General Bookthoughts:
|
|
- Augusta Randall
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Guns, Germs and Steel Category: Anthropology By: Jared Diamond (JD) This Bookthought is by Thoughtpiece.com, editor RM, done in 2008 based on the paperback published 1997 General Bookthoughts: The central topic is an analysis of how and why societies managed to develop at a complex level in different parts of the world over the last many thousand years. There was likely a bias to view these differences at a biological level up until this book was released, which now clearly shows that advances in societies were because of continental environments. Specifically societies grew because of their ability to generate excess food which allowed them to remain in one place. This allowed the advance of technology, creation of centralised politics etc. The ability to create excess food happened around 8500BC in areas that were prone to it the domesticable wild plant and animal species essential for that rise of agriculture were distributed very unevenly over the continents. There were nine such small areas scattered around the earth which all became home to agriculture and the early inhabitants of those homelands thereby gained a head start toward developing guns, germs and steel. The languages and genes of those homeland inhabitants, as well as their livestock, crops, technologies, and writing systems, became dominant in the ancient and modern world. Broadly, the thesis of this book has been backed up by work done by archaeologists, geneticists, linguists etc. It is a Pulitzer prize winner, for good reason. Enjoy! About this document: Thoughtpiece.com is a website run by passionate readers. These bookthoughts are a combination of what we consider the original author s message to be, with some original comments or questions of our own. There are times where it makes more sense to copy the original author s text verbatim, in which instances we use inverted commas to highlight them. These bookthoughts are in bullet point form, with emphasis on content rather than on perfecting the prose. Whilst our goal is to extract the key messages of each book as accurately as we can, we recognise that, on occasion, we may interpret the original author s message inaccurately. We hope that you will let us know of any such errors by visiting the feedback section of our website on and we will endeavour to correct them promptly. Happy Reading!
2 Specific Bookthoughts: - Dates and context: Homo erectus (more than an ape, but less than a man) evolved by 1.7m years ago. Use of stone tools predates that, being about 2.5m years ago. Almost all of our history, over about 7m years ago when apes broke into different populations, was in Africa (where are nearest ancestors remain chimps and gorillas). It seems that the upright posture started around 4m years ago. Homo erectus seemed to be the first man who made it beyond Africa (Java man fossil record found). The earliest unquestioned evidence for humans in Europe was 500,000 years ago. These recent fossils (500,000 years ago) were far more like humans than homo erectus and are in fact classified as homo sapiens (although they were still different to modern man). At this stage there were no humans in Australia (needed a boat) or the Americas (needed to arrive in Siberia first). At this stage (still 500,000 years ago, the population of Africa/W. Eurasia (Homosapien) diverged from East Asian (Neanderthals). Both species could only make crude stone tools, whilst only being able to bring down easy prey (not buffalos, pigs, couldn t even catch fish etc) - showing they were not fully human. About 50,000 years ago, JD calls it the Great Leap Forward where archaeologists started finding refined stone tools, refined bone tools (even harpoons and needles), jewellery, artworks (statues, musical instruments) along with skeletal remains of their owners, the Cro Magnons ( biologically and behaviourally modern humans ). This ability to kill at a distance was a major step forward as was the ability to sew (make ropes, make housing, make clothes for cold climates etc). JD argues in his other book, the Third Chimpanzee, that the Great Leap Forward was as a result of the voice box. It seems most of the developments in the Great Leap Forward took place in Africa. Armed with these new weapons and abilities, about 40,000 years ago, the CroMagnons entered Europe and within a few thousand years there were no more Neanderthals (seems they were either killed by infection or superior weaponry and organisation/brain power). There is almost no evidence for cross breeding between Cro Magnons and Neanderthals. Given the most recent ice age ended 11,000 years ago, Neanderthals and Cro Magnons lived through them. Ice Ages tie up lots of water, causing sea levels to drop, which aided the Cro Magnons in reaching places like the Indonesian islands. But to reach Australia/New Guinea required some form of sea transport because of the deep gulleys between SE Asia and Australia. It seems about 43,000 years ago that Cro Magnons made it to Australia by boat. This only left two continents to explore North and South America. It seems this happened between 14,000 and 35,000 years ago (probably via the Bering