AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante yellow condiment mustard cultivars

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1 CULTIVAR DESCRIPTION AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante yellow condiment mustard cultivars G. Rakow, J. P. Raney $, J. Relf-Eckstein, and D. Rode Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2 ( Received 5 August 2008, accepted 21 November Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from by on 03/08/18 Rakow, G., Raney, J. P., Relf-Eckstein, J. and Rode, D AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante yellow condiment mustard cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: Yellow condiment mustard (Sinapis alba L.) occupies about 50% of the total acreage of condiment mustard grown in western Canada. Breeding efforts at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Saskatoon (AAFC) from 1987 to 2001 resulted in the registration of three new cultivars. AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante had 8, 7 and 6% higher grain yield, respectively, than the check cultivar Ochre, on average over 28 location years in 3 yr of condiment mustard Co-op tests All three cultivars had similar maturity and plant height to Ochre. Andante had lower fixed oil than Ochre while AC Base had lower protein content. Andante had much greater seed weight than Ochre. AC Pennant had greater seed mucilage content than Ochre, while the seed mucilage content of Andante was highly significantly improved over Ochre (by about 50%). The seed colour of AC Base and Andante was a darker yellow than that of Ochre (a high negative number indicates a brighter yellow colour). Seed glucosinolate and chlorophyll content of AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante were not different from Ochre. Since its registration in 2002, Andante has become the predominant condiment yellow mustard cultivar in western Canada because of its increased grain yield and superior seed quality. AC Pennant has been the official check cultivar since All three cultivars are well adapted to the mustard growing areas of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Sinapis alba L., cultivar descriptions, grain yield, seed quality Rakow, G., Raney, J. P., Relf-Eckstein, J. et Rode, D La moutarde jaune AC Pennant, AC Base et Andante. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: La moutarde jaune (Sinapis alba L.) employée comme condiment repre sente environ la moitie de la superficie totale consacre e a` cette culture dans l Ouest canadien. Les travaux de sélection re alise s par Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada (AAC) a` Saskatoon de 1987 a` 2001 ont de bouche sur l homologation de trois nouveaux cultivars. En moyenne, AC Pennant, AC Base et Andante ont produit respectivement 8%, 7% et 6% plus de semences que le cultivar te moin Ochre, a` 28 sites pendant les trois années d essais coopératifs effectue s de 1999 à Les trois cultivars sont aussi pre coces qu Ochre et la taille des plants est similaire. Andante contient moins d huile fixe qu Ochre tandis qu AC Base renfermait moins de prote ines. Andante donne des graines beaucoup plus lourdes qu Ochre. Les semences d AC Pennant sont nettement plus mucilagineuses que celles d Ochre, tandis que celles d Andante renferment sensiblement moins de mucilage (environ 50%). Les graines d AC Base et d Andante sont d un jaune plus fonce que celles d Ochre (un chiffre ne gatif e leve signale un jaune plus clair). La teneur des graines des trois cultivars en glucosinolates et en chlorophylle est identique a` celle d Ochre. Depuis son homologation en 2002, Andante est devenue la principale variété de moutarde jaune cultive e dans l Ouest canadien en raison de son fort rendement grainier et de la qualite supe rieure de ses semences. AC Pennant est le cultivar témoin officiel depuis Les trois cultivars sont bien acclimate sàla zone de production de la moutarde des Prairies canadiennes. Mots clés: Sinapis alba L., description de cultivar, rendement grainier, qualite des semences AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante yellow condiment mustard (Sinapis alba L.) cultivars were developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saskatoon Research Centre (SRC), Saskatoon, SK. AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante received registration No. 3956on 1994 May 19, No on 1998 Apr. 16and No on 2002 Aug. 09, respectively, from the Variety Registration Office, Food Production and Inspection Branch, Agriculture Canada. The yellow mustard strain, Yellow- $Deceased , developed by AAFC Saskatoon and registered under the name Ochre (Agriculture Canada 1981) served as the check cultivar. Pedigree and Breeding Methods AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante condiment yellow mustard were developed from the same base population through several cycles of recurrent appropriate for a cross pollinated plant species (Fig. 1). This is the reason for describing them in one publication. In 1987, 47 Sinapis alba L. accessions available at the Saskatoon Research Centre were composited, and the

2 332 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE Year Procedure Purpose accessions, crossing block bulk harvest nd generation, crossing block 500 OP single plants 1989 plant row nursery, 2 repl. Can. J. Plant Sci. Downloaded from by on 03/08/ yield test, 55 strains, 3 loc. 30 SP, remnant seed, crossing block 975 OP single plants plant row nursery, 2 repl. yield test, 66 strains, 3 loc. 39 strains, high prot./low oil, crossing block 1,001 OP single plants plant row nursery, 2 repl. agronomy,quality 76 SP, remnant seed, crossing block 1,092 OP single plants plant row nursery, 2 repl. agronomy, mucilage 44 SP, remnant seed, crossing block 1,676 OP single plants mucilage mass SA Co-op AC Pennant SA Co-op AC Base 301 OP, single plants bulked SA98-RNA Co-op Andante Fig. 1. Pedigree and scheme for yellow condiment mustard cultivars AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante.

