Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for Compiled by Elizabeth T. Maynard

Transcription

1 Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2011 Compiled by Elizabeth T. Maynard

2 Table of Contents Sources of Vegetable Seeds...5 Beans Use of Biological Treatments for Improved Crop Establishment in Snap Beans 2011 (Ohio) Mark A. Bennett, Elaine Grassbaugh, and Matt Hofelich...11 Cucumber Evaluation of Seven Slicing Cucumbers in Southwest Michigan (Michigan) Ron Goldy...15 Parthenocarpic Cucumbers Are a Successful Double Crop for High Tunnels (West Virgina) Lewis W. Jett...17 Edamame Edamame Cultivar Report 2011 (Illinois) Marty Williams, Theresa Herman, and Randy Nelson...23 Muskmelon and Specialty Melon Midwest Muskmelon Variety Trial in Southwest Indiana 2011 (Indiana) Shubin K. Saha and Sara Hoke...45 Evaluation of OMRI-approved Products for Disease Management of Muskmelon 2011 (Indiana) Daniel S. Egel, Shubin K. Saha, Stacye Johnson, Scott Monroe, Dennis Nowaskie, and Maria Restrepo...49 Powdery Mildew Resistant Cantaloupe Variety Evaluation New York 2011 (New York) Margaret T. McGrath, Laura K. Hunsberger, and Sandra Menasha...51 Pepper Preliminary Evaluation of 48 Chili Pepper Cultivars in Central Missouri (Missouri) Steven Kirk and Sanjun Gu...55 Bell Pepper Cultivar Performance Trial Grown in Southern Ohio 2011 (Ohio) Brad Bergefurd, Wayne Lewis, Thom Harker, Lynn Miller, Al Welch, and Emily Weaks...63 New Crop Pepper Germplasm Evaluation for Northwest Ohio 2011 (Ohio) Elaine Grassbaugh, Matt Hofelich, and Mark Koenig...65 Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Control Pepper Transplant Height and Enhance Crop Production 2011 (Ohio) Mark A. Bennett...69 Pumpkin Pumpkin Cultivar Performance Trial Grown in Southern, Ohio 2011 (Ohio) Brad Bergefurd, Wayne Lewis, Thom Harker, Lynn Miller, Al Welch, and Emily Weaks...73 Continued on next page 2

3 Squash Evaluation of OMRI-approved Fungicides for the Control of Powdery Mildew of Zucchini 2011 (Indiana) Daniel S. Egel, Shubin K. Saha, Stacye Johnson, Scott Monroe, Dennis Nowaskie, and Maria Restrepo...75 Powdery Mildew Resistant Acorn-type Winter Squash Variety Evaluation New York 2011 (New York) Margaret T. McGrath, Laura K. Hunsberger, and Sandra Menasha...77 Powdery Mildew Resistant Butternut Squash Variety Evaluation New York 2011 (New York) Margaret T. McGrath, Laura K. Hunsberger, and Sandra Menasha...81 Powdery Mildew Resistant Yellow Summer Squash Variety Evaluation New York 2011 (New York) Margaret T. McGrath, Laura K. Hunsberger, and Sandra Menasha...85 Powdery Mildew Resistant Zucchini Squash Variety Evaluation New York 2011 (New York) Margaret T. McGrath, Laura K. Hunsberger, and Sandra Menasha...89 Summer Squash Variety Trial 2011(Indiana) J. Scott Monroe, Maria H. Restrepo, and Kendra B. Norris...93 Sweet Corn Sugar-enhanced and Synergistic Sweet Corn Cultivar Evaluation for Northern Indiana 2011 (Indiana) Elizabeth T. Maynard...97 Supersweet Sweet Corn Cultivar Evaluation for Northern Indiana 2011 (Indiana) Elizabeth T. Maynard Northern Ohio Sweet Corn Evaluation 2011 (Ohio) Mark Koenig and Matt Hofelich Tomato Performance of 11 Fresh Market and Five Saladette Tomato Cultivars in Southwest Michigan in 2011 (Michigan) Ron Goldy Late Blight Resistant Tomato Variety Evaluation Using Organic Production Practices New York 2011 (New York) Margaret T. McGrath, Laura K. Hunsberger, and Sandra Menasha Fresh Market Tomato Cultivar Performance Trial Grown in Southern Ohio 2011 (Ohio) Brad Bergefurd, Wayne Lewis, Thom Harker, Lynn Miller, Al Welch, and Emily Weaks Tomato Variety Trial 2011 (Indiana) J. Scott Monroe *, Maria H. Restrepo, Kendra B. Norris, and Nicholas P. Okeli Continued on next page 3