land bridge). As with conquering other continents, many of the docile animals ended up going extinct (because they had not evolved with humans). Some argue that these extinctions coincided with the ice age of 11,000 years ago, but that does not explain these animals surviving other ice ages ( 22 previous Ice Ages ). The settlement of the rest of the world s islands did not happen until modern times (Greek Islands BC, Caribbean 4000BC, Some Polynesian islands 1200BC to 1000AD, Madagascar AD, Iceland 800 AD. - The biggest population shift of modern times has been the colonization of the New World by Europeans, and the resulting conquest, numerical reduction, or complete disappearance of most groups of Native Americans. What JD is referring to is both when Christopher Columbus discovered the Caribbean Islands in 1492 and when the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas in South America in He points out that guns played a minor role it was the role of steel in the form of swords, shields and armour that trumped the Inca s wooden clubs. The Spanish also had horses, giving them speed, protection and height (horses appear to
3 have been domesticated in 4000BC). This all added to the Spanish superiority because they were vastly outnumbered. The Incas were also weakened by disease, initially bought over by earlier Spaniards. Notably, the Spaniards had writing and the Incas did not, which helped explain why the Spaniards were invading South America and not the other way around. Implied in this story and others is that many of the benefits of technology and organisation first came to the Europeans (guns, germs and steel). This is explained by the abundance of food in Europe (domesticable crops and livestock) which creates an excess, which helps create technological advances (like writing, weaponry, sewing, building, farming implements etc.) - Carbon dating: Radioactive carbon 14 (a tiny component of carbon) decays slowly into an isotope Nitrogen 14 9and carbon is a common building block of life making it widely available). Once and animal or plant dies, half its carbon 14 decays into carbon 12 every 5700 years. This ratio is used for carbon dating. There are potential errors in this method (rates of decay aren t always that accurate), so they calibrate the rates of decay by trying to compare the specimen to other specimens in the area (like an old tree that has rings each year where its ratios can be assessed accurately and compared with ratio of the specimen). - Notably, food production rose in five key areas Fertile Crescent, China, MesoAmerica (near Panama), the Andes and Eastern USA and all fall within a common latitude on the globe. Fertile crescent shows earliest progress, about 8000BC where evidence exists for both plant and animal domestication. China is almost as early, but the Americas showed evidence for domestication only 6000 years later. The Fertile Crescent had most domesticable plants and animals which explains why initial complicated settlements were found there. - So what caused people to adopt farming over hunter gathering? As JD points out, creating a complex society (i.e. farming, sedentary), the society was far more robust than the poorly organised hunter gatherers and quickly displaced them where there was a conflict (hunter gatherers also thrived where the climate or geography was too extreme for farming). Where there was no competition, hunter gathering lasted a lot longer. In essence hunter gatherers had two choices be displaced by food producers or become food producers. - In order to become crop farmers, there needed to be a domestication of wild plant species. Many of the wild plant species needed to be transformed in order to become edible or more edible this happened via a process of natural selection (mostly by humans selecting for bigger, sweeter, no bitterness, no poisons etc.). Besides visual selection, there were also other factors like how the plants reproduced. Good examples of changes from wild to domesticable: Almonds were originally deadly poisonous, wild peas germinate via a mutant gene that causes the pod to explode and scatter the seeds (but this doesn t help if you want to harvest them and eat them!), wild wheat and barley seeds also grow on the top of a stalk that shatters, domestic peas are ten times heavier than wild ones, wild apples are one inch in diameter vs. Farmed ones of three inches, corn cobs were originally half an inch long vs. Over six inches now etc. - And animals? Remember, animals offer some interesting advantages they can plough, produce milk, carry items, provide meat (often immediately when plants can take time), fertilizer, leather, cavalry option, wool etc. But, as JD points out, they can and do spread germs. By far the most important animals were the cow, sheep, goat, pig and horse (there were others like dogs, rabbits, birds etc. but they were less useful). It is also worth noting that many of these species changed in size (cows, pigs and sheep became smaller under domestication and their brain sizes and sense organs decreased as their need to escape wild predators decreased). The Ancient Fourteen is a broader grouping of domesticated animals (includes ancestors of camels, donkey, reindeer etc).
