production, 33 (2012) Ene S.A., Teodosiu C., Robu B., Volf I., Water footprint assessment in the wine making industry: A case study for a Romanian medium size production plant, Journal of Cleaner Production, 43 (2012) Hoekstra A.Y., Chapagain A. K., Water footprints of nations: Water used by people as a function of their consumption patterns, Water Resources Management, 21 (2007) Ridoutt B.G., Pfister S., A revised approach to water footprint to make transparent the impacts of consumption and production on global freshwater scarcity, Global Environmental Change, 20 (2009) Hoekstra A.Y., Chapagain A.K., Aldaya M.M., Mekonnen M.M., The Water Footprint Assessment Manual - Setting the Global Standard, Erthscan Publications, London, Washington DC, Ampeliotis Κ., Environmental life cycle assessment of a bottle of wine, Agriculture Livestock, 10 (2010) 67-69, (in greek). 13. Pfister S., Koehler A., Hellweg S., Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Freshwater Consumption in LCA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (2009) Papadakis G., Stefanoudakis M, Fatta D: Life cycle assessment (LCA) as a decision support tool (DST) for the ecoproduction of olive oil. Research program Ecoil, University of Crete, University of Cyprus, 8
9 LEIA Foundation. (2005) (last accessed 20/03/2013). 15. Tsatsis D.E., Environmental impact analysis of recycled packaging papers (and energy and waste management), Master Diploma Thesis, National Technical University of Athens, (2008) 247. (in greek) 16. Bustamenre M.A., Paredes C., Moral R., Moreno-Caselles J., Perez-Espinosa A., Perez-Murcia M.D., Uses of winery and distillery effluents in agriculture: characterisation of nutrient and hazardous components, Water science and Technology, 51 (2005) Rebitzer G., Ekvall T., Frischknecht R., Hunkeler D., Norris G., Rydberg T., Schmidt W.-P., Suh S., Weidema B.P., Pennington D.W., Life cycle assessment Part 1: Framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications, Environment International, 30 (2004) Koutantelia S.V., Life Cycle Assessment as a Calculation Method for Water Footprint of Industrial Activity: The Case of Vinification, Diploma Thesis, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering National Technical University of Athens, (2013) 106. (in greek) 19. Xatzikuriakou T., Impact Assessment of eco-industrial park via Life Cycle Analysis, Diploma Thesis, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering National Technical University of Athens, (2013) 120. (in greek) 20. GreenDelta: OpenLCA Help. (2011) (last accessed 20/05/2013). 9
Average Environmental Product Declaration of HAproWINE wineries
Average Environmental Product Declaration of HAproWINE wineries According to the Product Category Rules for wine HAproWINE 1.2 version. Baseline year: 2010-2012 1.0 version «Giants and mills» Raúl Sánchez
More informationopenlca case study: Conventional vs Organic Viticulture
openlca case study: Conventional vs Organic Viticulture Summary 1 Tutorial goal... 2 2 Context and objective... 2 3 Description... 2 4 Build and compare systems... 4 4.1 Get the ecoinvent database... 4
More informationMeatless is a pioneer and front runner in the field of hybrid products
FIGURE 1: THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF MEATLESS PRODUCTS COMPARED WITH MEAT (1%) Meatless is a pioneer and front runner in the field of hybrid products Meatless products make a significant contribution
More informationThe Challenge of Using Regionalized LCA at Nestlé
The Challenge of Using Regionalized LCA at Nestlé Urs Schenker, Nestlé Research Center Lausanne 2009-11-13 Overview Introduction Nestlé & the Environment Regionalized LCA for Packaging Packaging & the
More informationThe aim of the thesis is to determine the economic efficiency of production factors utilization in S.C. AGROINDUSTRIALA BUCIUM S.A.