4 Watermelon Midwest Personal-size Triploid Watermelon Variety Trial in Southwest Indiana 2011 (Indiana) Shubin K. Saha and Sara Hoke Midwest Triploid Watermelon Variety Trial in Southwest Indiana 2011 (Indiana) Shubin K. Saha and Sara Hoke Seedless Watermelon Variety Trials in Central Missouri (Missouri) Sanjun Gu and Terry Blank Authors Addresses

5 Sources of Vegetable Seeds AC *Abbott and Cobb, Inc., P.O. Box 307, Feasterville, PA ; (800) 345- SEED; ADV Advanta/Pacific Seeds, P.O. Box 337, 268 Anzac Ave., Toowooma, Queensland 4350, Australia; ACR Alf Christianson Seed Co., Bay Ridge Dr., Burlington, WA 98233; (360) ; alfseed.com AGH *Agrohaitai, P. O. Box 45, Lynden, 2764 Hwy 99 (Governor's Road) Ontario L0R 1T0, Canada; (519) ; AT *American Takii, Inc., 301 Natividad Rd., Salinas, CA 93906; (831) ; BC *Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Co., 2278 Baker Creek Road, Mansfield, MO 65704; (417) ; rareseeds.com Bas Basso Seeds, Monteverde 3390, 1852 Burzaco,- Buenos Aires, Argentina; (54) ; Fax: (54) ; BE *Bejo Seeds, Inc., 1972 Silver Spur Place, Oceano, CA 93445; (805) ; BHN BHN Seed, P.O. Box 3267 Immokalee, FL 34142; (239) ; Fax: (239) ; BU *Burpee, 300 Park Ave., Warminster, PA 18991; (800) ; CE/CEN Centest Seeds, Rte. 173, Harvard, IL 60033; (815) ; CF Cliftons Seed Co., 2586 NC 403 West, P.O. Box 206, Faison, NC 28341; (800) ; CO The Cook s Garden, P.O. Box C5030, Warminster, PA ; ; CN Corona Seeds, Inc., 590-F Constitution Ave., Camarillo, CA 93012; (805) ; Fax: (805) ; CR *Crookham Co., P.O. Box 520, Caldwell, ID ; (208) ; Fax: (208) ; CP CropTech Seeds, 1220 Willow Street, Vincennes, IN 47591; (812) DM Del Monte USA, Agric. Research, P.O. Box 89, Rochelle, IL DP DP Seeds, LLC., 8269 South Highway 95, Yuma, AZ 85365; (928) ; Fax: (928) ; dpseeds.com DVG Dutch Valley Growers, Inc., 4067 E N. Road, Bourbonnais, IL 60914; Fax: (708) ; EV *Evergreen Seeds, Evergreen YH Enterprises, P.O. Box 17538, Anaheim, CA 92817; (714) ; Continued on next page 5

6 Sources of Vegetable Seeds (continued) EW East/West Seed International Ltd., No. 50/1 Moo 2, Sainoi-Bang Bua Thong Rd., Amphur Sainoi, Nonthaburi 11150, Thailand; EX Express Seed, US Highway 20, Oberlin, OH 44074; (800) ; Fax: (440) ; EZ Enza Zaden, P.O. Box 7, 1600 AA, Enkhuisen, Netherlands ; GG General Mills/Green Giant, Agric. Res., 1201 N. 4 th St., LeSueur, MN GU Gurney s Seed and Nursery Co., P.O. Box 4178, Greendale, IN ; (513) ; HARC Hawaiian Agriculture Research, P.O. Box 100, Kunia, HI 96759; (808) ; harc-hspa.com HM *Harris Moran Seed Company, P.O. Box 4938, Modesto, CA 95352; (209) ; Fax: (209) ; HR/H Harris Seeds, 335 Paul Rd. P. O. Box 24966, Rochester, NY ; (800) ; Fax: (877) ; HL *Hollar & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 106, Rocky Ford, CO 81067; (719) ; HO Holmes Seed Co., th St. N.W., Canton, OH 44709; (330) ; HZ Hazera Seed, Ltd., P.O. Box 1565, Haifa, Israel; IFSI *Illinois Foundation Seeds, Inc., 1083 County Road 900 N., Tolono, IL 61880; (217) ; J Jordan Seeds, Inc., 6400 Upper Afton Rd., Woodbury, MN ; (651) ; JS *Johnny s Selected Seeds, 13 Main St., Fairfield, ME ; (877) ; JO Jones Farms, 7094 Honeysuckle Lane, Bailey, NC 27807; (919) ; JU Jung Seed and Nursery, 335 S. High St., Randolph, WI 53956; (800) ; KTS *Kitazawa Seed, P.O. Box 13220, Oakland, CA ; (510) ; KU Known-You Seed Co., LTD., No.114-6, Zhuliao Rd., Dashu District, Kaohsiung 84043, Taiwan; LK Lark Seeds, 375 Linda Vista Ave., Pasadena, CA 91105; (626) ; LS Long & Sweet LLC, P.O. Box 502, 516 N. 5 th Street, Lafayette, IN 47902; (765) Continued on next page 6