4 South America had only one (the ancestor of the Llama). North America, Australia and Sub Saharan Africa had none at all (quite ironic given people go to Africa now to view animals) while 13 of the 14 ancestors were found in Eurasia. (Mammals have been central to the establishment of societies. The Late Pleistocene extinctions hit Australia and the Americas far more than Eurasia or Africa. Eurasia was by far the best off.) - An often ill forgotten fact that JD reminds us of is that the axes of the continents play a large role in the settlement of communities. Americas span 9000m N/S but only 3000m E/W. Africa is similar, where as Eurasia is very much E/W in terms of its layout. Food production spreads E/W to maintain climate. To some extent, the same applies for things like inventions (e.g. the wheel spread E/W quickly in Eurasia and writing in the Fertile Crescent. Links are less obvious, buy as crops spread, they create technologies by building communities around them). Spreading N/W is far more difficult because crops depend on climate. - A further advantage to farmers over hunter gatherers is their exposure to germs, via their farm animals (clearly a short term disadvantage!). JD gives a nice background to microbes in pages which explains the apparent paradox that a microbe will enter a body but then cause it to get sick or even die (what use is a dead host?). As it turns out, there are very good explanations as to why we sneeze, vomit, have diarrhoea, cough have open genital sores etc. because they help broadcast the germ. Of course, death of a host is not a good consequence unless the germ has been able to spread successfully before the death (say with cholera, you may die from dehydration caused by diarrhoea - but before you die you will likely have infected the water supply with lots of microbes). For infectious diseases that cause widespread death, they tend to have four major characteristics they spread quickly and easily, they are acute meaning they cause death (or you recover) very quickly, if you recover you develop antibodies making you immune for a long time and they tend to be limited to human beings. Animals tend to carry the closest related pathogens to some of these diseases indicating a first cause (measles, TB and smallpox all from cattle). Germs clearly helped the Europeans (far more native Americans died from germs than in battle) in their conquest of the new world (it seems that not a single major killer reached Europe from the Americas ). Good examples of germs helping Europeans: Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519 with 600 Spaniards, but defeated many millions Aztecs (besides the better battle equipment of the Spaniards, the epidemic of smallpox killed half the Aztecs. A hundred years later, Mexico s population was at 1.6m, down from 20m). Pizarro had a similar story arrived with 168men vs. The Incas with millions. Fortunately for Pizarro, smallpox had already taken its toll which resulted in the emperor dying and the throne being left vacant. This caused a civil war which meant Pizarro exploited. The one way transmission of germs seemed to apply in the Americas, but not in Asia, Africa, New Guinea and Indonesia. Here we found Malaria, Cholera, Yellow Fever. This caused obvious delays to their colonisation delays of about 400 years. - Writing was an important contributor to societal development. Seemingly it only arose independently in the Fertile Crescent, Mexico and probably China because those were the first areas where food production emerged in their respective hemispheres. Needless to say, writing is one example of many inventions that occurred as a result of excess food supplies (as JD points out, the absolute size of the population statistically creates more inventors and technology). Excess food seems to benefit society in three ways: first it creates seasonal labour requirements which frees up labour for other efforts, like going to war or building public works, second it enables the creation of food surpluses which permits excess like feeding scribes, elites,
5 craftspeople, bureaucrats etc, third it allows people to adopt sedentary living which is a prerequisite for building a complex society.
How do you explain the distribution of wealth and power in the world today? The Incan Empire
Goals: Be able to answer Why did Pizarro win the battle of Cajamarca? How can we explain the origins of agriculture? Why did Mediterranean climates facilitate crop domestication? Why did Eurasia have more
More informationTHE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Name: Date: Directions: Read the following passage about the Columbian Exchange. Answer the questions that follow using complete sentences. Remember to give specific details from the text to support your
More informationPage 1 of 5.
Page 1 of 5 http://a1204.g.akamai.net/7/1204/1401/04021016011/images.barnesandnoble.com/images/7380000/7382166.jpg Three Day worksheet for episodes one and two, seven period day. Read through all of the
More informationDue Tuesday, January 16. Instructions
Instructions 1. Read through the interview and annotate along the way (annotation guide on the next page) 2. Answer with complete sentences and thorough answers: a) Why are domesticated animals important?
More informationFoundations of World Civilization: Notes 11 Animals, axes, and germs Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 Diamond Ch 9: The Anna Karenina Principle and the
Foundations of World Civilization: Notes 11 Animals, axes, and germs Copyright Bruce Owen 2009 Diamond Ch 9: The Anna Karenina Principle and the domestication of animals A cute phrase to help you remember
More informationThe First People. The Big Idea Prehistoric people learned to adapt to their environment, to make simple tools, to use fire, and to use language.
