Long-term responses in soil solution and stream-water chemistry at Hubbard Brook after experimental addition of wollastonite

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1 , 13, Supplementary material Long-term responses in soil solution and stream-water chemistry at Hubbard Brook after experimental addition of wollastonite Shuai Shao, A Charles T. Driscoll, A,E Chris E. Johnson, A Timothy J. Fahey, B John J. Battles C and Joel D. Blum D A Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. B Department of Natural Resources, G16 Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. C Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 137 Mulford Hall #3114, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. D Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 1100 North University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. E Corresponding author. ctdrisco@syr.edu Page 1 of 8

2 Table S1. Ca, Si, Ca : Si, Al i and Ca : Al i in Oa, Bh and Bs horizons soil solutions, before (1999) and after (2000 and 2011) wollastonite application to watershed 1 (W1) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) X = arithmetic mean, s.d. = standard deviation. Both alternative hypotheses (year > or < year) and null hypotheses (year year) were tested by two sample t-test based on P value, using the significance level of 0.01 for all tests Parameter Horizons X ± s.d. Significant differences Ca (μmol L 1 ) Oa 19.6 ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < Bh 17.3 ± ± ± < 2000, P = < 2011, P = Bs Si (μmol L 1 ) Oa 14.1 ± ± ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P = ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < Bh 82.6 ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < Ca : Si Bs 62.3 ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < Oa 0.32 ± ± ± > 2000, P < , P = Bh 0.24 ± ± ± > 2000, P = , P = Bs 0.27 ± ± ± > 2000, P < , P = Al i (μmol L 1 ) Oa 10.2 ± ± ± > 2000, P = > 2011, P < Bh 10.6 ± ± ± , P = > 2011, P < Bs 10.2 ± ± ± , P = > 2011, P < Ca : Al i Oa 3.9 ± ± ± < 2000, P = < 2011, P = Bh 3.2 ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P = Bs 3.0 ± ± ± , P = , P = Page 2 of 8

3 Table S2. Ca and Si concentrations in Oa, Bh and Bs horizon soil solutions, before (1999) and after (2000 and 2011) wollastonite application to three sub-watersheds of watershed 1 (W1) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) hardwood zone (LH). X = arithmetic mean, s.d. = standard deviation. Both alternative hypotheses (year > or < year) and null hypotheses (year year) were tested by two sample t-test based on P value, using the significance level of for all tests Parameter Sub-watershed Horizon X ± s.d. Significant differences Ca (μmol L 1 ) SFB Oa 14.8 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bh 9.5 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bs 10.1 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < HH Oa 36.1 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bh 22.9 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bs 18.2 ± ± ± < 2000 P < P = LH Oa 34.3 ± ± ± < 2000 P < P = Bh 21.9 ± ± ± < 2000 P < P = Bs 19.8 ± ± ± < 2000 P < P = Si (μmol L 1 ) SFB Oa 65.4 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bh 74.7 ± ± ± < 2000 P < P = Bs 55.4 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < HH Oa 87.8 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bh 76.4 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bs 59.2 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < LH Oa 72.6 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bh 79.5 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bs 73.5 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Page 3 of 8

4 Table S3. Ca : Si and Al i concentrations in Oa, Bh and Bs horizon soil solutions, before (1999) and after (2000 and 2011) wollastonite application to three sub-watersheds of watershed 1 (W1) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) hardwood zone (LH). X = arithmetic mean, s.d. = standard deviation. Both alternative hypotheses (year > or < year) and null hypotheses (year year) were tested by two sample t-test based on P value, using the significance level of for all tests Parameter Sub-watershed Horizon X ± s.d. Significant differences Ca : Si SFB Oa 0.18 ± ± ± P = < 2011 P < Bh 0.14 ± ± ± P = < 2011 P < Bs 0.21 ± ± ± P = < 2011 P < HH Oa 0.45 ± ± ± > 2000 P < P = Bh 0.31 ± ± ± > 2000 P < P = Bs 0.31 ± ± ± > 2000 P < > 2011 P < LH Oa 0.46 ± ± ± > 2000 P < > 2011 P < Bh 0.28 ± ± ± P = > 2011 P < Bs 0.27 ± ± ± P = > 2011 P < Al i (μmol L 1 ) SFB Oa 11.8 ± ± ± > 2000 P < > 2011 P < Bh 17.2 ± ± ± > 2000 P < > 2011 P < Bs 15.4 ± ± ± P = > 2011 P < HH Oa 9.5 ± ± ± > 2000 P < > 2011 P < Bh 12.1 ± ± ± > 2000 P < > 2011 P < Bs 14.7 ± ± ± P = > 2011 P < LH Oa 6.3 ± ± ± > 2000 P = > 2011 P < Bh 6.1 ± ± ± P = P = Bs 7.5 ± ± ± > 2000 P < P = Page 4 of 8