7 Sources of Vegetable Seeds (continued) MKS Mikado Kyowa Seed Co., Ltd., Naneidai-cho, Shibuya-ku, Toyko, Japan; MCS *Morgan County Seeds, Kelsay Rd., Barnett, MO 65011; (573) ; NDS *New Dimension Seed, PO Box 1294, Scappoose, OR 97056; NH/NU Nunhems Seed, 1200 Anderson Corner Road, Parma, ID 83660; (800) ; NC North Carolina State University, 2016 Fanning Bridge Rd., Fletcher, NC NMSU New Mexico State University Seed Certification, P.O. Box 30003, MSC 3LEY, Las Cruces, NM ; (575) ; seedcertification.nmsu.edu NS New England Seed Co., 3580 Main St., Hartford, CT 06120; (800) ; NZ Hybrid Seed Company New Zealand Ltd., P.O. Box 8068, The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand; OR Orsetti Seed Co. Inc., 2300 Technology Parkway, Ste 1, P.O. Box 2350, Hollister, CA ; (831) ; orsettiseeds.com OS L.L. Olds Seed Co., P.O. Box 7790, Madison, WI OUT *Outstanding Seeds, 354 Center Grange Road, Monaca, PA 15061; (800) ; P Pacific Seed Production Co., Highway 99 E., P.O. Box 85, Junction City, OR 97448; (800) ; PA/PK Park Seed Co., One Parkton Ave., Greenwood, SC 29647; (800) ; PG The Pepper Gal, P.O. Box 23006, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33307; (954) ; PT Pinetree Garden Seeds, P.O. Box 300, New Gloucester, ME 04260; (207) ; PL Pure Line Seeds, Inc., P.O. Box 106, Lodi, WI 53555; (608) ; PV Pop Vriend Seeds BV, PO Box 5, 1619 ZG Andijk, The Netherlands; ; R Reed s Seeds, 3334 N.Y.S. Rt. 215, Cortland, NY RM Reimer Seeds, P.O. Box 236, Mount Holly, NC ; RI/RSP *Rispens Seeds, Inc., 1357 Dutch American Way, P.O. Box 310, Beecher, IL 60401; (888) ; RU *Rupp Seeds, Inc., Co. Rd. B., Wauseon, OH ; (800) ; Continued on next page 7