The First People The Big Idea Prehistoric people learned to adapt to their environment, to make simple tools, to use fire, and to use language. Main Ideas Scientists study the remains of early humans to
More informationWorld History I SOL WH1.2 Mr. Driskell
World History I SOL WH1.2 Mr. Driskell A. Modern people are called homosapiens, meaning wise man. B. Homo-sapiens first existed in East Africa, several hundred thousand years ago. C. Home-sapiens spread
More informationWorld History: Patterns of Interaction
The Peopling of the World Prehistory 2500 B.C. Humans migrate throughout much of the world and begin to develop tools, art, agriculture and cities. The Peopling of the World Prehistory 2500 B.C. SECTION
More informationSection 1. Objectives
Objectives Analyze the results of the first encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans. Explain how Cortés and Pizarro gained control of the Aztec and Inca empires. Understand the short-term and
More informationWHI.02: Early Humans
WHI.02: Early Humans WHI.2 The student will demonstrate knowledge of early development of humankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by a) explaining the impact of geographic environment
More informationDo Now. Take notes on the article on a separate sheet of paper
Do Now Take notes on the article on a separate sheet of paper Early Humans { Early Humans Historians rely on documents and written records to learn about the past Prehistory is the period before writing
More informationPrehistory Overview & Study Guide
Name Prehistory Overview & Study Guide Big Picture: Peopling the Earth: The first big event in this course is the spread of humans across the earth. This is the story of how communities of hunters, foragers,
More informationUnit: Civilizations in the Americas
Unit: Civilizations in the Americas Lesson Title: A Study of Conflict - The Conquistadors vs. the Aztecs In this lesson we will compare the Spanish and the Aztecs in their conflict. We will analyze how
More informationChina Before it was China. September 10, 2013
China Before it was China September 10, 2013 Review How do we define Asia? How has geography influenced Asian history? Which religion spread across most of Asia? How much linguistic diversity is there
More informationWHI.02: Early Humans
WHI.02: Early Humans In this space, you will create a visual representation of what you have learned in the notes that follow on pages 9-15. You will be graded on your use of space, color and perceived
More informationConquest in the Americas. World History
Conquest in the Americas World History First Encounters in the Americas Columbus landed in the New World in 1492. He landed in the Caribbean on islands we now call the West Indies. The Native Americans
More informationArchaeologists Archaeologists are a type of They too study the culture and societies of people, only they study people
What is Prehistory? Before we can learn history, first we have to understand Man only learned to write years ago When stuff started to get written down, that s the start of Humans, and their ancestors,
More informationPLANET OF THE APES. Can you imagine a world like this? Can you imagine a world like this?
P a l e o l I t h I c P e o p l e s PLANET OF THE APES While humans are the only ones still alive today, there were once many different hominin (formerly called hominid) species living in our world. In
More informationThe First People 5 million-5,000 years ago. Picture source: humanorigins.si.edu
The First People 5 million-5,000 years ago Picture source: humanorigins.si.edu Terms to Know Prehistory Hominid Ancestor Tool Paleolithic Era Society Hunter-gatherers GROUP 1 STARTS HERE What you will
More informationNote Taking Study Guide UNDERSTANDING OUR PAST
SECTION Note Taking Study Guide UNDERSTANDING OUR PAST Focus Question: What have scholars learned about the ancestors of humans, and how have they done so? A. As you read Studying the Historical Past and
More informationthe scientific name for us as a species Homo sapiens
Stone Age Test Study Guide Test: Tuesday, October 23 Format: Matching, Multiple Choice, Free Response Notes: Early Humans, Evolution, Lower Paleolithic Era, Human Migration, Upper Paleolithic Era, Agricultural
More informationWARM-UP: HUNTER- GATHERERS. What is a hunter-gatherer? Who hunts? Who gathers? What is hunted? What is gathered? How will you get these things?
WARM-UP: HUNTER- GATHERERS What is a hunter-gatherer? Who hunts? Who gathers? What is hunted? What is gathered? How will you get these things? PALEOLITHIC & NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Societies Begin HOMOSAPIENS
More informationDISEASE PLANTS ANIMAL. Directions: Summarize the ideas of the readings in the chart below using point-form. Point-form Summary Notes
ANIMAL PLANTS DISEASE Social Studies Name: Directions: Summarize the ideas of the readings in the chart below using point-form. Point-form Summary Notes Social Studies Name: Directions: On the map below,
More informationNAME: DATE: PER: Paleolithic People: The Paleolithic Age. Making A Connection
Mr. Curzan Roots Of Civ. NAME: DATE: PER: Paleolithic People: The Paleolithic Age Key Terms: Define each term from the readings on the next few pages prehistory - civilization - migrate bands - home territory
More informationChapter 2 Section 1. Paleolithic Age
Chapter 2 Section 1 Paleolithic Age Paleolithic Age - second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC Stone Age
More informationWorld History: Patterns of Interaction
The Peopling of the World Prehistory 2500 B.C. Humans migrate throughout much of the world and begin to develop tools, art, agriculture and cities. The Peopling of the World Prehistory 2500 B.C. SECTION
More informationChristopher Columbus Didn't Discover the New World; he Rediscovered it
Christopher Columbus Didn't Discover the New World; he Rediscovered it By Encyclopaedia Britannica, adapted by Newsela staff on 06.20.17 Word Count 808 Level 960L Viking Leif Eriksson discovers North America
More informationPeople of the Old Stone Age
1 People of the Old Stone Age Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons Mr. Graver Old World Cultures Name Period Notebook Number 2 Neanderthal People Learned Basic Skills Imagine, if you can, a muscular group of people
More informationAztec and Inca Review
Aztec and Inca Review Why take the risk? The Spanish took the great risk of exploring unknown land because: They wanted to obtain more gold and silver. They wanted to claim more land. They wanted to spread
More informationThe Native American Experience
The Native American Experience NATIVE PEOPLE AND GROUPS The First Americans Archaeologists believe that migrants from Asia crossed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska sometime between 13,000 and 3,000
More informationCortes and Pizarro, Columbian Exchange, and Colonial Empires
Cortes and Pizarro, Columbian Exchange, and Colonial Empires Arrival of Spanish to Mexico Cortes came in 1519 Claimed land for Spain s king and queen He took 11 ships, 100 sailors, 500 soldiers, cannons,
More informationSSWH8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America.