5 Table S4. Ca : Al i in Oa, Bh and Bs soil solutions, before (1999) and after (2000 and 2011) wollastonite application to three subwatersheds of watershed 1 (W1) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) hardwood zone (LH). X = arithmetic mean, s.d. = standard deviation. Both alternative hypotheses (year > or < year) and null hypotheses (year year) were tested by two sample t-test based on P value, using the significance level of for all tests Parameter Sub-watershed Horizon X ± s.d. Significant differences Ca : Al i SFB Oa 1.2 ± ± ± < 2000 P = < 2011 P = Bh 0.7 ± ± ± < 2000 P < < 2011 P < Bs 0.6 ± ± ± P = P = HH Oa 4.2 ± ± ± P = P = Bh 1.9 ± ± ± < 2000 P = P = Bs 2.1 ± ± ± P = P = LH Oa 5.5 ± ± ± < 2000 P = < 2011 P < Bh 3.8 ± ± ± P = P = Bs 3.4 ± ± ± P = P = Page 5 of 8

6 Table S5. Ca, Si, Ca : Si, ANC, and Al i concentrations in stream water before (1999) and after (2000 and 2011) wollastonite application to watershed 1 (W1) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) X = arithmetic mean, s.d. = standard deviation. Both alternative hypotheses (year > or < year) and null hypotheses (year year) were tested by two sample t-test based on P value, using the significance level of 0.05 for all tests Parameter X ± s.d. Significant differences Ca (μmol L 1 ) 18.4 ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P = Si (μmol L 1 ) ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < Ca : Si 0.27 ± ± ± < 2000, P < , P = ANC (μeq L 1 ) 6.2 ± ± ± < 2000, P = , P = Al i (μmol L 1 ) 10.3 ± ± ± > 2000, P < > 2011, P < Page 6 of 8

7 Table S6. Ca, Si, Ca : Si, ANC, and Al i concentrations in stream water before (1999) and after (2000 and 2011) wollastonite application to three sub-watersheds of watershed 1 (W1) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) hardwood zone (LH). X = arithmetic mean, s.d. = standard deviation. Both alternative hypotheses (year > or < year) and null hypotheses (year year) were tested by two sample t-test based on P value, using the significance level of 0.01 for all tests Parameter Subwatershed X ± s.d. Significant differences Ca (μmol L 1 ) SFB 10.7 ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < HH 20.3 ± ± ± < 2000, P < , P = LH 20.9 ± ± ± < 2000, P < , P = Si (μmol L 1 ) SFB 54.7 ± ± ± < 2000, P = < 2011, P = HH 58.5 ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < Ca : Si LH 68.5 ± ± ± < 2000, P < < 2011, P < SFB 0.17 ± ± ± , P = < 2011, P < HH 0.29 ± ± ± < 2000,P = , P = LH 0.29 ± ± ± < 2000, P < , P = ANC (μeq L 1 ) SFB 34.0 ± ± ± < 2000, P = , P = HH 11.1 ± ± ± < 2000, P = , P = LH 6.3 ± ± ± < 2000, P < , P = Al i (μmol L 1 ) SFB 13.1 ± ± ± > 2000, P = > 2011, P = HH 13.9 ± ± ± > 2000, P = > 2011, P < LH 8.7 ± ± ± > 2000, P < > 2011, P < Page 7 of 8

8 Table S7. The responses of Ca, Si and Ali concentrations in Oa, Bh and Bs horizons soil solutions, and stream water among three subwatersheds to the wollastonite addition to watershed 1 of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) hardwood zone (LH). We define the treatment effect as = The null hypotheses (SFB HH LH) and alternative hypotheses (at least two are different) were tested using one-way ANOVA. If we rejected the null hypotheses for one-way ANOVA, then we performed a pairwise mean comparison to identify which response differs from which response. The significance level of 0.05 was used for all tests Parameter Horizon = Sub-watersheds SFB HH LH differences Ca (μmol L 1 ) Oa SFB HH > LH Bh SFB HH LH Bs SFB > LH > HH Stream SFB > HH LH Si (μmol L 1 ) Oa SFB HH LH Bh SFB HH LH Bs SFB HH LH Stream SFB HH LH Ali (μmol L 1 ) Oa SFB HH > LH Bh SFB HH > LH Bs SFB HH > LH Stream SFB HH LH Page 8 of 8