8 Sources of Vegetable Seeds (continued) SK/SAK Sakata Seeds America, Inc., P.O. Box 880, Morgan Hill, CA ; (408) ; SC Scott Seeds, 4876 N. Road H., Vale, OR 97918; (800) ; scottseed.com S Seeds Trust, 5870 S. Long Lane, Littleton, CO 80121; (720) ; SW/SDW *Seedway, Inc., 99 Industrial Road, Elizabethtown, PA 17022; (800) ; Fax: (800) ; SM, Sem *Seminis Inc., 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63167; (314) ; us.seminis.com SnRv/SNR Snowy River Seed Coop, Ltd. Princes Hwy., Orbost, VIC, Australia 3888; (03) SO Solar Seed Inc., 302 South C Street, Eustis, FL; (352) SVR/SE Seneca Vegetable Research, 5267 Flat St., Hall, NY 14463; (585) ; Fax: (585) SR Shamrock Seed Co., 3 Harris Place, Salinas, CA 93901; (831) ; Fax: (831) ; SI/SG *Siegers Seed Co., Reflections Drive, Holland, MI 49424; (800) ; SWS *Southwestern Seeds, P.O. Box 11449, Casa Grande, AZ 85230; (520) ; Fax: (520) ; ST *Stokes Seeds, Inc., P.O. Box 548, 737 Main St., Buffalo, NY ; (800) ; STE Steele Plant Company, LLC, 202 Collins Street, Gleason, TN 38229; ; SY/RG/ROG *Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Rogers Brands, 600 North Armstrong Place (83704), P.O. Box 4188, Boise, ID ; (208) ; Fax: (208) ; TN *Tainong Seeds, Inc., 1341 Distribution Way #23, Vista, CA 92081; (760) ; Fax: (760) ; TR *Territorial Seed Company, P.O. Box 158, Cottage Grove, OR 97424; (800) ; TGS Tomato Growers Supply Co., P.O. Box 60015, Fort Myers, FL 33906; (888) ; TT *Totally Tomatoes, 334 W. Stroud St., Randolph, WI 53956; (800) ; TW Twilley Seeds Co., Inc., 121 Gary Rd., Hodges, SC 29653; (800) ; UG United Genetics, 8000 Fairview Rd., Hollister, CA 95023; (831) ; Fax: (831) ; Continued on next page 8

9 Sources of Vegetable Seeds (continued) UA US Agriseeds, 3424 Roberto Ct., San Luis Obispo, CA 93401; (800) ; Fax: (805) ; US US Seedless, LLC, 325 E. Walnut St., Perkasie, PA 18944; (877) ; VL *Vilmorin Inc., 2551 N. Dragoon, 131 Tucson, AZ 85745; (520) ; Fax: (520) ; WMK *Wannamaker Seeds, P.O. Box 484 St. Matthews, South Carolina 29135; (803) ; WI Willhite Seed Co., P.O. Box 23, Poolville, TX ; (800) ; Fax: (817) ; WN Western Seed Americas Inc., 303 South Collins St., Plant City, FL 33563; (813) WP Wood Prairie Farm, 49 Kinney Rd., Bridgewater, ME 04735; (800) ; ZG *Zeraim Gedera, P.O. Box 103, Gedera, 70750; ; Fax: ; *We would like to express our appreciation to the seed companies that provided seeds and support for these vegetable trials. 9

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11 Use of Biological Treatments for Improved Crop Establishment in Snap Beans 2011 Mark A. Bennett 1, Elaine Grassbaugh 1, and Matt Hofelich 2 1 OSU Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Columbus, OH 2 OSU/OARDC North Central Ag Research Station, Fremont, OH Objective The objective of this trial was to test biological seed treatments of commercially available bacterial/fungal strains compared to a standard fungicide and copper application for establishment of snap beans in sustainable production systems. Materials and Methods Untreated bean seed Lewis was treated with one of the following: Green Guard TM (a.i., harpin protein), Actinovate STP (Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC 108), thiram, or copper. An untreated check was also tested. Each treatment was planted in four replications of 100 seeds each. Plots were established at the OSU/OARDC North Central Agricultural Research Station (NCARS) in Fremont, OH, on June 13, Soil temperatures at seeding were 69.9ºF at a 2- foot depth. Plots (12.5 feet long) were seeded at a depth of approximately inches using an Almaco four-row cone seeder with eight seeds/foot and between row spacing of 30 inches. Emergence counts were taken on July 13, Treatments were also tested in the OSU Seed Biology Lab in Columbus, OH, and evaluated using a standard germination test and a cold test. Both tests were run in four replications. Results Field emergence for all treatments ranged from 64 to 73 percent with no significant differences among treatments (Table 1). Laboratory standard germination tests ranged from 41 to 65 percent, with Green Guard, Actinovate, and thiram providing significantly higher germination rates than the untreated control and copper treatments. While conducting standard germination tests, numerous seedlings showed signs of seedling breakage due to mechanical damage to the seed (Figure 1). In laboratory cold tests, emergence ranged from 37 to 52 percent with the untreated control and Green Guard treatments significantly lower than the other treatments (Table 1). The cold test exposes seeds to 10ºC for seven days in non-sterile field soil at approximately 60-70% of water holding capacity prior to a four-day grow out period in ideal conditions (25ºC). The moisture and temperature conditions provided in the cold test simulate the adverse conditions that seeds might encounter in an early spring planting. Further field and lab studies are warranted, with additional cultivars and vegetable crop species as new biological seed treatments are introduced in the market. Field and weather conditions may also play a part in their effectiveness especially during cool, wet growing seasons. 11