SSWH8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America. a. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca empires. Olmecs were
More informationSeventh Grade Social Studies: Early World History Unit 3: Early Civilizations and the Emergence of Pastoral Peoples ( B.C.E.
Graphic Organizer Between 4000 and 1000 BCE, larger groups of people began living together in one place in more complex societies with social hierarchies. This was the beginning of civilization. Michigan
More informationChapter 1. The Peopling of the World, Prehistory 2500 B.C.
Chapter 1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory 2500 B.C. Time Line 4,000,000 B.C. First hominids appear in Africa. 1,600,000 B.C. Homo erectus appears. 8000 B.C. Neolithic Age begins; first agriculture
More informationThe Arrival of the Spanish. Mexico 1519 Peru 1526
The Arrival of the Spanish Mexico 1519 Peru 1526 The strangers bodies are completely covered, so that only their faces can be seen. Their skin is white, as if it were made of lime. They have yellow hair,
More informationThe Genus Homo Overview
The Genus Homo Overview There are five subspecies of hominids in the genus Homo: Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens neanderthalenis and Homo sapiens sapiens. Between 2.5 and 2 million
More informationThe study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind.
The study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind. Artifacts are those things that people left behind, they can include: Tools and Weapons Pottery Jewelry Art and Sculpture
More informationThe Stone Ages and Early Cultures 5,000,000 years ago 5,000 years ago
The Stone Ages and Early Cultures 5,000,000 years ago 5,000 years ago Section 1 P. 28-34 Prehistory - the time before writing Archaeologists & anthropologists do the research Hominids - early ancestors
More informationClash of Cultures: Two Worlds Collide By UShistory.org 2017
Name: Class: Clash of Cultures: Two Worlds Collide By UShistory.org 2017 The Aztec empire was an advanced civilization that ruled in Mexico before Spanish explorers arrived. This informational text discusses
More informationTHE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Can you imagine life today without orange juice, without milk, without bread, and without hamburgers? If you lived in Florida
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Can you imagine life today without orange juice, without milk, without bread, and without hamburgers? If you lived in Florida in 1491, you would not have had any of these foods,
More informationFall of the Aztec & Incan Empires
Fall of the Aztec & Incan Empires Spain Vs. Portugal Christopher Columbus asks both countries to sponsor his voyage--spain agrees. Portugal saw the wealth that Spain was gaining, and wanted to be part
More informationPREHISTORY THE ORIGINS OF LIFE AND HUMANKIND
TASK 1: How do you understand the term Prehistory? What does the prefix pre- mean? When does history start then? THE ORIGINS OF LIFE AND HUMANKIND There are three theories explaining the origins of life
More informationFall of the Aztec & Incan Empires
Fall of the Aztec & Incan Empires Unit Seven Notes Bennett Warm Up! Discuss with your Elbow Buddy: 1. Describe the Incan Empire. 2. Describe the Aztec Empire. 3. How are they similar and different? Spain
More informationChristopher Columbus Didn't Discover the New World; he Rediscovered it
Christopher Columbus Didn't Discover the New World; he Rediscovered it By Encyclopaedia Britannica, adapted by Newsela staff on 06.19.17 Word Count 557 Level 560L Viking Leif Erikson discovers North America
More informationCH 13: Political Transformations: Empires & Encounters Columbian Exchange
CH 13: Political Transformations: Empires & Encounters Columbian Exchange Intro: European guns, germs, & steel decimated native populations. Remember Diamond s thesis from the fall? Believes uneven distribution
More informationGeography Boot Camp Quiz 1
Geography Boot Camp Quiz 1 5 minutes to study, then we begin! You ll have 15 minutes to complete the quiz. Remain seated and quiet until I collect the quiz. There is absolutely NO talking during the quiz,
More informationEurope- 2. How did the nobles in Europe gain their wealth?
