Effect of Season of the Year on Yields of Several Varieties of Dry Beans Growing in Two Ecological Regions of Puerto Rico 1 2

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1 Effect of Season of the Year on Yields of Several Varieties of Dry Beans Groing in To Ecological Regions of Puerto Rico 2 Jose Lozano Edmundo Rivera and Fernando Abruna 3 ABSTRACT Beans (Phaseo/us vulgaris) yielded most at Orocovis in the humid mountain region of Puerto Rico hen they ere planted in November and May and least hen planted in March and September. The varieties Black Turtle and Bonita 2 3 and 8 produced the highest average yields. n Gurabo in the humid Caguas valley beans yielded highest hen they ere planted in November January and March. Yields started to drop off in the May plantings and ere very lo in the July and September plantings. The varieties Violets and Naranjito produced the highest average yields. NTRODUCTON Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are the major source of protein in most countries of Latin America. About 35% of the orld crop of beans is produced in this area; Brazil is the major producer ith 2.5 million metric tons harvested annually (5). Most of the beans in the tropics are produced in small plantings along ith corn and other food crops. Nearly all dry beans consumed in Puerto Rico are imported. Consumption is around 7 kg/capita or a total consumption of 22 metric tons yearly orth $ million. Most research on dry beans in Puerto Rico and elsehere in the tropics has been concerned ith varieties and planting distances ( 2 3). Guadalupe (4) recently studied the effect of planting dates on yields of beans gron ith irrigation in the semiarid region of Puerto Rico. He confirmed from his ork ith six varieties of dry beans that beans yield highest hen planted in inter and loest hen planted in the fall. There is little information on the effect of planting dates on yields of beans groing in the humid region of Puerto Rico. Cooler eather from November to March ould be expected to result in higher yields during these periods. n Cuba Gonzalez (2) obtained higher yields of dry beans from October to January. Pierre (7) found that under normal eather conditions in Jamaica dry beans produce higher Manuscript submitted to Editorial Board August This paper covers ork carried out cooperatively beteen ARS-USDA and the Agricultural Experiment Station College of Agricultural Sciences Mayagi.iez Campus University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras PR. 3 Research Assistant Agricultural Experiment Station College of Agricultural Sciences Mayagi.iez Campus University of Puerto Rico; Agronomist and Soil Scientist ARS-USDA respectively. 379

2 38 JOURNAL OF AGRCULTURE OF UNVERSTY OF PUERTO RCO yields during the cooler days of inter. Smith and Pryor (9) have shon that high temperatures reduce floering and pod setting and Sehni and Morgan (8) found that increasing the day length to hours inhibited floering of dry bean varieties from Colombia. The present research as conducted to determine the effect of planting dates on yields of dry beans gron at Orocovis and Gurabo. MATERALS AND METHODS One experiment as carried out on Humatas clay (Typic Tropohumults) on a 5% slope near Orocovis. The soil ith a cation exchange capacity of me/ g of soil as limed to ph 5.5. Tenty-six bean TABLE.-Monthly rainfall and average daily temperature at Orocouis and Gurabo during the year of exprimentation Month Orocovis Gurabo Rainfa ll Mean Rainfall Mean (mm) Temp. C (mm) Temp. C. J anuary February March April May June July August September October November December January varieties ere planted in a randomized block design in plots 4 X 4 m. Planting distance as 45 em beteen ros and em beteen plants. Fertilizer (--) as applied at the rate of 2 kg/ha at planting. The plots ere sprayed once every 5 days to control insects and diseases. All varieties ere planted at varying intervals throughout a -year period starting March 977. A second experiment as planted near Gurabo on a 3% slope of Mabi clay (Vertic Eutropepts) ith a ph of 6.8 and an effective cation exchange capacity of 28 me/ g of soil (6). Six commercial varieties of dry beans ere planted in a randomized block design in plots 4 X 4 m. Bimonthly plantings ere made during a full year starting January 977. Planting distances fertilization and