12 Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2011 Table 1. Use of biological seed treatments for improved crop establishment in beans (cv. Lewis ); Fremont, OH Treatment Untreated Green Guard Actinovate Thiram Copper LSD (0.05) p value CV Percent Field Emergence NS 16.2 Percent Emergence (lab standard germination) Percent Emergence (lab cold test) Figure 1. Mechanical damage to seed causes abnormal-looking seedlings with significant seedling stem damage. 12

13 Acknowledgements Special thanks and appreciation to the Ohio Vegetable and Small Fruit Research and Development Program for their financial support of this project. Thank you to Sean Mueller, Frank Thayer, and the summer crew at NCARS for their assistance with field maintenance and planting. Special thanks and appreciation to Harris Moran for their seed donation for this project. 13

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15 Evaluation of Seven Slicing Cucumbers in Southwest Michigan Ron Goldy, Michigan State University, Benton Harbor, MI This trial evaluated the yield and quality performance of seven slicing cucumbers grown in southwest Michigan. No significant differences were noted between the seven entries for total yield and yield of number 1 or number 2 fruit. Materials and Methods Seven slicing cucumber entries were direct seeded on June 2, 2011, into a plasticulture system. Beds were 6 inches high with a spacing of 5.5 feet between beds and an 18-inch in row spacing between the two-plant hills. Prior to bed shaping, , Cal-Fortified, , and Granubor were broadcast and incorporated at a rate of 150, 100, 100, and 13 pounds per acre, respectively. After planting, (Ca) was applied through the drip system once a week at a rate of 1 pound of nitrogen and 2 pounds of potassium (K 2 O) per acre per day. Drip fertilization began the week of June 13, 2011, and continued through the harvest period for a post-plant total of 70 and 140 pounds per acre nitrogen and potassium (K 2 O), respectively. Weeds were controlled with cultivation and hand hoeing. Diseases and insects were controlled using commercially recommended practices and the trials were irrigated as needed. The trial was planted and analyzed as a completely randomized design with four replications and 16 plants/plot. Plots were harvested eight times between July 22 and August 19, 2011, and graded into number 1, number 2, and cull fruit. Results and Discussion Even though total yield of the seven entries ranged from 829 to 1,182, 1-1/9 bushels/acre (bpa), no significant differences were found between the entries in total yield (Table 1). Yield of number 1 fruit ranged from 341 to 477 bpa, but again, no statistical differences were found. Statistical differences were found in percentages of total yield in number 1, number 2, and cull fruit and in yield of cull fruit. Table 1. Yield of seven slicing cucumbers in 1-1/9 bushel boxes per acre grown at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center, Benton Harbor, MI. Plant population was 10,560 plants per acre. Cultivar Seed Source Total Yield Yield No.1 % Total Yield No. 2 % Total Yield Cull % Total SVR SM 1, SVR SM 1, Bejo 2856 F1 BE 1, Diomede ROG 1, Rockingham SM Darlington SM SVR SM lsd 0.05 ns ns

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17 Parthenocarpic Cucumbers Are a Successful Double Crop for High Tunnels Lewis W. Jett Commercial Vegetable Crops Specialist, West Virginia University, 2102 Agriculture Building, Morgantown, WV Introduction Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) are a popular warm-season vegetable grown throughout West Virginia. Cucumbers are very sensitive to frost, so early- and late-season production can be a challenge. In previous studies, cucumbers have been shown to be a high-yielding, early-season cash crop for high tunnels. Another cropping system scenario is for an early warm-season crop such as tomatoes to be grown in the high tunnel followed by a late-season crop of cucumbers. High tunnels facilitate trellising of cucumbers, which maximizes yield and quality (Figure 1). Parthenocarpic varieties, in particular, may be well-suited for high tunnel production. This evaluation examined 10 predominantly parthenocarpic cultivars of cucumbers for late-season high tunnel production in West Virginia (Table 1). Materials and Methods Seeds from 10 cucumber cultivars were seeded in mid-august 2011 in 50-cell pro trays. Twoweek-old transplants were transplanted within a high tunnel in central West Virginia on September 3, Each cultivar was spaced 12 inches between plants and 42 inches between rows for a total of three replications containing five plants per replication. The plants were established on black plastic mulch with drip irrigation. Fertilizer was applied at planting and thoroughly incorporated into the soil. Approximately 25 lbs. of /1000 ft 2 was applied prior to laying plastic and transplanting the cucumbers. Each plant was pruned to one stem and trellised on a string trellis (Figure 1). Irrigation was applied to deliver a minimum of 1.5 inches of water per acre equivalent per week. On October 10, 2011, harvest began with approximately 1-2 harvests per week until the harvest season ended on November 10 due to a freeze event. Each cucumber was weighed and graded for marketability. Length and width of random samples were also measured. 17

