Alfanso de Albuqurque. Amerigo Vespucci. Aztecs. Bartholomeu Dias. Bartolomé de las Casas. Batavia. Black Hole of Calcutta.

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1 Alfanso de Albuqurque Amerigo Vespucci (c ) after seeing the need for a land base in the area to help cut off spices to Muslim rulers in Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, he set up port facilities at Goa, on the western coast of India. This made Goa the Portuguese headquarters for operations throughout the entire region A Florentine, accompanied several voyages and wrote letters describing geography of the New World, gave it the name "America" Aztecs Bartholomeu Dias Bartolomé de las Casas Batavia During 12th century, these people began a long migration to the Valley of Mexico. They established their capital at Tenochtitlán. They built their city for hundreds or years. By 15th century they had built an aqueduct; smart and advanced; outstanding warriors; set out to bring entire area around their city under their control; consolidated rule over what is now Mexico; governed by local lords, loose political organization ( ) heard reports of a route to India around the southern tip of Africa; rounded the Cape of Good Hope but feared a revolt of his crew and returned to Portugal A dominican friar who believed the Indians had been cruelly mistreated; his work caused the Spanish government to abolish the ecomienda system and provide more protection for Indians on the island of Java, Asia; where the Dutch established a fort to consolidate their political and military control over the Southeast Asia area Black Hole of Calcutta Boers an underground prison for holding prisoners, many of whom died in captivity; the Bengal ruler attacked Fort William and imprisoned the local British population here dutch farmers Britain's Navigation Acts Regulated what was brought to the English colonies from England; theoretically, the system was supposed to favor the mother country British East India Company the British presence in the spice trade in India; competition of French and Dutch

2 Calicut Cape Town Christopher Columbus compass and astrolabe Dutch East India Company ecomienda Ferdinand Magellan Francisco Pizarro Geradus Mercator God, glory, and gold Da Gama's fleet crossed the Arabian sea and reached this port on the southwestern coast of India on May 18, Da Gama told the surprised Indians that he was in search of Christians and spices... he found no Christians but returned to Europe with lots of spices; Portuguese fleets returned annually and tried to destroy Arabic shipping Dutch farmers settles in areas outside this city; the Cape of Good Hope; Africa; settled by Dutch Italian explorer; thought circumference of Earth was smaller than people thought, therefore thought Asia could be reached by sailing West from Italy instead of around Africa; funded by Queen Isabella of Spain; reached Bahamas then went to Cuba; believed he had reached Asia; told King and Queen he would go back and find gold and convert natives; made three voyages since the position of the Pole Star was useless below the equator, European explorers used these new navigational aids a trading company established under government sponsorship; set up settlement alongside Portuguese forts in southern Africa, particularly at the Cape of Good Hope; was meant to serve as a base to provide food, etc to Dutch ships en route to the Spice Islands; eventually developed into a colony Queen Isabella of Spain declared the natives of the New World to be subjects of Castille and instituted this system that permitted the Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers; in return Spaniards should protect Indians, pay them, and supervise their spiritual needs. This system was greatly ignored by the Spaniards and harshly used Indians to pursue their own economic desires ( ) Sailed across the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippines where he met his death at the hands of the natives; called the first circumnavigator of the world Landed in South America with a band of 180 men when the Inca were still flourishing; had steel weapons, gunpowder and horses plus Inca were suffering from smallpox and their emperor died which created a civil war for the throne between two sons-- all of these factors making it easier for him to beat Inca; established capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire late in exploration period, made maps with wide countries on top and thin countries on bottom; lines drawn on map were useful for direction but proportion was off religious and secular goals in exploring; Europeans wanted money and wanted to serve God as well

3 Hernan Cortés Commanded a Spanish expedition in 1519 that landed at Veracruz, on the Gulf of Mexico. He marched to Tenochtitlán with a small amount of troops and made alliances with city-states that were tired of the oppressive rule of the Aztecs. House of Fugger Inca inflation John Cabot joint-stock trading companies lateen sails and square rigs Lord Macartney and Emperor Qianlong Malacca Marco Polo Jacob Fugger arranged large loans for Charles V and in return was given a monopoly over silver, copper and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions in Central Europe; example of relationship between government and entrepreneurs; House of Fugger went bankrupt at the end of the 16th century when the Habsburgs defaulted their loans In the late 1300's, these people were located in Cuzco, Peru. In 1440's the powerful ruler Pachakuti launched a campaign of conquest that brought the entire region under Inca control; Inca Empire expanded to Ecuador, Chile and Amazon basin; divided into four quarters, each ruled by a governor, usually related to royal family; these people were great builders, roadways, houses occurred in Europe in the 16th and early 17th centuries; "price revolution"; more people = more resources need = higher prices; wage earners (laborers) struggled from this, but landed aristocrats and industrial entrepreneurs prospered because they could raise rent/prices; believed this was the beginning of capitalism in Europe A Venetian seaman who explored the New England coastline of the Americas after it was understood that Columbus had discovered New World; under a license from King Henry VII of England commercial expansion of the 16th and 17th centuries was made easier by new forms of commercial organization like this; individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends while board of directors ran company and made important decisions two renovations to European ships that made them more seaworthy; mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in warfare and large enough to mount heavy cannons and carry goods British (East India Trade Company) pressed Chinese for liberalization of trade restrictions; this British man went to Beijing for this cause; Emperor of China expressed no interest in British products In 1511, Albuquerque sailed into this harbor on the Malay peninsula in search of spices. Malacca had previously been transformed by its Muslim rulers into a major port for spice trade; Albuquerque wanted to control this port because it would destroy the Arab spice trade and would provide Portuguese a station on the route to the Spice Islands; after a short and bloody battle, the Portuguese ruled the port One of the most famous medieval travelers to the East; from Venice; travelled to the court of the great Mongol (Asia); as connections to the East were cut off, his book "Travels" made Europeans interested in reaching Asia by sea to gain goods.