3 composite was grown in a field plot at Saskatoon. The plot was harvested as a bulk and seed of this bulk was grown in a second field plot at Saskatoon in 1988 to allow for further. Five hundred openpollinated plants were individually harvested and progeny tested in a two-replicate, 3-m single-row nursery at Saskatoon in Fifty-five agronomically superior progenies were visually selected and tested in three fourreplicate yield tests utilizing open-pollinated seed from the selected plant row progenies at two different seeding dates at Saskatoon and Scott, SK, in Strain SA was selected from the yield tests and tested as SA 2 in Co-op mustard tests from 1991 to Open-pollinated seed of strain SA from the 1990 yield test (bulked seed from all four replicates) was used for Co-op tests and subsequent breeder seed increases. Experimental strain SA 2 was registered as AC Pennant. Reserve seed of 30 single plants from the 1988 crossing block that produced highest yielding progenies in the 1989 nursery and the three replicated yield tests in 1990, was composited, planted in a crossing block and grown in a field plot at Saskatoon in A total of 975 open-pollinated plants were individually harvested and progeny tested in a two-replicate, 3-m single-row nursery at Saskatoon in Sixty-six strains were visually selected for yield potential and entered into three yield tests, utilizing two seeding dates at Saskatoon and one date at Scott, SK, in Open-pollinated seed from the nursery was used for yield tests. Strain SA was selected from the yield tests and tested under this designation in Co-op mustard tests from 1994 to Open-pollinated seed of strain SA from the 1993 yield test was used for Co-op tests and for subsequent breeder seed increases. SA was registered as AC Base. Seed of the 1992 yellow mustard breeding nursery, consisting of 975 half-sib plant-row progeny (tworeplicate, 3-m single row) was analyzed for seed oil (fixed oil) and seed protein content. The thirty-nine lowest fixed oil/highest protein content progeny were selected, seed of the 39 rows was composited and grown in a field plot at Saskatoon in A total of 1001 plants, harvested individually from this plot, were progeny tested in a two-replicate, 3-m single-row nursery at Saskatoon in The nursery was combine harvested and seed yields were determined. The harvested seed was analyzed for low fixed oil and high seed protein content and increased seed weight. Three composites (high yield, high seed weight, low fixed oil/ high seed protein content) were formed from reserve seed of 76single plants of the 1994 crossing blocks and grown in three isolated field plots in A total of 1092 plants, harvested individually from the three crossing blocks (400, 400 and 292 plants each), were progeny tested in a two-replicate, 3-m single-row nursery at Saskatoon in The nursery was combine harvested and seed yields were determined. The seed was analyzed for low fixed oil/high seed protein content, RAKOW ET AL. * YELLOW MUSTARD 333 increased seed weight and increased seed mucilage content. One composite was formed from reserve seed of 44 single plants of the 1996crossing blocks and grown in an isolated field plot at Saskatoon in A total of 1676 plants were individually harvested from the 1998 field plot and mass-selected for high mucilage content. Seed of the 301 highest mucilage content plants was composited to form the experimental strain SA 98RNA1, which was tested under this designation in the Co-op mustard tests from 1999 to Remnant seed of the high mucilage composite was increased in an isolated field plot in 2000 and breeder seed was first produced in SA 98RNA1 was registered as Andante. Ochre white mustard was selected from available landraces of the species in commercial production and tested between 1968 and 1971 and tested as Yellow-2 for 8 yr in condiment Co-op mustard tests from 1973 to It was the first Canadian registered cultivar of yellow mustard in Canada and was equal in performance to Gisilba, a yellow mustard cultivar from the University of Giessen, Germany, the check cultivar from 1968 to Ochre was the check cultivar for AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante in Co-op mustard tests for recommendation of registration. In 2002, AC Pennant became the new check cultivar. AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante were tested in Co-op mustard tests from 1999 to 2001 for 3 yr in comparison with Ochre (Co-operative Mustard Reports ). We chose to report data from these 3 yr of Co-op tests, which