18 Figure 1. Cucurbits can be trellised on a mesh trellis or a string trellis for maximum production within a high tunnel. Table 1. Cucumber cultivars evaluated within a high tunnel Cultivar Seed Source 1 Days to Harvest Comments 2 EXP 2856 SW; BE 56 Dark green. Excellent size and shape. Parthenocarpic. Dasher II JS 58 Standard hybrid slicing variety. Gynoecious. Diva JS 58 AAS winner. PM and DM tolerance. Parthenocarpic. P08040 SY 56 Dark green. Excellent size and shape. Parthenocarpic. P08051 SY 56 Dark green. Excellent size and shape. Parthenocarpic. Rocky JS 46 Good for baby cucumbers. PM tolerance. Parthenocarpic. Socrates JS 52 Parthenocarpic beit alpha type. PM tolerance. Sultan JS 56 Beit alpha type. PM tolerance. Tasty Green SW 62 European/Dutch type. Monoecious. Seed coats in fruit. Tyria SW 58 European/Dutch type. Parthenocarpic. No seeds. 1 JS=Johnny s Seed; SW=Seedway; BE=Bejo Seed; SY=Syngenta Seeds. 2 PM=powdery mildew; DM=downy mildew. Results and Discussion Cucumbers were harvested over a limited, four-week period. An infection of downy mildew moved into the high tunnel later in the season. Had the crop been established in late July, marketable yields would undoubtedly have been much greater. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between cultivars. The cultivars P08040, EXP 2856, and Socrates produced the largest number of marketable cucumbers per plant or per linear foot of row (Table 2). The cultivars P08040, P08051, and EXP 2856 all had excellent quality including dark green color and a low percentage of culls per plant (Table 1 and Figure 3). Although parthenocarpic varieties do not require bees for fruit set, bees were present in the high tunnel. When parthencarpic cucumbers are pollinated, seeds can form and the cucumbers become 18

19 misshapen. Both Tasty Green and Tyria had more misshapen fruit as a percentage of total marketable yield. Socrates was the highest yielding beit alpha cucumber evaluated. Rocky is a high-yielding, small cucumber with market potential as a baby cucumber (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Tyria was seedless with excellent quality, but yield was not significantly high. Table 2. Yield of high tunnel cucumber October-November Cultivar Marketable Cukes/Plant (no.) Avg. Weight (lbs.) Unmarketable Cukes/Plant (no.) EXP Dasher II Diva P P Rocky Socrates Sultan Tasty Green Tyria SE P08040 and P08051 had uniform length greater than 8 inches (Figure 2). Although total yields are a fraction of the potential marketable yield if the cucumbers are allowed to have a longer growing season, cucumbers are a profitable double crop for high tunnels. Occupying 65 days within a high tunnel and yielding lbs/ft 2 is a realistic yield level for high tunnel cucumbers. 19

20 Figure 2. Length and diameter (in inches) of select high tunnel cucumber cultivars. 20

21 Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for 2011 Diva EXP 2856 Tyria P08051 Dasher II Tasty Green P08040 Socrates Rocky Figure 3. Appearance of select high tunnel cucumber cultivars. Acknowledgments Thanks to Seedway Vegetable Seed and Syngenta Seeds for providing seed for this trial. 21