The aim of the thesis is to determine the economic efficiency of production factors utilization in S.C. AGROINDUSTRIALA BUCIUM S.A. The research objectives are: to study the history and importance of grape
More informationDrought in Northern Mexico by Andrea Munoz-Hernandez
Drought in Northern Mexico by Andrea Munoz-Hernandez Objective and Tasks The objective of this presentation is to perform a brief overview of the impacts of drought during the late twentieth century and
More informationAWRI Refrigeration Demand Calculator
AWRI Refrigeration Demand Calculator Resources and expertise are readily available to wine producers to manage efficient refrigeration supply and plant capacity. However, efficient management of winery
More informationRESOLUTION OIV-ECO
RESOLUTION OIV-ECO 563-2016 TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR OENOLOGISTS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, based on the work of the FORMAT Expert Group, CONSIDERING the resolution OIV-ECO 492-2013 providing the definition of
More informationECO-PROWINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VINEYARD AND WINERY INPUTS
ECO-PROWINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VINEYARD AND WINERY INPUTS Gianni TRIOLI, Vinidea(Italy) Infowine.forum Vila Real -June 4, 2014 THE ECO-PROWINE PROJECT "Life Cycle perspective
More informationCHAPTER I BACKGROUND
CHAPTER I BACKGROUND 1.1. Problem Definition Indonesia is one of the developing countries that already officially open its economy market into global. This could be seen as a challenge for Indonesian local
More informationOregon Wine Industry Sustainable Showcase. Gregory V. Jones
Oregon Wine Industry Sustainable Showcase Gregory V. Jones Panel Framework Oregon wineries and vineyards are implementing innovative sustainability and environmental practices across the entire system
More informationGrape Growers of Ontario Developing key measures to critically look at the grape and wine industry
Grape Growers of Ontario Developing key measures to critically look at the grape and wine industry March 2012 Background and scope of the project Background The Grape Growers of Ontario GGO is looking
More informationSustainable Coffee Challenge FAQ
Sustainable Coffee Challenge FAQ What is the Sustainable Coffee Challenge? The Sustainable Coffee Challenge is a pre-competitive collaboration of partners working across the coffee sector, united in developing
More informationSustainable oenology and viticulture: new strategies and trends in wine production
Sustainable oenology and viticulture: new strategies and trends in wine production Dr. Vassileios Varelas Oenologist-Agricultural Engineer Wine and Vine Consultant Sweden Aim of the presentation Offer
More information5. Supporting documents to be provided by the applicant IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER
Guidance notes on the classification of a flavouring substance with modifying properties and a flavour enhancer 27.5.2014 Contents 1. Purpose 2. Flavouring substances with modifying properties 3. Flavour
More informationThe Economic Impact of Wine and Grapes in Lodi 2009
The Economic Impact of Wine and Grapes in Lodi 2009 Prepared for the Lodi District Grape Growers Association and the Lodi Winegrape Commission May 2009 A S T O N E B R I D G E R E S E A R C H R E P O R
More informationOIV Revised Proposal for the Harmonized System 2017 Edition
OIV Revised Proposal for the Harmonized System 2017 Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Preamble... 3 2. Proposal to amend subheading 2204.29 of the Harmonized System (HS)... 4 3. Bag-in-box containers: a growing
More informationApplication of value chain to analyze harvesting method and milling efficiency in sugarcane processing
Application of value chain to analyze harvesting method and milling efficiency in sugarcane processing Pornpimol Kamloi, Pawinee Chaiprasert* Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology,
More informationTHE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MODEL WINERIES IN TEXAS. Industry Report
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MODEL WINERIES IN TEXAS Industry Report by Pati Mamardashvili, PhD International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Tim Dodd, PhD Texas Tech University,
More informationAngela Mariani. University of Naples Parthenope
Angela Mariani University of Naples Parthenope Workshop Mediterranean products in the global market Section 6: The global market for wine: issues and prospects p 17 June 2008 BRIEF COMMENTS ON THE FOLLOWING
More informationSustainable Coffee Economy
Seeking a Balance Sustainable Coffee Economy Brazilian initiatives and experience Environmental Sustainability Respecting the limits of capacity Economic Sustainability support of ecosystems Rational and
More informationTHE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BEER TOURISM IN KENT COUNTY, MICHIGAN
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BEER TOURISM IN KENT COUNTY, MICHIGAN Dan Giedeman, Ph.D., Paul Isely, Ph.D., and Gerry Simons, Ph.D. 10/8/2015 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF BEER TOURISM IN KENT COUNTY, MICHIGAN EXECUTIVE
More informationWATER FOOTPRINT OF WINE PRODUCTION IN WINERIES IN CHILE:
WATER FOOTPRINT OF WINE PRODUCTION IN WINERIES IN CHILE: The Creation of a Water Footprint Calculator Name: Maltha, Rutger Student Number: S1256564 Date: 2015-07-29 Assignment period: 2015-04-27 2015-06-28
More informationCoffee zone updating: contribution to the Agricultural Sector
1 Coffee zone updating: contribution to the Agricultural Sector Author¹: GEOG. Graciela Romero Martinez Authors²: José Antonio Guzmán Mailing address: 131-3009, Santa Barbara of Heredia Email address:
More informationSustainability Initiatives in Other Tropical Commodities Dr. Jean-Marc Anga Director, Economics and Statistics Division
0 International Cocoa Organization Sustainability Initiatives in Other Tropical Commodities Dr. Jean-Marc Anga Director, Economics and Statistics Division 1 Sustainable Development 1983: Brundtland Commission
More information2. The proposal has been sent to the Virtual Screening Committee (VSC) for evaluation and will be examined by the Executive Board in September 2008.
