What actually is a fruit? What is a seed?

Transcription

1 Fruit Morphology

2 What actually is a fruit? A fruit is a ripened ovary (=a mature ovary) of a flower along with any adnate parts. What is a seed? - A seed is a baby in a box with its lunch. - Specifically, it is a ripened (fertilized) ovule containing an embryo within a seed coat (protective covering), and oft en has additional storage tissues (food reserves).

3 FLOWER ovary ovary wall ovule integuments zygote fusion nucleus funiculus Note: orange is empty space FRUIT fruit pericarp (the fruit wall) seed seed coat embryo endosperm seed stalk Remember! The egg and one sperm nucleus fuse to form the zygote (which develops into the embryo). The two polar nuclei in the ovule and a second sperm nucleus unite to form the fusion nucleus (which will eventually mature into the endosperm).

4 Classification of fruits Fruits can be divided into several groups based on various criteria: Whether they are dry or fleshy. The pericarp (wall) of the fruit MAY be divided into three layers: an external exocarp ( 외과피 ), a middle mesocarp ( 중과피 ), and an internal endocarp ( 내과피 ). In a peach or an olive, for example, the endocarp is stony whereas the mesocarp is fleshy and edible. A tomato is not differentiated into these three layers.

5 Whether they are dehiscent or indehiscent. dehiscent: the pericarp splits open to release the seeds (i.e., the seed is the unit of dispersal). Indehiscent: the pericarp encloses the seed so that the entire fruit disperses. The taxonomic group to which they belong. Many fruits are characteristic for particular families or subfamilies. Are these true fruits (in the botanical sense)? apple banana carrot green bean eggplant avocado squash corn potato tomato cucumber peanut coconut onion chestnut lettuce celery

6 Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPES Dehiscent Fruits Follicle ( 골돌 ; 蓇葖 ): derived from one carpel that opens along a single suture. Magnolia ( 목련 ) sp. 박주가리 (Metaplexis )

7 Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPES Dehiscent Fruits Capsule ( 삭과 ; 朔果 ): derived from a syncarpous gynoecium and contains few to many seeds. The most common and most variable of all fruit types. Septum ( 격막 ) Locule ( 방 ) 무궁화 (Hibiscus ) Loculicidal Dehiscence 포배개열삭과胞背開裂朔果 Septicidal Dehiscence 포간개열삭과胞間開裂朔果

8 Circumscissile; pyxis 횡렬삭과橫裂朔果 Portulca ( 채송화 ) sp.

9 Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits Achene ( 수과 ; 瘦果 ): single-seeded with seed free from pericarp (thin and close-fitting). Anemone ( 바람꽃 ) sp. Traxacum ( 민들레 ) sp.

10 Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits Nut ( 견과 ; 堅果 ): large, single-seeded with a thick, bony pericarp; involucre ( 총포 ) often present Quercus ( 참나무 ) sp. Corylus ( 개암나무 ) sp.

11 Are we nuts or what? Peanuts Coconuts Almonds Walnuts Pecans (a legume) (a drupe) (a drupe) (a drupe) (a drupe) Pistachio nuts (seeds from drupes) No, we're not! Nutlet ( 소견과 ; 小堅果 ): a small nut; involucre absent

12 Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits Schzocarp ( 분열과 ; 分列果 ): derived from a syncarpous gynoecium that splits into two or more one-seeded segments (mericarps; 분과 ; 分果 ). Acer ( 단풍나무 ) mericarps

13 Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits Samara ( 시과 ; 翅果 ): a winged achene. A maple fruit is a winged schizocarp (or samaroid schizocarp) Ulmus ( 느릅나무 ) Acer ( 단풍나무 )

14 Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPES Berry ( 장과 ; 漿果 ): an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with few to many seeds (rarely one seed); gynoecia variable. tomatoes, bananas, grapes, blueberries, kiwis, peppers, eggplants, cranberries, avocados NOT strawberry (nutlet) 포도 (Vitis )

15 Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPES Drupe ( 핵과 ): indehiscent and differentiated into exo-, meso-, and endo-carp. Peaches, cherries, olives 벚나무 (Prunus )

16 Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Caryopsis ( 영과, 穎果 ): Grass family; Poaceae( 벼과, 화본과 ); a small, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thin wall surrounding and more or less fused to a single seed; corn, wheat, barley 쌀 (Oryza ) 옥수수 (Zea )

17 Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Hesperidium ( 감귤과 ; 또는많은책에서 감과 하지만이것은틀린용어임 ): Citrus family; Rutaceae; A berry with a tough exocarp where the fleshy mesocarp is derived from glandular hairs; orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit NOT Ebenaceae ( 감나무과 ) sp. berry 귤 (Citrus )

18 Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Legume ( 협과 ; 莢果 ): Pea family; Fabaceae( 콩과 ); adryfrunit derived from a single carpel that opens along two longitudinal sutures; beans, peas 콩 (Glycine ) 도둑놈의갈고리 (Desmodium ) Loment ( 분리과 ; 分離果 )

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20 Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Pome ( 이과 ): Apple subfamily, rose family; Rosaceae( 장미과 ); an indehiscent, fleshy fruit in which in which the outer part is soft and the center contains papery or cartilaginous structure enclosing the seeds. apple, pear 사과 (Malus)( ) 배 (Pyrus )

21 Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Silique ( 각과 ; 角果 ): Mustard family; Brassicaceae( 십자화과 ); a fruit drived from a two-carpellate gynoecium in which the two halves of the fruit split away from a persistent partition; includes the silicle; mustard 냉이 (Capsella )

22 Special fruit type Aggregate fruits ( 취과 ; 聚果 ): the product of an apocarpous gynoecium. The ovary of each carpel matures into a fruit. 딸기 (Fragaria ) 산딸기 (Rubus)( )

23 Special fruit type Multiple fruit ( 다화과 ; 多花果 ): the product of several separate flowers in an inflorescence. Other floral structure may become fleshy as well. Cone ( 구과 ; 毬果 ) Sorosis ( 상과 ; 桑果 ) Syconium ( 은화과 ; 隱花果 ) 오리나무 (Alnus)( ) 무화과 (Ficus ) 뽕나무 (Morus)

24 이창복도감에삽입된과실의종류도해 과실의종류의구분과이들의분류는교과서에따라조금씩틀린경우는있지만각각의과실의정의는달라지지않으니여기수록된다른책들의그림과설명들들도읽고비교해볼것. 감귤과로통일

25 Fruit types (열매의 종류)

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