Name Period Video: America Before Columbus Date 1. What types of natural wealth were in the Americas before Europeans arrived? Europe- 2. How did the nobles in Europe gain their wealth? What problem has
More informationHuman Origins Unit Test
Human Origins Unit Test The following test is over information we have studied from the Human Origins Unit. It assesses student knowledge on the Paleolithic and Neolithic time periods, as well as how we
More informationChapter 2: Early Hominids
Chapter 2: Early Hominids 2.1 Introduction (p.13) o Hominids: prehistoric humans o Paleoanthropologists: specialize in studying the earliest hominids (paleo means ancient ) o (1974) Donald Johanson, an
More informationearly human history and Central & South America Jeopardy
early human history and Central & South America Jeopardy What You Need To Know Every team will be chosen by Joe with the intention of mixing girls and boys and grade levels. Teams can choose a name if
More informationFall of the Aztec & Inca Civilizations
Fall of the Aztec & Inca Civilizations Part Two Discuss with your Elbow Buddy: 1. Describe the Incan Empire. 2. Describe the Aztec Empire. 3. How are they similar and different? Christopher Columbus asks
More informationHuman Origins in Africa
Name CHAPTER 1 Section 1 (pages 5 13) Human Origins in Africa BEFORE YOU READ In this section, you will read about the earliest humans. AS YOU READ Use the time line below to take notes on the earliest
More informationTOOLS OF THE STONE AGE
TOOLS OF THE STONE AGE Tool use did not begin with humans, but can be found among even the earliest hominin species. The primary material used for creating tools was stone, which is why the earliest period
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3
Slide 1 Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com Slide 2 Paleo-Indians Paleo from palaios ( ancient in Greek) Indians from Columbus mistake Beringia Ice sheet across the Bering Strait that connected
More informationChapter 1 The Beginnings of Human Society
1 Chapter 1 The Beginnings of Human Society Section 1 Geography and History Section 2 Prehistory Section 3 The Beginnings of Civilization Notebook Number Mr. Graver Old World Cultures Name Period 2 Now
More informationClash of Cultures: Cortes Conquers Moctezuma and the Aztecs
Clash of Cultures: Cortes Conquers Moctezuma and the Aztecs By USHistory.org, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.21.17 Word Count 751 Titled "Entrance of Cortes into Mexico," this illustration shows Spain's
More informationAncient Civilizations
Ancient Civilizations Chapter 1 - The Neolithic Revolution Aim: How did the Neolithic Revolution change society? Do Now: What do you know about cavemen? Jot down up to three bullet points under the title
More informationUnit 3. Early Humans and the Agricultural Revolution 8000 B.C. to 2000 B.C.
Unit 3 Early Humans and the Agricultural Revolution 8000 B.C. to 2000 B.C. The Beginning of Humans http://www.becominghuman.org/node/interactivedocumentary The Stone Age Old Stone Age Paleolithic Age 2,500,000
More informationPrehistoric Technology
Prehistoric Technology Human History Prehistory generally associated with artifacts 2 million years ago to 5,000 years ago History generally associated with the emergence of written records 5,000 years
More informationHistorians, archeologists and anthropologists
Historians, archeologists and anthropologists What s the difference? Searching for our Human Ancestors Information taken from Echoes of the Past Senior Author: Garfield Newman McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited,
More informationNatives & Europeans Collide Study Guide
Natives & Europeans Collide Study Guide 1. Locate Spain on the Map. 2. Locate France on a Map. 3. Locate England on the Map. England Spain France HINT: Elmo Fell & SPrained his ankle 4. What country did
More informationGRAINS AND LEGUMES OF THE WORLD
GRAINS AND LEGUMES OF THE WORLD By: Grains 1. Grains are the seeds or fruits of plants from the grass family, including barley, corn, oats, rice, and wheat. 2. Early agriculture arose with the cultivation
More informationLesson 1: The Voyages of Columbus
Lesson 1 Summary Lesson 1: The Voyages of Columbus Use with pages 134 138. Vocabulary expedition a journey made for a special purpose colony a settlement far from the country that rules it Columbian Exchange
More informationLand bridge Pre-European contact Development of cultural regions Language map
Land bridge Pre-European contact Development of cultural regions Language map 1 Land bridge between North America and Asia Archaeological evidence has been discovered that shows the sea levels were lower
More informationTHE HUMAN LINEAGE: Features and bilingual activities.
THE HUMAN LINEAGE: Features and bilingual activities. Australopithecus. - 1-5 million years ago - Lived in Africa - Similar to chimpanzees - Walked on two feets - They used bones and branches Homo Habilis.
More information4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIT 10: THE FIRST SETTLERS
4th GRADE MINIMUM CONTENTS-SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIT 10: THE FIRST SETTLERS WHAT IS PREHISTORY? Prehistory is the first period of history. It began about 2.5 million years ago when the first humans appeared.
More information9/12/16. Lesson 2-1 Notes: Early People
9/12/16 Lesson 2-1 Notes: Early People Lesson Objectives Identify possible explanations of how people came to live in the Americas. Explain how early peoples in the Americas lived, hunted, and farmed.
More informationMexican History and Systems of Empire
Mexican History and Systems of Empire Day 1: The Conquest of Mexico 1. I can explain the systems the Spaniards put in place in New Spain and how they impacted Mexico over the long term. 2. I can use OPVL
More informationHow did the Neolithic Revolution transform human societies?
How did the Neolithic Revolution transform human societies? The history of the universe is greater than the history of humanity. This Cosmic History or Big History dates back to the Big Bang (around13.7
More informationEurope & the Age of Exploration Part 1
Europe & the Age of Exploration Part 1 World Review European connections to Asia The writings of Marco Polo had increased European interest in trade with Asia. Goods, especially spices and silks, were
More informationThe First Americans. Lesson 1: The Search for Early Peoples. All images found in this PPT were found at Google.
The First Americans Lesson 1: The Search for Early Peoples All images found in this PPT were found at Google. A. Over the Land 1. During Ages a. long, hard b. skin shelters with fires inside c. summers
More informationKEY. Chapter 2: The Stone Age and Early Cultures Section 1: The First People
KEY Chapter 2: The Stone Age and Early Cultures Section 1: The First People Big Idea Prehistoric people learned to adapt to their environment, to make simple tools, to use fire, and to use language. Scientists
More informationThe World before the Opening of the Atlantic BEGINNINGS 1500
The World before the Opening of the Atlantic BEGINNINGS 1500 What you will Learn Buffalo graze on the plains in South Dakota. Millions of these animals used to roam lands from Canada to Texas. In this
More informationDocument Based Question Emergence of Complex Societies
Name: Date: Period: Document Based Question Emergence of Complex Societies Directions : Answer the questions using evidence from the documents provided. Historical Context The Neolithic revolution states
More informationPrehistoric: the time before humans developed written languages to record their history
Prehistoric: the time before humans developed written languages to record their history So how do we form a realistic idea about humans at the Dawn of Time? With information provided by: ARCHEOLOGISTS:
More informationCompetition for a Continent Why did early French and English efforts at colonization falter?
1 2 3 Worlds Apart Native American Societies before 1492 How did the precontact histories of Native Americans, especially in the centuries just before 1492, shape their encounters with Europeans? West
More informationPleistocene takeoff BCE) B.C.E.) Cro-Magnon enter e Europe Cave painting (32,000-30,00030,000 (circa 40,000 B.C.E.) Evolution of brain
The spread of human populations. 1 The Neolithic era. Pleistocene takeoff (circa 50,000 BCE) B.C.E.) Evolution of brain or voice box? Cro-Magnon enter e Europe Cave painting (32,000-30,00030,000 (circa
More informationChapter 1 Notes 9/15/2015 HUMAN BEGINNINGS
Chapter 1 Notes HUMAN BEGINNINGS Score Discussion Notes 4.0 Student has mastered the learning goal and can fully explain and apply information from the agricultural revolution. 3.0 Student can summarize
More informationEvolutionary Microbiology. Chapter 12. Human Apex of All Life?
Evolutionary Microbiology Chapter 12. Human Apex of All Life? Jong-Soon Choi Chungnam National Univ. GRAST University of Science and Technology Korea Basic Science Institute 247 Human vs. Human Being Human
More informationChristopher Columbus Didn't Discover the New World; he Rediscovered it
Christopher Columbus Didn't Discover the New World; he Rediscovered it By Encyclopaedia Britannica, adapted by Newsela staff on 06.20.17 Word Count 941 Level 1050L Viking Leif Erikson discovers North America
More informationScientific Change. Course Director: Course website: SC/NATS York University Faculty of Science and Engineering Division of Natural Science
Scientific Change SC/NATS 1730.06 York University Faculty of Science and Engineering Division of Natural Science SC/NATS 1730, I Course Director: Professor Byron Wall Office: Room 218, Norman Bethune College
More informationExplorationColonizationPart1.notebook October 09, 2018
"a disk floating on a great ocean", only 3 continents (Europe, Asia, Africa) life was hard enough, focused on own survival religious wars led to more trade with people in Asia and Africa (the Crusades)
More informationExploration & Colonization. Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School
Exploration & Colonization Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School Motives for European Exploration Desire to gain direct access to Asian luxuries Collapse of Mongols increased price of goods Avoid
More informationEARLY AMERICAS. Ice age and the Olmec
EARLY AMERICAS Ice age and the Olmec LAND BRIDGE Beringia- Land bridge that connects Asia and America. Large glaciers during the Ice Age locked up water so that it was possible to walk across on land Animals
More informationText 1: Conquistadores Arrive in the Americas. Topic 2 Lesson 1: Spanish Colonization and New Spain
Text 1: Conquistadores Arrive in the Americas Topic 2 Lesson 1: Spanish Colonization and New Spain Conquistadors Bernal Díaz del Castillo was one of the many Spanish conquistadors or conquerors, who marched
More informationCIVILIZATION IN AFRICA NUBIAN Necklace B.C.
CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA NUBIAN Necklace 1700 1550 B.C. overview - How and why did Civilization emerge? Archaeological record demonstrates that early humans practiced nomadism for many thousands of years
More informationChapter 1 Reading Guide/Study Guide Section One Early Humans (pages 19 25
Due Date: I. PREHISTORY 1. Define prehistory: A. Archaeology and Anthropology 1. Define archaeology: Chapter 1 Reading Guide/Study Guide Section One Early Humans (pages 19 25 Name: 2. Define artifacts:
More informationMesopotamia, Sumer and Babylon Webquest
Name Date Block Mesopotamia, Sumer and Babylon Webquest Directions: Answer the questions using www.mesopotamia.co.uk AND YOUR OWN background knowledge! Click on Mesopotamia, then Geography from the left
More informationPrehistory Evolution of Man. AP World History Chapter 1a
Prehistory Evolution of Man AP World History Chapter 1a Development of Hominids Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves Use of tools Language Complex cooperative
More informationLesson 1: Migration to the Americas
Lesson 1 Summary Lesson 1: Migration to the Americas Use with pages 54 57. Vocabulary Ice Age a long period of extreme cold glacier a thick sheet of ice migrate to move theory an explanation for something
More informationTHE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS 1. MODERN HUMANS
THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS Modern Humans The Advent of Behavioral Modernity Advances in Technology Glacial Retreat Cave Art The Settling of Australia Settling the Americas The Peopling of the
More informationIn the late 1400 s scientific discoveries and the desire for wealth led to an age of exploration. New technologies allowed Europeans to travel
Motives and Impact In the late 1400 s scientific discoveries and the desire for wealth led to an age of exploration. New technologies allowed Europeans to travel further and discover distant lands with
More informationEarly People in the Central American Land Bridge James Folta
Early People in the Central American Land Bridge Early People in the Central American Land Bridge James Folta People have been living in Central and South America for many, many years now. How did ancient
More informationWater, Life, Humans, and Civilization. The First Organisms. Two energy sources: photoautotrophs. The First Organisms
Water, Life, Humans, and Civilization The First Organisms Must survive in low-oxygen environments Could not eat other organisms for food Assemble complex carbon compounds from simple Carbon compounds (CO
More information8 THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE 1020L
8 THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE 1020L THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE RE-CREATING PANGAEA By David Christian, adapted by Newsela For centuries societies in Afro-Eurasia had interacted on some level and exchanged goods,
More informationAncient Mayans. KP Classroom
Ancient Mayans The Mayans were an ancient American group of people that lived in areas of Central America and Mexico from 1500 BC until around 900 AD. Because the Mayans were untouched by other people
More informationDecember 11, Study Guide
Epic Epic Epic Study Guide "Hands down, this is the best study guide I've ever seen," - Abraham Lincoln Bonjour! I wish I were alive today so that I myself might be able to complete this study guide. Au
More informationLT 3: I CAN explain about the culture of the three southern empires (Aztec, Inca, Maya) and what caused them to fall.
LT 3: I CAN explain about the culture of the three southern empires (Aztec, Inca, Maya) and what caused them to fall. The Downfall of the Incas and Aztecs Painting Analysis Examine the picture on the board
More informationAP WORLD HISTORY SUMMER ASSIGNMENT
2015 AP WORLD HISTORY SUMMER ASSIGNMENT DURING THE NEXT SCHOOL YEAR, WE WILL COVER EVERYTHING THAT S EVER HAPPENED EVER. TO GET US A BIT OF HEAD START, YOUR TASK THIS SUMMER IS TO COVER THE FIRST PERIOD
More informationGuns, Germs, and Steel
A Summary of Jared Diamond s Guns, Germs, and Steel by Kim Marshall May 2016 CONTENTS Introduction 2 How European Conquest Unfolded 3 European Advantages 4 Pre-Historic Times: It Looks Like a Level Playing
More information