4 mercantilism mestizo the total volume of trade was unchangeable; came to dominate economic practices in the 17th centuries; wealth depended on trade and resources; government protection on trade Spanish settlers married Indians, their offspring was called this Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1369 to 1644, extended China's rule into Mongolia and Central Asia; ruled at the time the first European (Portuguese) fleet dropped anchor off the coast; peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng killed off this dynasty Moctezuma Mughal Empire mulattoes Cortés arrived at Tenochtitlán in November and received friendly welcome from this Aztec monarch. He believed his visitor was representative of a god and offered gift of gold to the foreigners and gave them a palace to use. Spaniards took him hostage, took over city. One year later, natives drove Spaniards from the city, but the Indians died off because of small pox and the Spaniards returned; destroyed everything Aztecs had made. Empire in India that brought about unity; came from mountainous region north of Ganges River valley; founded by Babur the offspring of African slaves brought to America and whites Nagasaki and the Dutch Pachakuti Pedro Cabral portolani The Dutch, unlike the Spanish and Portuguese, had not allowed missionaries to interfere with their trade interests in Japan so Japan allowed a small trading community to stay; other European trading posts were closed down because the Christian religion interfered with politics Inca ruler, launched conquest that brought the entire Peru region under his control; created a highly centralized state Portuguese sea captain who accidentally discovered the continent of South America in 1500 did not take into account the curvature of the Earth and were of little use for long oversea voyages; charts made by medieval navigators in the 13th and 14th centuries... more useful than schematic and symbolic medieval maps; details on coastal contours, distances between ports, compass readings

5 Prester John Prince Henry the Navigator Ptolemy's Geography The magical kingdom of. Writers spoke of this in books and it encouraged Europeans to travel. ( ) Explored the coast of Africa with the motives of seeking a Christian kingdom as an ally against the Muslims, trade opportunities and extending Christianity; founded a school for navigators in Portugal and led the Portuguese in gathering slaves and gold from Africa accepted as the most accurate map of its time; did not become available to Europeans until the late 15th century; includes "wind faces" that show wind currents around the earth; printing of the map was important; dramatically underestimated circumference Qing Dynasty Robert Clive Samuel de Champlain slave trade Spice Islands sugar factories overthrow of Ming created opportunity for Manchus, farming and hunting people who lived Northeast of China; conquered Beijing and Li Zicheng's army fell; blessed with strong rulers and restored peace The French competed successfully with the British for spice trades in India and captured the British for at Madras... the British were saved by the military genius of this aggressive British leader established first settlement in Quebec in 1608; made French have a more serious interest in Canada not new, existed in other countries; at first, Portuguese simply replaced European slaves with Africans, but as the New Would was discovered, the New World settlers found sugar and needed slaves to work for them; led to depopulation of African countries; African chiefs increased their raids and war to maintain a constant supply of slaves Molucca Islands; Indian islands that provides Portuguese with lots of spices; controlling Malacca made it easier for Portuguese to launch expeditions here the sugar plantations in the Caribbean; played a prominent role in keeping up with Europe's increasing demand on New World goods. Tenochtitlán The capital of the Aztec people... on an island in Lake Texcoco

6 the asiento the Columbian Exchange The Gold Coast the Middle Passage The Travels of John Mandeville the triangular trade the viceroy and audiencias Tokugawa shoguns Treaty of Tordesillas Vasco da Gama Britain's entry into the Spanish American market in 1713 prompted that British should be granted this privilege; transporting 4,500 slaves a year into Spanish Latin America Trade between old world and New World; tobacco, sugar etc to old world, farm animals, technology to New World the southern coast of the hump of West Africa; the Portuguese found a new source of gold here in 1471 the middle leg of the triangular trade route; one reason for the astonishing number of slaves was their high death rate which was caused by this slaves per ship, 100 days, diseases a book of fantastical nature about "other worlds" filled with precious stones and gold; encouraged Europeans to travel slave trade connecting Europe, Africa and the Americas; Europe brought goods to Africa, Africa brought slaves to America, America brought tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, cotton etc to Europe In the New World, Spanish developed an administrative system based on rulers who exercised authority on behalf of a higher ruler. Spanish possessions divided into two major administrative units: New Spain and Peru. Each viceroy served the king and was aided by advisory groups. this line of leaders helped achieve the unification of Japan; gained power in 1603; these rulers completed the restoration of central authority and remained in power until 1868 divided up the New World into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence ( ) Portuguese captain; 10 years after Dias he tried to get to India around the southern tip of India; rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at ports controlled by Muslims along coast of Africa; reached the port of Calicut in southwestern India on May 18, 1498

7 Vasco Nunez de Balboa ( ) A Spanish explorer, led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached Pacific Ocean in 1513.