allow a comparison of the three cultivars to Ochre under the same growing conditions and a direct comparison among the three new cultivars (Table 1). There were totals of 28, 26and 29 location years of data for grain yield, maturity and plant height, respectively, and 23 location years of data for seed quality (fixed oil, seed protein, seed weight, seed mucilage, glucosinolates, seed colour and seed chlorophyll). The tests were randomized complete block designs with four replicates. Statistical analysis of variance was performed using Agrobase TM 21 for Windows (Agronomix Software Inc., Winnipeg, MB) and the SAS System release 8.1, PROC MIXED model (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Years, locations and their interactions with entries were classified as random variables for the determination of grand means over all locations in the 3-yr performance table. Analysis of variance using Agrobase was performed on a site basis and only locations with less than 16% coefficient of variation for grain yield were reported. The 16% CV arbitrary cut-off value was established by the Prairie Registration Recommending Committee for Grain (PRRCG) in the Operating Procedures for Registration of a Condiment Mustard Cultivar for Production in Western Canada (Operating Procedures) to eliminate locations with questionable data from the data set. A one-sided test for comparison of means between cultivar performance to the check cultivar

4 Table 1. Agronomic performance and seed quality of AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante condiment yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) cultivars compared with the check cultivar Ochre in Co-op Mustard Tests ( ) z, y Grain yield x (kg ha 1 ) Maturity w (d) Height v (cm) Fixed oil u (% seed) Protein t (% seed) Seed weight s (g 1000 seed 1 ) Seed mucilage r (cs ml g seed 1 ) Glucosinolates q (mmole g seed 1 ) Seed colour p (WI E313) Ochre AC Pennant 1940* * AC Base 1930* * * 1.43 Andante 1910* * * 46.2* * 1.77 Location years LSD (5%) Seed chlorophyll o (mg kg 1 ) z Locations (grain yield): 1999: Rosebank, Elgin (Manitoba), Watrous, Scott, Swift Current, Saskatoon 1, Saskatoon 2 (Saskatchewan), Irricana, Standard, Bow Island, Oyen (Alberta). 2000: Avonlea, Scott, Swift Current, Saskatoon 1, Saskatoon 2 (Saskatchewan), Irricana, Standard (Alberta).2001: Rosebank, Neepawa (Manitoba), Mortlach, Watrous, Scott, Swift Current, Saskatoon 1, Saskatoon 2 (Saskatchewan), Irricana, Oyen (Alberta) y Locations (seed quality): 1999 and 2000: the same as for grain yield. 2001: Irricana, Rosebank, Saskatoon 1, Swift Current, Watrous. x Grain Yield: 1.20 m6.00 m plots7.20 m 2, four replicates. w Maturity at 30% colour change of seed in days from seeding. v Height: two measurements per plot in 5-cm increments at swathing maturity. u Fixed oil by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy dry seed. t Protein by Dumas combustion for N6.25 dry seed. s Seed weight by counting and weighing 500 seed. r Seed mucilage by viscosity measurement of aqueous extraction of mucilage from seed. q Glucosinolates by gas chromatography. p Seed colour by reflectance of light. o Seed chlorophyll by solvent extraction of chlorophyll and spectrophotometry. *Significantly different at LSD (5%) from check cultivar Ochre. 334 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE

5 Ochre was used for calculating LSD values at the 5% significance level. During the 3 yr of testing in Co-op mustard tests, blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.] adult plant stem infection and white rust [Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze] seedling infection types were assessed at AAFC Saskatoon. Reactions to blackleg were rated in field disease nurseries while severity of white rust was assessed on cotyledons of seedlings under controlled environmental conditions in growth rooms (Anonymous 1985). Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. races 2a and 2v, and B. rapa races 7a and 7v are commonly observed on Brassica species in western Canada (Rimmer et al. 2000). All four races can also infect S. alba yellow mustard. Infection by Alternaria spp. was occasionally observed in breeder seed plot increases. Seed quality was evaluated at locations with acceptable CVs for grain yield representing mustard growing areas across the three prairie provinces. Fixed oil content was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Total nitrogen was measured by Dumas combustion (Leco PF-528 Model # , manufactured by Leco Corporation, St. Joseph, MI) analysis to determine nitrogen content, and nitrogen values multiplied by the factor 6.25 for conversion to protein content. Fixed oil and protein data were reported as percent whole seed on a dry weight basis. Seed weight was determined on 500 counted seed and reported as grams per 1000 seed. Seed mucilage content was estimated in aqueous seed extract from whole seed based on viscosity measurements (Raney et al. 2003). Yellow mustard mucilage contributes to the consistency of prepared mustard and has potential as a food gum additive. Its water-binding property is important for the use of yellow mustard flower in prepared meats. Woods and Downey (1980) predicted that although the level of mucilage is subject to environmental influences, sufficient variation in mucilage is present in yellow mustard to indicate that an increase in mucilage content could be made by breeding. Glucosinolate content was determined by gas chromatography using allyl glucosinolate as an internal standard. Seed colour was measured with a Hunter Lab colorimeter, (Hunter Lab MiniScan XE, Model #45/O-L, manufactured by Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc. Resto, VA), and chlorophyll by solvent extraction and spectrophotometry. More detailed information on methodology utilized for the Co-op mustard tests can be found in the 2001 Co-op mustard report (Co-operative Mustard Reports ). The document prepared for the Prairie Registration Recommending Committee for Grain (PRRCG) entitled Operating Procedures for Registration of a Condiment Mustard Cultivar for Production in Western Canada specifies the Co-operative Mustard Test procedures and the minimum requirements for support for registration (Operating Procedures). RAKOW ET AL. * YELLOW MUSTARD 335 A review of mustard breeding in Canada and the establishment of the crop in Canada can be found in a book chapter (Downey and Rakow 1995). Performance Agronomic and seed quality data are summarized in Table 1. On average, grain yields of AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante were greater than Ochre by 8, 7 and 6%, respectively. These are significant improvements in grain yield of condiment yellow mustard for production in Canada. AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante had, on average, similar maturity and plant height compared with Ochre. AC Pennant and AC Base had similar fixed oil content at and 29.32% compared with Ochre while the fixed oil content of Andante at 28.26% was lower than Ochre. In contrast, the seed protein contents of Andante and AC Pennant were similar to Ochre while AC Base had lower protein content than Ochre. The seed weight of Andante at 6.12 g was significantly greater than Ochre, while AC Pennant and AC Base seed weights were not different from Ochre; a larger seed is highly desirable. The most significant improvements were observed in mucilage content with 46.2 cs for Andante compared with 30.7 cs for Ochre. Also, AC Pennant had higher mucilage content than Ochre. High mucilage content has become an important breeding goal for condiment yellow mustard. The seed glucosinolate contents (4-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate) were similar for the three new cultivars and the check Ochre. AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante had very low seed chlorophyll content and were similar in this respect to Ochre. Low seed chlorophyll content of the mature seed is a breeding goal. AC Base and Andante had darker yellow seed than Ochre at the 5% probability level, while seed colour of AC Pennant was not different from Ochre. A high negative number indicates a bright yellow seed, which is a breeding objective. Andante has become the predominant yellow mustard cultivar in western Canada because of its superior grain yield and seed quality (low fixed oil, large seed and excellent mucilage yields, 50% greater than Ochre). Other Characteristics Lodging. There were no differences in lodging resistance between AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante. Lodging is generally not a problem in yellow mustard. Blackleg Disease. Blackleg disease was assessed in field disease nurseries and all three cultivars as well as Ochre were highly resistant, with severity ratings ofb0.05 on ab0.5 to 5 severity scale (B0.5no disease, 5dead). White Rust. White rust can be observed on yellow mustard, and AC Pennant, AC Base, Andante and Ochre were equally susceptible to the four common races of white rust found on Brassica rapa and B. juncea.