3 Variety TABLE 2.-Effect of season of tfu! year on yield of 26 varieties of beans gron at Orocovis P.R. Planting dates Mean Nov_ March May July Sept. yield Yields of dry beans (kg/ha) Galanas 4 c b b c 95 c d 75 c d 7 g f 45 d Galanas 47 c b 2 g 59 e 93 h 7 i 83 h Pinta 65 c b 2 g 34 f g 86 h 5 i 82 h t:' ::ll Ray ada 29 c d 95 c 8 c d 76 c d 22 f 4 d -< California Light Red 25 c d 68 d e 9 g 226 a 97 g 27 f l:!:l t"l Kidney > California Red kidney 9 c d 4 e f 6 h 23 a b - 84 h z Light Coat Red Kidney 34 bed 86 c d 68 e 57 d 28 e 35 e -< ;i White Kidney 4 c b 4 a b 98 g h 25 f g 2 f t"' Small Red-U c b 2 g 6 g 34 i - 63 i t:' B.H.E.S. 9 c d 86cd 6 g 86 b c 5 f 24 f > Seaal - 27 f g 47 e f 76 h 9 i 65 i.. Sanilac - 27 f g 6 g 7 f g h 2 i 66 i t"l (J Gratiot - 76 c d 76 h 5 g 78 h 86 h Charleroix - 76 c d 37 i 7 g 7 i 59 i t"l Michele 62-3 f 3 e d 69 h 76 h 9 g h l:!:l Seafarer Pea bean 37 b c d 24 f g 9 g 5 g 2 i 82 h -< Black Turtle 342 a 34 a b 229 b c 54 de 34 e 99 a ::ll t"l Jamaica 9 c d 7 c d 7 g 37 e f 94 g 5 g Bonita (hite) Selection 92 b 4 a 232 b c 44 e f 4 d 7 b Bonita (hite) Selection 83 b 5 a 28 c d 2 a b 65 b c 8 a z Bonita (hite) Selection 83 b 56 a 2 c d 2 a b 48 d 8 a t"l Bonita (hite) Selection V 83 b 32 a b 24 b 34 e f 22 e 62 c > Bonita (hite) Selection V 62 c b 62 a 25 a b 22 f 47 d 69 b c Bonita (hite) Selection V 83 b 9 a b 269 a 37 e f 47 d 7 b z Bonita (hite) Selection V 47 e b 47 a 269 a 3 e f 83 a 75 b Bonita (hite) Selection V 77 c b 34 a b 238 b c 24 a b 56 c d 84 a Averages for planting dates 6 a 87 b 65 a 4 a 9 b Values folloed by one or more letters in common do not differ statistically at the.5 level. (Duncan's multiple range test). 2 Varieties Seaay Sanilac Gratiot Charleroix and Michele 62 ere not planted in November because no seed as available at that time...

4 382 JOURNAL OF AGRCULTURE OF UNVERSTY OF PUERTO RCO pest control ere the same as those described above for the Orocovis experiment except that sprinkler irrigation as applied henever rainfall as less than 2 mm per eek. n both experiments all plots ere harvested hen moisture content of the beans as about 25% and yields ere determined on a 4% moisture basis. RESULTS AND DSCUSSON OROCOVS EXPERMENT Annual rainfall as 2 79 mm unevenly distributed throughout the year and mean daily temperatures varied from 2 to 26 C (table ) Season of the year strongly affected bean yields (table 2 and figure ). ;--x / 2.c '. C/) z <( m >- Cl: u. J >= BOO ; _ - [/ 4: MONTH PLANTED FG..-Effect of month of planting on average yields produced by tenty-six varieties of beans at Orocovis.

5 DRY BEAN YELDS AFFECTED BY REGON SEASON 383 The November May and July plantings produced higher yields than the March or September plantings. The lo yields produced by the March planting ere a result of the unusually high rainfall at harvest time in May (532 mm) ith over half the beans rotting in the field. On the other hand the May planting produced high yields because it as harvested in early August hich as unusually dry and the fairly cool eather in the spring in the uplands permits good yields if rainfall is not excessive. Yields ere lo in the September plantings because of high temperatures and rainfall (fig. ). Black Turtle variety produced the highest yields in the November planting folloed by most of the Bonita selections (table 2). Most Bonita selections and the Black Turtle and White Kidney varieties produced TABLE 3.- Effect of season of the year on yield of six bean varieties gron at Gurabo P.R. P lanting Dates Variety Jan. 7/ 77 March May July Sept. 24/ 77 8/ 77 2/ 77 2/77 Nov. 2/77 Mean yield kg/l. Oro Rico 24 a' 232 a 32 a 9 d 23 b c 226 a 39 b c Bonita 9 a b 28 a b 5 a 57 b c 2 c 25 a b 37 b c Naranjito 223 a 72 c 73 a 86 a 4 a 26 a b 5 a b Congo Rico 49 b 99 b 52 a 42 c d 36 a b 8 b c 27 c Violeta 237 a 25 a b 82 a 5 b c 49 a 9 b c 54 a Palmarejo 222 a 37 d 36 a 34 c d 35 a b 7 c 22 c Average for 24 a 94 a 54 b 48 c 33 c 964 a planting date Values folloed by one or more letters in common do not differ statistically at the.5 level. (Duncan's mult iple range test). the highest yields in the March planting. Bonita selections 6 and 7 produced the highest yields in the May planting. Bonita selections 2 3 and 8 and the California Light and Red Kidney varieties produced the highest yields in the July planting. Bonita selection 7 produced the highest yields in the September planting. When yields of each variety produced at all seasons ere averaged and ere compared Black Turtle and Bonita selections 2 3 and 8 outyielded the other varieties. GURABO EXPERMENT Annual rainfall as 95 mm ith ide seasonal variations. Mean daily temperature ranged from 23 to 26 C (table ). Season of the year had a marked effect on yields of dry beans. Similar high yields ere produced in the November January and March plantings