WP Board 1052/08 International Coffee Organization Organización Internacional del Café Organização Internacional do Café Organisation Internationale du Café 20 August 2008 English only Projects/Common
More information1. Continuing the development and validation of mobile sensors. 3. Identifying and establishing variable rate management field trials
Project Overview The overall goal of this project is to deliver the tools, techniques, and information for spatial data driven variable rate management in commercial vineyards. Identified 2016 Needs: 1.
More informationTechnical Memorandum: Economic Impact of the Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharoahs Exhibition
Technical Memorandum: Economic Impact of the Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharoahs Exhibition Prepared for: The Franklin Institute Science Museum Prepared by: Urban Partners November 2007 Economic
More informationANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA
ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA Agatha POPESCU University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, 59 Marasti, District
More informationDraft Document: Not for Distribution SUSTAINABLE COFFEE PARTNERSHIP: OUTLINE OF STRUCTURE AND APPROACH
CONFÉRENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE COFFEE PARTNERSHIP: OUTLINE OF STRUCTURE AND APPROACH 1.0 Rationale and Overview
More informationWork Sample (Minimum) for 10-K Integration Assignment MAN and for suppliers of raw materials and services that the Company relies on.
Work Sample (Minimum) for 10-K Integration Assignment MAN 4720 Employee Name: Your name goes here Company: Starbucks Date of Your Report: Date of 10-K: PESTEL 1. Political: Pg. 5 The Company supports the
More informationHONDURAS. A Quick Scan on Improving the Economic Viability of Coffee Farming A QUICK SCAN ON IMPROVING THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF COFFEE FARMING
HONDURAS A Quick Scan on Improving the Economic Viability of Coffee Farming 1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY Overall objective Identify opportunities for potential benefits to coffee farmers from improved farm profitability
More informationCoffee Eco-labeling: Profit, Prosperity, & Healthy Nature? Brian Crespi Andre Goncalves Janani Kannan Alexey Kudryavtsev Jessica Stern
Coffee Eco-labeling: Profit, Prosperity, & Healthy Nature? Brian Crespi Andre Goncalves Janani Kannan Alexey Kudryavtsev Jessica Stern Presentation Outline I. Introduction II. III. IV. Question at hand
More informationWorld of Wine: From Grape to Glass
World of Wine: From Grape to Glass Course Details No Prerequisites Required Course Dates Start Date: th 18 August 2016 0:00 AM UTC End Date: st 31 December 2018 0:00 AM UTC Time Commitment Between 2 to
More informationFoodservice EUROPE. 10 countries analyzed: AUSTRIA BELGIUM FRANCE GERMANY ITALY NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL SPAIN SWITZERLAND UK
Foodservice EUROPE MARKET INSIGHTS & CHALLENGES 2015 2016 2017 2020 Innovative European Foodservice Experts 18, avenue Marcel Anthonioz BP 28 01220 Divonne-les-Bains - France 10 countries analyzed: AUSTRIA
More informationTHE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WINE AND WINE GRAPES ON THE STATE OF TEXAS 2015
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WINE AND WINE GRAPES ON THE STATE OF TEXAS 2015 A Frank, Rimerman + Co. LLP Report Updated January 2017 This study was commissioned by the Texas Wine and Grape Growers Association
More informationSustainability Insights for Coffee and Packaging Nina Goodrich Executive Director of GreenBlue and the Sustainable Packaging Coalition
Sustainability Insights for Coffee and Packaging Nina Goodrich Executive Director of GreenBlue and the Sustainable Packaging Coalition Tina Bosch Ladd Senior Manager, Sustainability Keurig Green Mountain
More informationThe University of Georgia
The University of Georgia Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences A Survey of Pecan Sheller s Interest in Storage Technology Prepared by: Kent
More informationEnvironmental Monitoring for Optimized Production in Wineries
Environmental Monitoring for Optimized Production in Wineries Mounzer SALEH Applications Engineer Agenda The Winemaking Process What Makes a great a Wine? Main challenges and constraints Using Technology
More informationWastewater characteristics from Greek wineries and distilleries
Wastewater characteristics from Greek wineries and distilleries A.G. Vlyssides 1, E.M. Barampouti 2 and S. Mai 3 Chemical Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou
More informationMBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
MBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview There are two summative assessments for this course. For your first assessment, you will be objectively assessed by your completion of a series of MyAccountingLab
More informationETHIOPIA. A Quick Scan on Improving the Economic Viability of Coffee Farming A QUICK SCAN ON IMPROVING THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF COFFEE FARMING
ETHIOPIA A Quick Scan on Improving the Economic Viability of Coffee Farming 1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY Overall objective Identify opportunities for potential benefits to coffee farmers from improved farm profitability
More informationThe Environment on a Platter
We are what we eat, and what we eat affects both our health and the wellbeing of the planet. The Environment on a Platter In fact, food is one of the three main culprits in the pollution of the environment,
More informationEco-Schools USA Sustainable Food Audit
Eco-Schools USA Sustainable Food Audit Learning Objectives Discuss the importance of health and nutrition and discover the impacts food can have on the body. Monitor their food choices, making healthier,
More informationUniform Rules Update Final EIR APPENDIX 6 ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED FOR ESTIMATING TRAFFIC VOLUMES
APPENDIX 6 ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED FOR ESTIMATING TRAFFIC VOLUMES ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED FOR ESTIMATING TRAFFIC VOLUMES This appendix contains the assumptions that have been applied
More informationPlant root activity is limited to the soil bulbs Does not require technical expertise to. wetted by the water bottle emitter implement
Case Study Bottle Drip Irrigation Case Study Background Data Tool Category: Adaptation on the farm Variety: Robusta Climatic Hazard: Prolonged dry spells and high temperatures Expected Outcome: Improved
More informationSmart Specialisation Strategy for REMTh: setting priorities
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Smart Specialisation Strategy for REMTh: setting priorities Michalis METAXAS Innovatia Systems What is Smart Specialisation? = fact based: all assets + capabilities + bottlenecks
More informationBig Data and the Productivity Challenge for Wine Grapes. Nick Dokoozlian Agricultural Outlook Forum February
Big Data and the Productivity Challenge for Wine Grapes Nick Dokoozlian Agricultural Outlook Forum February 2016 0 Big Data and the Productivity Challenge for Wine Grapes Outline Current production challenges
More informationHandbook for Wine Supply Balance Sheet. Wines
EUROPEAN COMMISSION EUROSTAT Directorate E: Sectoral and regional statistics Unit E-1: Agriculture and fisheries Handbook for Wine Supply Balance Sheet Wines Revision 2015 1 INTRODUCTION Council Regulation
More informationDeliverable 2.4: LCA-LCC selfassessment
Deliverable 2.4: LCA-LCC selfassessment tool on the project website (demo and full version) WP2. Tuning up a self-assessment tool for wine (LCA-LCC based) Period reported from: 03/09/2012 to 02/08/2013
More informationPRODUCT REGISTRATION: AN E-GUIDE
PRODUCT REGISTRATION: AN E-GUIDE Introduction In the EU, biocidal products are only allowed on the market if they ve been authorised by the competent authorities in the Member States in which they will
More informationA case study on multi-impact life cycle assessment of coffee alternatives
A case study on multi-impact life cycle assessment of coffee alternatives Sebastien Humbert*, Vincent Rossi, Manuele Margni, Olivier Jolliet, Carole Dubois, Jon Dettling, Yves Loerincik *sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.com,
More informationBy Type Still, Sparkling, Spring. By Volume- Liters Consumed. By Region - North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East
Global Bottled Water Market (Value, Volume): Analysis By Type (Still, Sparkling, Spring), By Region, By Country: Opportunities and Forecast (2018-2023) By Type Still, Sparkling, Spring By Volume- Liters
More informationThe Market Potential for Exporting Bottled Wine to Mainland China (PRC)
The Market Potential for Exporting Bottled Wine to Mainland China (PRC) The Machine Learning Element Data Reimagined SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS This analysis was undertaken on behalf of a California company
More informationPRELIMINARY FINDINGS AND INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDY OF ETHIOPIA
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AND INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDY OF ETHIOPIA Stakeholder Outreach Workshop Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tuesday March 7, 2017 and executed by DEVELOPMENT Solutions. Any views expressed
More informationAssessment of Management Systems of Wineries in Armenia
International Wine Conference "Global Trends and Best Practices in the Wine World: Implications and Recommendations for Armenia" November 24, 2017 Assessment of Management Systems of Wineries in Armenia
More informationThe 2006 Economic Impact of Nebraska Wineries and Grape Growers
A Bureau of Business Economic Impact Analysis From the University of Nebraska Lincoln The 2006 Economic Impact of Nebraska Wineries and Grape Growers Dr. Eric Thompson Seth Freudenburg Prepared for The