6 336 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE However, levels of infection were low as observed on artificially inoculated cotyledons under favourable infection conditions under controlled environmental conditions in growth rooms. Maintenance and Distribution of Pedigreed Seed AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante breeder seed will be produced by AAFC Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2. AC Pennant, AC Base and Andante have been released for multiplication and distribution to members of the Canadian Mustard Association. Appreciation is expressed to the following for conducting the Co-op mustard tests over the years, planting, maintaining (weeding) and harvesting plots and providing data and seed samples for quality analysis to the AAFC Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK. Daryl Rex, United Grain Growers, Morden, MB; Tim Ferguson and Rod Hayden, Agricore Research and Development, Calgary, AB; Ken Vanthyne, Brian Cowan, and Kathy Hanson, Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, Watrous, SK; Steve Dueck, Scott Research Farm, AAFC Scott, SK; Cal MacDonald, Swift Current Research Farm, AAFC Swift Current, SK; Guy Lafond and David Larson, Hub and Spoke Demo Sites, AAFC Indian Head, SK; Linda Ost and Manjula Bandara, Crop Diversification Centre, Brooks, AB; Audrey Bamber, Chinook Research Association, Oyen, AB. Appreciation is also expressed to Dawnne Campbell, Gerald Serblowski, Douglas Hennigan and others and numerous summer students for seed quality analysis at the AAFC Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, for setting up seed for distribution to collaborators, for cleaning and drying of seed samples from tests, for determining yield, and data entry into spreadsheets in preparation for annual Co-op mustard reports. We express our appreciation to Mr. Richard Gugel and Dr. Roger Rimmer at AAFC Saskatoon Research Centre for assessing candidate strains for reaction to the diseases blackleg and white rust, respectively. We further appreciate the financial support from the Canadian Mustard Association, Inc. for the Co-op mustard tests and breeding work. Agriculture Canada Description of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) variety Ochre. Licence No.: January 29. Recommended for Registration by Expert Committee on Grain Breeding and Grain Diseases. Food Production and Inspection Branch, Seed Section, Ottawa, ON. Anonymous Resource book, crucifer genetic cooperative. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Co-operative Mustard Reports : Conducted by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre for Prairie Registration Recommending Committee for Grain (PRRCG), Oilseeds Subcommittee (not for publication). Reports available by request from Co-op Mustard Test Co-ordinator Dr. Gerhard Rakow, AAFC Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 ( Downey, R. K. and Rakow, G Mustard. In A. E. Slinkard and D. R. Knott, eds. Harvest of gold: The history of field crop breeding in Canada. University Extension Press, Saskatoon, SK. 8 pp. Operating Procedures. No Date. Prepared by Prairie Registration Committee Oilseeds (PRCO). Procedures for Registration of a Condiment Mustard Cultivar for Production in Western Canada. Copies available from Dr. Se guin-swartz, Secretary PRCO, AAFC Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 ( seguing@agr.gc.ca). Raney, J. P., Rakow, G. and Rode, D Selection for increased mucilage content without compromising yield in yellow mustard. Proc. 11th Int. Rapeseed Cong., Copenhagen, Denmark. H. Sørensen and colleagues, eds. Chemistry Department, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark. Published by the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur le Colza (GCIRC), Paris, France. Vol. 1, pp Rimmer, S. R., Mathur, S. and Wu, C. R Virulence of isolates of Albugo candida from western Canada to Brassica species. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 22: Woods, D. L. and Downey, R. K Mucilage from yellow mustard. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: