To make wine, to sell the grapes or to deliver them to a cooperative: determinants of the allocation of the grapes
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1 American Association of Wine Economists (AAWE) 10 th Annual Conference Bordeaux June 21-25, 2016 To make wine, to sell the grapes or to deliver them to a cooperative: determinants of the allocation of the grapes Alessandro Corsi Simonetta Mazzarino University of Torino, Italy
2 Background In different countries and areas, different chains between vinegrowing and wine-making Commercial or wine industry companies buying from vinegrowers Vine-growers making their own wine on the farm, possibly also buying grapes from other vine-growers Vine growers conveying their grapes to co-operatives for winemaking
3 Number of wine-farms selling grapes to: ITALY PIEDMONT 20,218 12,365 to cooperatives to other farms 1,178 to cooperatives 12,139 12, ,672 to industrial firms to commercial firms direct to consumers 2,547 1,983 1,353 5,788 to other farms to industrial firms Source: Agricultural Census, 2010
4 DESTINATION OF PIEDMONT GRAPES (2012) Overall destination grapes (%) ( q) on-farm winemaking to cooperatives 28 to others
5 What determines the choice of the channel by farmers? Making wine on their farm, selling grapes on the market, conveying their grapes to a cooperative imply different revenues and costs, both monetary and non-monetary The purpose of this research is to explore the determinants of the choice of the destination of their grapes, including the role of economic vs. subjective determinants
6 The choice of the destination of grapes Affected by: Prices of grapes paid by cooperatives Prices of grapes paid by other operators Wine price Wine-processing costs Variable input costs Labor costs Possibly, non-pecuniary benefits from wine-making
7 The choice of the destination of grapes Wine-processing costs can be assumed to be function of: farm characteristics (size, specialization, etc.) operator characteristics (skills, education, age, gender, etc.) Labor costs of family labor can be subjective if labor choices are non-separable from production choices This is also the case if non-pecuniary benefits come from winemaking or wine-growing These components are assumed to be function of observable operator and household characteristics
8 Of course, prices of wine and grapes can be highly differentiated and in principle only observable for the specific choice Differences may depend on specific farm characteristics and on the ability of farmers to grow grapes and to make wine We assumed these differences as function of observable farm and operator characteristics and of random components, added to prices valid for all farms
9 In summary, the choice is assumed to be a function of: Potential prices of wine, grapes sold, grapes conveyed to coops Personal characteristics Farm characteristics Households characteristics A random component We assumed a logistic distribution for the random component, and we estimated a multinomial logit of the variables affecting the choice
10 DATA farm data: from individual farm records of 2010 Agricultural Census for Piedmont, Province of Asti The Provinces of Cuneo and Asti are the core of Piedmontese viticulture Wine and grapes price data are not easily available for other Provinces In Cuneo, much individual qualitative variation Asti Province Mountain Disadvantage Hills Hills Plain Cuneo Province
11 DATA data on spot markets average prices (grapes and wines) from the Chambers of Commerce of Asti price reports (basically, all Piedmontese wines are from single varieties, so their prices can be compared): not all grapes and wines included in the price reports only family farms with at least 60% of grape area devoted to grape varieties with available prices included (selection bias? ): Barbera, Freisa, Grignolino, Brachetto, Dolcetto, Cortese, Chardonnay 2927 farms (over 5339 farms with vines; but these include Moscato grapes that we dropped because it is an almost total industrial processing) Data on price paid by the cooperatives to their members directly surveyed from the cooperatives attached to each Municipality covered by the cooperative
12 DATA (cnd.) 9 cooperatives out of 13 in the province provided data on the price paid for the varieties of grape considered price paid by every coop for each variety determined as average of prices weighted with the different quality level of the grape 54 Municipalities covered by cooperatives over 118 in the province, but representing 79.4% of total vine area in the province The Municipalities not included in cooperatives area were attributed to the closest surveyed cooperative Individual farm coop price, market grape price, wine price were determined as averages of prices weighted by variety areas in the specific farm
13 Farm characteristics: EXPLANATORY VARIABLES - Vine area (ha) - share of vines/total UAA (specialisation) - share of appellation grapes / total grapes - organic farm (Y/N) - the farm using computers and having a website (Y/N) - agro-tourism (Y/N)
14 Farm operator characteristics: EXPLANATORY VARIABLES - age - gender - years of schooling - attendance to agricultural schools/universities (Y/N) - attendance to professional training (Y/N) - foreigner (Y/N) - part-timer (main occupation on the farm) (Y/N) - part-timer (main occupation off the farm) (Y/N)
15 Household characteristics: EXPLANATORY VARIABLES - # children 0-5 years old - # children 6-13 years old - # of household members - household labor burden (working HH members/ha of vineyard) DEPENDENT VARIABLE: - selling grapes / conveying to a coop /making wine
16 SHARES OF DESTINATIONS Grapes Coop Grapes market Wine N = 2927 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Mean S.D. Grape market price Wine market price Grape coop price Vine-bearing area Vine-bearing area/uaa % appellation grapes Agri-tourism (0/1) Organic (0/1) Computer (0/1) Website Age Gender (M=1) Education (yrs) Ag education (0/1) Part-timer (main on) Part-timer (main off) Foreigner (0/1) HH labor intensity (n./ha vin.) # HH members # children < # children
17 MARGINAL EFFECTS OF THE VARIABLES Coop Grapes Wine Coeff. St. Err. Coeff. St. Err. Coeff. St. Err. Grape market price Wine market price Grape coop price Vine-bearing area Vine-bearing area/uaa Share appellation grapes Agri-tourism (0/1) Organic (0/1) Computer (0/1) Website Age Gender (M=1) Education (yrs) Ag education (0/1) Part-timer (main on) Part-timer (main off) Foreigner (0/1) HH lab intensity (n./ha vin.) # HH members # children < # children
18 RESULTS: significant variables Prices: - each choice positively affected by own price and negatively by other prices - but wine price not significantly affecting coop choice and vice-versa - in general, weak effects: 1-2% change in prob per 1 change in price
19 Farm characteristics: RESULTS: significant variables - share of grapes/total UAA (specialisation): - (+) for coop, (-) for grapes - share of appellation grapes / total grapes: - (+) for coop, (-) for grapes - computer & website: - (+) for wine, (-) for coop
20 Operator s characteristics: RESULTS: significant variables male gender: a male operator is 3.5% more likely to make wine general education not significant; ag education neg. for coop (-16%), positive for grapes (+10.2%) Being part-timer increases the prob of coop by 7.5% Foreign operators 15% more likely to make wine, - 33% less to coop HH characteristics: not significant
21 Prices (quite obviously) matter DISCUSSION AND CONSIDERATIONS but the effect of prices on the choice of the channel seems quite weak a high variation of potential prices at the farm level (at least for winemaking) seems quite likely Some farm characteristics apparently matter, but causality dubious in some cases (website for wine) Much idiosyncratic components No evidence of an effect of HH variables separability
22 DISCUSSION AND CONSIDERATIONS (cnd.) Is there a hierarchy in choices? E.g. farmers choose whether to join a coop and, if not, whether to make wine or sell the grapes; or they decide whether to make wine and, if not, whether to sell the grapes or to join a coop? We tested for the IIA assumption of the Multinomial Logit The assumption was not rejected no evidence of a hierarchy BUT: these are preliminary results, investigation going on
23 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
24 Results of the MN Logit model (reference = coop) Grapes Wine Coeff. St. Err. Coeff. St. Err. Constant Grape market price Wine market price Grape coop price Vine-bearing area Vine-bearing area/uaa Share appellation grapes Agri-tourism (0/1) Organic (0/1) Computer (0/1) Website Age Gender (M=1) Education (yrs) Ag education (0/1) Part-timer (main on) Part-timer (main off) Foreigner (0/1) HH labor intensity (n./ha vin.) # HH members # children < # children
25 PIEDMONT - 6% of Italian wine production - 16% of quality wines - share of the vine area destined for appellation wines raised from 75 to 88 percent from 2000 to about 23,000 vine-growing farms in the Region, most small farms
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