More informationIntroduction Methods
Introduction The Allium paradoxum, common name few flowered leek, is a wild garlic distributed in woodland areas largely in the East of Britain (Preston et al., 2002). In 1823 the A. paradoxum was brought
More informationGI Protection in Europe
GI Protection in Europe Product approach Currently 4 kinds of goods can be protected under the EU quality schemes: Wines (Regulation 1308/2013) Aromatized wines (Regulation 251/2014) Spirit drinks (Regulation
More informationModule 6. Yield and Fruit Size. Presenter: Stephan Verreynne
Presenter: Stephan Verreynne definition Yield Yield refers to the amount of fruit produced, and can be expressed in terms of: Tree yield kg per tree kg/tree Orchard yield tons per hectare t/ha Export yield
More informationStructures of Life. Investigation 1: Origin of Seeds. Big Question: 3 rd Science Notebook. Name:
3 rd Science Notebook Structures of Life Investigation 1: Origin of Seeds Name: Big Question: What are the properties of seeds and how does water affect them? 1 Alignment with New York State Science Standards
More informationChile. Tree Nuts Annual. Almonds and Walnuts Annual Report
THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: GAIN Report
More informationTea Statistics Report 2015
Tea Statistics Report 215 Introduction This report presents the scope and scale of the UTZ tea program in 215. Throughout this report tea also includes rooibos unless otherwise specified. The statistics
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *3653696496* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11 Paper 1 October/November 2017 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates
More informationPERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT
Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 19 No. 2; April - June 2012 105 PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT Theerachai Chieochansilp 1*, Thitiporn Machikowa
More informationICC September 2018 Original: English. Emerging coffee markets: South and East Asia
ICC 122-6 7 September 2018 Original: English E International Coffee Council 122 st Session 17 21 September 2018 London, UK Emerging coffee markets: South and East Asia Background 1. In accordance with
More information1) What proportion of the districts has written policies regarding vending or a la carte foods?
Rhode Island School Nutrition Environment Evaluation: Vending and a La Carte Food Policies Rhode Island Department of Education ETR Associates - Education Training Research Executive Summary Since 2001,
More informationState of the Vitiviniculture World Market
Punta del Este, November 19th, 2018 State of the Vitiviniculture World Market Jean-Marie Aurand Director General Topics Potential of viticultural production Production of grapes Production of wine Consumption
More informationWashington Wine Commission: Wine industry grows its research commitment
PROGRESS EDITION MARCH 22, 2016 10:33 PM Washington Wine Commission: Wine industry grows its research commitment HIGHLIGHTS New WSU Wine Science Center a significant step up for industry Development of
More informationInformation System Better-iS ZALF - Output
Photos: Sieber, Uckert Information System Better-iS ZALF - Output Contact details: Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e. V., Institute of Socio- Economics, Götz Uckert, Harry Hoffmann,
More informationConsequential Life Cycle Assessment of pisco production in the Ica Valley, Peru
Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of pisco production in the Ica Valley, Peru Luxembourg September 6 th 2017 Life Cycle Management Conference LCM 2017 Gustavo Larrea-Gallegos Ian Vázquez-Rowe Ramzy Kahhat
More informationBelgorod region territory of success Razvitie Corporation
Belgorod region territory of success 2012 2012 Razvitie Corporation Sumi region Razvitie Corporation Briefly about the region Kharkiv region Kursk region Foundation date 6 th of January, 1954. Total area
More informationThe Future of the Ice Cream Market in Finland to 2018
1. The Future of the Ice Cream Market in Finland to 2018 Reference Code: FD1253MR Report Price: US$ 875 (Single Copy) www.canadean-winesandspirits.com Summary The Future of the Ice Cream Market in Finland
More informationStep 1: Prepare To Use the System
Step : Prepare To Use the System PROCESS Step : Set-Up the System MAP Step : Prepare Your Menu Cycle MENU Step : Enter Your Menu Cycle Information MODULE Step 5: Prepare For Production Step 6: Execute
More informationSMALLHOLDER TEA FARMING AND VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA
SMALLHOLDER TEA FARMING AND VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Intersessional Meeting of the Intergovernmental Group on Tea Rome, 5-6 May 2014 Cheng Fang, Economist, Trade and Markets Division, FAO Yanjiong
More informationPrimary Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define the term intent to purchase evaluation and explain its use.