6 384 JOURNAL OF AGRCULTURE OF UNVERSTY OF PUERTO RCO (table 3 and fig. 2). Yields started to drop off ith the May planting and the July and September plantings resulted in very lo yields. Figure 2 shos ho high temperature and rainfall had a depressing effect on yields. All varieties produced similar high yields in the January planting ith Oro Rico Naranjito Violeta and Palmarejo the highest yielders. n the 25 '.c... E 2PO () z <t m >- ll:... _J >= \ \\ \\ \ \ \: \. 5 \ 5 : \ \ \ tl n l! 7 : \ \ X \ / \ ' \ / \ '$/ \ : ':'' \ _ l \ ' ' \ ' \ '._ ' A' ' J- -x- -x--x- '' t No Doc. Jon. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oil MONTH PLANTED F G. 2.- Effect of month of planting on average yields produced by six varieties of beans at Gurabo. March planting Oro Rico Bonita and Violeta produced the highest yields. There ere no differences in yields among varieties hen planted in May. n the July planting all varieties prbduced very lo yields. Naranjito although it produced better than the other varieties yielded less than 9 kg/ ha. The high moisture and temperatures aided the spread of fungus diseases in spite of frequent spraying. September plant- ' ' ' ' '

7 DRY BEAN YELDS AFFECTED BY REGON SEASON 385 ings yielded very lo. Violeta variety the highest yielder producedonly 49 kg/ ha. High yields ere again produced in the November planting by Oro Rico Bonita and Naranjito varieties. When the yields of all the plantings of each variety ere combined and compared Violeta and Naranjito varieties produced the highest mean yields about 5 kg/ha (table 3). RESUMEN Se determin6 el efecto de a epoca de siembra en a producci6n de 26 variedades de habichuelas en Orocovis y de 6 variedades en Gurabo. La epoca delano tuvo un sefialado efecto en a producci6n. En Orocovis las siembras de noviembre y mayo arrojaron las producciones mas altas y las de marzo y septiembre las mas bajas debido en gran medida a las fuertes lluvias durante a epoca de cosecha. Las variedades Black Turtle y Bonita 2 3 y 8 produjeron los rendimientos medics mas altos. En Gurabo las producciones fueron similarmente altas en las siembras de noviembre enero y marzo; se redujeron algo en a de mayo y bajaron mucho en las de julio y septiembre debido mayormente a temperaturas mas altas y a mucha lluvia durante a cosecha. Las variedades Violeta y Naranjito fueron las de producci6n media mas alta. LTERATURE CTED. Badillo-Feliciano J. Lugo-L6pez M. A. and Scott T. W Effect of planting distance on yield and agronomic characteristics of red kidney and native hite beans in an Oxisol J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 62 (2): Gonzalez A. P nvestigaciones sobre el comportamiento de algunas variedades de frijol a! pat6geno causante de a roya. nst. nvest. T rop. Acad. Cienc. Cuba p Gonzalez-Rios P. and Riollano A. 95. El mejoramiento de a habichuela blanca del pais (P haseolus vulgaris) por medio de a selecci6n. Esta. Exp. Agric. Univ. P.R. Bol Guadalupe R nfluencia de a epoca de siembra sobre el comportamiento de a habichuela seca (Phaseolus vulgaris) Tesis Univ. P.R. 5. Gutierrez P. U. nfante M. and Pirchinat A Situaci6n del cultivo del frijol en America Latina. Cent. nt. Agric. Trop. CATE. Serie ES Lugo-L6pez M. A. and Rivera Luis H Updated taxonomic classification of the soils of Puerto Rico. Univ. P.R. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull Pierre R. E Yield potential and disease resistance of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris ) varieties in Jamaica. n Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 2th Annu. Meet. Jamaica pp Sehni M. S. and Morgan D. G A comparative study of t he effect of photoperiod on floer bud development and stem elongation in t hree varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris. Ann. Bot. 4: Smith F. L. and Pryor R. H Effects of maximum temperature and age on floering and seed production in three bean varieties Hilgardia 33 (2) :