THE TOMATO FLAVORFUL OR FLAVORLESS? Written by Amy Rowley and Jeremy Peacock Annotation In this classroom activity, students will explore the principles of sensory evaluation as they conduct and analyze
More informationCost of Establishment and Operation Cold-Hardy Grapes in the Thousand Islands Region
Cost of Establishment and Operation Cold-Hardy Grapes in the Thousand Islands Region Miguel I. Gómez, Dayea Oh and Sogol Kananizadeh Dyson School of Applier Economics and Management, Cornell University
More informationSample. TO: Prof. Hussain FROM: GROUP (Names of group members) DATE: October 09, 2003 RE: Final Project Proposal for Group Project
Sample TO: Prof. Hussain FROM: GROUP (Names of group members) DATE: October 09, 2003 RE: Final Project Proposal for Group Project INTRODUCTION Our group has chosen Chilean Wine exports for our research
More informationReducing the impact of greenhouse gases on wine sector : situation in France and the OIVapproach
Reducing the impact of greenhouse gases on wine sector : situation in France and the OIVapproach Joël ROCHARD French Institute of the Vine and the Wine National Department in France for the Sustainable
More informationScientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Credit
Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Credit David Spicer, LLB, CA - BDO Dunwoody LLP Melanie Thomson, BSc, Dip.AIT - BDO Dunwoody LLP BC Wine Grape Council 10 th Annual Enology
More informationThought Starter. European Conference on MRL-Setting for Biocides
Thought Starter European Conference on MRL-Setting for Biocides Prioritising areas for MRL-setting for biocides and identifying consequences of integrating biocide MRLs into existing legislation Foreword
More informationChapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture. Unit 3
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture Unit 3 Culture The combination of three things: 1. Values 2. Material artifacts 3. Political institutions This chapter focuses on: Daily necessities: food, clothing,
More informationWP Board 1035/07. 3 August 2007 Original: English. Projects/Common Fund
WP Board 1035/07 International Coffee Organization Organización Internacional del Café Organização Internacional do Café Organisation Internationale du Café 3 August 2007 Original: English Projects/Common
More informationP O L I C I E S & P R O C E D U R E S. Single Can Cooler (SCC) Fixture Merchandising
P O L I C I E S & P R O C E D U R E S Single Can Cooler (SCC) Fixture Merchandising Policies and s for displaying non-promotional beer TBS Marketing Written: August 2017 Effective date: November 2017 1
More informationAssessment of the Water Footprint of Fresh Kiwifruit: Methods and Scoping Final Report Contract: MAF POL
Assessment of the Water Footprint of Fresh Kiwifruit: Methods and Scoping Final Report Contract: MAF POL 0910-11522 Anthony Hume, Carla Coelho Landcare Research Contributions from Andrew Barber 1, Markus
More informationFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS)
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS) Table of Contents CAS FAQ... 4 1.1... CAS FAQ 4 2 1.1.1 What is Coffee Assurance Services (CAS)? 4 1.1.2 What is the vision of Coffee Assurance Services? 4 1.1.3 What
More informationINFLUENCE OF THIN JUICE ph MANAGEMENT ON THICK JUICE COLOR IN A FACTORY UTILIZING WEAK CATION THIN JUICE SOFTENING
INFLUENCE OF THIN JUICE MANAGEMENT ON THICK JUICE COLOR IN A FACTORY UTILIZING WEAK CATION THIN JUICE SOFTENING Introduction: Christopher D. Rhoten The Amalgamated Sugar Co., LLC 5 South 5 West, Paul,
More informationFairtrade. What it has to offer and how we can use it
Fairtrade What it has to offer and how we can use it Alternative approach to conventional trade that provides social and economic development opportunities and benefits to: Producers, Suppliers & Consumers
More informationRegression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran
Regression Models for Saffron ields in Iran Sanaeinejad, S.H., Hosseini, S.N 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk, nasir_nbm@yahoo.com, Abstract: Saffron
More informationECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE FLORIDA CITRUS INDUSTRY IN
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE FLORIDA CITRUS INDUSTRY IN 2007- Mohammad Rahmani and Alan W. Hodges Food and Resource Economics Department Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences FLORIDA CITRUS INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS
More informationRESOLUTION OIV-VITI OIV GUIDE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HACCP SYSTEM (HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS) TO VITICULTURE
RESOLUTION OIV-VITI 469-2012 OIV GUIDE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HACCP SYSTEM (HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS) TO VITICULTURE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Following the proposal of Commission I Viticulture
More informationRESOLUTION OIV-CST 503AB-2015 GREENHOUSE GASES ACCOUNTING IN THE VINE AND WINE SECTOR RECOGNISED GASES AND INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS AND SEQUESTRATIONS
RESOLUTION OIV-CST 503AB-2015 GREENHOUSE GASES ACCOUNTING IN THE VINE AND WINE SECTOR RECOGNISED GASES AND INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS AND SEQUESTRATIONS THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, CONSIDERING the urgent need of
More informationJ / A V 9 / N O.
July/Aug 2003 Volume 9 / NO. 7 See Story on Page 4 Implications for California Walnut Producers By Mechel S. Paggi, Ph.D. Global production of walnuts is forecast to be up 3 percent in 2002/03 reaching
More informationThe Economic Impact of the Craft Brewing Industry in Maine. School of Economics Staff Paper SOE 630- February Andrew Crawley*^ and Sarah Welsh
The Economic Impact of the Craft Brewing Industry in Maine School of Economics Staff Paper SOE 630- February 2017 Andrew Crawley*^ and Sarah Welsh School of Economics, University of Maine Executive Summary
More informationPINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE EXTRACTIONS: COMPARISON BETWEEN PALF M1 AND HAND SCRAPPING
PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBRE EXTRACTIONS: COMPARISON BETWEEN PALF M1 AND HAND SCRAPPING Yusri Yusof, Siti Asia Yahya and Anbia Adam Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Johor, Malaysia E-Mail: yusri@uthm.edu.my
More informationWorld of Wine: From Grape to Glass Syllabus
World of Wine: From Grape to Glass Syllabus COURSE OVERVIEW Have you always wanted to know more about how grapes are grown and wine is made? Perhaps you like a specific wine, but can t pinpoint the reason
More informationHealthy Soils for a Sustainable Viticulture John Reganold
Healthy Soils for a Sustainable Viticulture John Reganold Department of Crop & Soil Sciences Pullman, W Sustainable Viticulture Economically viable Environmentally sound Socially responsible QuickTime
More informationConAgra Foods, Inc. ATMOsphere America End Users Panel
ConAgra Foods, Inc. ATMOsphere America End Users Panel ConAgra Foods overview ConAgra Foods started in 1919 as Nebraska Consolidated Mills. In 1971, it was renamed ConAgra, Inc. and the company became
More informationBRIQUTTE SECTOR IN KENYA. Briquettes have been produced on a small scale in Kenya since the 1970 s.
BRIQUTTE SECTOR IN KENYA Briquettes have been produced on a small scale in Kenya since the 1970 s. However, they are not used widely because of the cultural preference for charcoal and lack of cooking
More informationDEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDISATION OF FORMULATED BAKED PRODUCTS USING MILLETS
IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences (IMPACT: IJRANSS) ISSN(E): 2321-8851; ISSN(P): 2347-4580 Vol. 2, Issue 9, Sep 2014, 75-78 Impact Journals DEVELOPMENT AND
More information