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23 Edamame Cultivar Report 2011 Marty Williams, Theresa Herman*, and Randy Nelson USDA-ARS and Department of Crop Sciences*, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Despite the fact that the United States is a global leader in grain soybean production, most of the vegetable soybean (edamame) consumed in the country is imported, particularly from Asia. Several attempts have been made to promote domestic edamame production in the 20 th century. In the 1930s, edamame cultivars were collected by USDA from Japan, Korea, and China and tested by several state agricultural experiment stations. During World War II, several canned edamame products were marketed and some 44 cultivars were released in the United States. In the early 1980s, the sushi boom introduced more American consumers to edamame. Largerscale domestic edamame production was attempted in the 1990s in the Midwest and Pacific Northwest, but never reached a level to satisfy domestic demand. A few federal and state researchers have released adapted edamame cultivars in the last two decades; however, several of these programs have suffered from attrition of personnel and resources. Interest in domestic edamame production has been on the rise in recent years. This time, the vegetable processing industry is supportive of the effort. Fueled in part by increasing consumer interest in the product itself and in domestically grown products in particular, some vegetable processors are initiating, or in some cases expanding, domestic production. However, several hurdles exist, including lack of effective pest management tools for commercial-scale production. For instance, currently only three herbicides have a federal label for use in edamame: S-metolachlor, trifluralin, and clethodim. To enable the development of a commercial industry for this crop, more herbicides are needed, especially postemergence products effective on a number of broadleaf weed species. Edamame represents a small amount of acreage, so herbicide manufacturers are poorly motivated to add the minor crop to their product labels, due largely to concern over crop injury and liability. In order to quantify the risk of crop injury, edamame cultivars need to be evaluated for their response to certain herbicides. In addition, several important agronomic traits of commercial and public edamame cultivars have not been quantified in standardized trials, including susceptibility to diseases and insect pests. Therefore, the objective of this report is to summarize cultivar emergence, growth, development, responses to two postemergence herbicides, and incidence of naturally occurring diseases and insects. Materials and Methods Entries In 2011, 155 entries were included: 122 edamame entries and 33 grain entries. These were: (1) all commercially and publicly available edamame cultivars; and (2) entries from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection that were (a) early introductions of edamame, (b) parental lines of edamame, (c) large-seeded soybean entries (>25 g per 100-seed) with names associated with edamame, (d) grain types with known sensitive or tolerant responses to select herbicides, and (e) maturity group checks. Commercial seed was acquired from seed companies up to one month before planting and stored at room temperature. 23

24 Experimental Design and Procedure Each herbicide trial was a separate experiment with three replications of entries arranged in a randomized complete block. An experimental unit was a single, 8-foot row planted with 50 seed. Trials were planted June 3 on the University of Illinois Vegetable Crop Farm near Urbana, IL. Immediately after planting, Dual Magnum (S-metolachlor) was applied throughout the trials at a rate of 1.67 pts/a to control most grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds. Trials were cultivated once and hand weeded as needed. Herbicide Application Postemergence herbicides were applied when a majority of plants had two fully-emerged trifoliate leaves, which was June 29. Applications were made perpendicular to rows, such that 4 feet were treated and 4 feet were left as an untreated check. Herbicides were applied at twice the registered use rates: Basagran 4E (bentazon) at 4 pts/a and Raptor 1E (imazamox) at 8 fl oz/a. Adjuvants included 1% crop oil concentrate in the bentazon trial, and 0.25% nonionic surfactant in the imazamox trial. Treatments were applied in 20 gallons of spray volume per acre. Data Collection Plant stand counts were made one and two weeks after planting (WAP). Emergence was calculated as the percentage of plants emerged two WAP. Emergence rate was calculated as the percentage of plants emerged one WAP, relative to two WAP stand counts. Untreated plant heights were measured two and six WAP, hereafter called early height and mid-season height, respectively. Herbicide response was assessed visually one week after treatment (WAT). Relative to the untreated check, injury was scored on the following scale: 0=no visible symptoms, 1=slight chlorosis or necrosis, 2=chlorosis/necrosis with possible stunting, 3=chlorosis/necrosis with stunting, 4=chlorosis/necrosis with significant stunting, 5=plants stunted 50%, 6=plants stunted 60%, 7=plants stunted 70%, 8=plants stunted 80%, 9=plants stunted 90%, and 10=all plants dead. The date of beginning bloom (R1) was recorded in the untreated control. Incidence of three bacterial diseases (brown spot, bacterial blight, and bacterial pustule), one fungal disease (Cercospora leaf spot), and feeding from three insects (leaf hopper, Japanese beetle, and bean leaf beetle) were quantified eight WAP on untreated plants. Disease and insect incidence was scored on the following scale: 0=no visible symptoms, 1=symptoms visible on at least one leaf, 2=mild occurrence, 3=moderate occurrence, 4=moderately severe occurrence, and 5=very severe occurrence. For all response variables, entry means are reported and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to compare some variables. Results and Discussion Emergence Characteristics The seed of entries in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection range from 1 to 10 years old; therefore, emergence characteristics will be summarized for commercial and other public cultivars only. Emergence of edamame varied widely. Percent emergence of edamame cultivars two WAP averaged 65.4%, ranging from 10.0 to 88.0% (Table 1). Commercial edamame cultivars with the highest germination (>80%) included: RFG 282, Mojo Green, Butterbean, Sayamusume, and Korean Black. Commercial edamame cultivars with poor emergence (<50%), 24

25 included: Green Legend, Lanco, Sweet Sansei, BeSweet 2001, Soya Pearl, Lucky Lion, Bellesoy, and Green Pearls. Emergence rate characterized how quickly plants became established. For instance, an emergence rate of 50% indicates that one-half of plants had emerged by one WAP. Emergence rate also varied widely. Among edamame cultivars, emergence rate averaged 69.5%, ranging from 24.2 to 96.1% (Table 1). Commercial edamame cultivars with the highest emergence rate (>80%) included: Butterbean, Mojo Green, Misono Green, Tokio Verte, Sunrise, RFG 282, and Tankuro. In contrast, commercial edamame cultivars with the lowest emergence rate (<50%) included: White Lion, Soya Pearl, Green Legend, Taiwame, Tamba Kuro Otsubu, and Late Giant Black Seeded. A positive correlation coefficient (0.735) was observed between emergence traits, indicating cultivars with higher stand establishment generally emerged quickly. Height Growth Distributions of height growth appeared similar among edamame and grain entries. Early plant height averaged 3.7 inches among edamame entries, ranging from 1.7 to 4.8 inches (Table 1). Midseason plant height among edamame entries averaged 15.0 inches, ranging from 8.6 to 21.7 inches. Early height was a good predictor of midseason plant height (correlation coefficient=0.717); however, midseason height was not associated with length of vegetative period (correlation coefficient=-0.264). Development Maturity group classification was previously determined for entries from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection, ranging from maturity group 000 to maturity group VII. For all entries, date of R1 is summarized in Table 1. Edamame entries spanned a range of R1 dates, from <32 to 88 DAP. Among the earliest flowering ( 32 DAP) commercial edamame cultivars were Black Jet and Tohya, comparable to maturity group 00 checks. Commercial edamame cultivars with the longest vegetative stage included: Late Giant Black Seeded, Tamba Kuro Otsubu, and Korean Black. The time to first flower of these cultivars exceeded the maturity group VI checks. Responses to Bentazon Previous research showed that bentazon sensitivity in soybean is conditioned by a single recessive gene. Five grain-type germplasm entries previously identified as bentazon-sensitive were included in these trials, including: PI086098, PI086504, PI243525, PI360839, and PI In addition, two back-crossed derived near-isogenic lines carrying the bentazonsensitive allele hb (L and L ) and one cultivar known to carry the bentazontolerant allele Hb (Clark 63) were included. Bentazon killed or severely injured the entries used as bentazon-sensitive controls. Injury scores for bentazon-sensitive controls ranged from 6.3 to 10.0 (Table 1). The bentazon-tolerant cultivar, Clark 63, had minimal injury symptoms (score of 2.7). None of the edamame entries were injured by bentazon to the same extent as the bentazonsensitive controls. Edamame entries with the greatest injury (scores of 5.0 to 5.5) one WAT were PI507281, PI507336, and PI549057B (Table 1). Commercial edamame cultivars with significant stunting (score of 4.0 or higher) one WAT included: White Lion, Green Legend, Misono Green, Black Pearl, Triple Play, Sweet Sansei, Late Giant Black Seeded, Green Pearls, Bellesoy, Sunrise, Fledderjohn, and Lucky Lion. However, plant stunting was temporary and these cultivars appeared to resume normal plant growth within a few weeks after bentazon application. 25

26 Commercial edamame cultivars least affected (score less than 3.0) by bentazon included: Sayamusume, Lanco, Butterbean, Kou-ri, and RFG 282. Among edamame entries, average plant response to bentazon was a score of 3.4. Responses to Imazamox The highest levels of injury from imazamox (scores of 4.0 to 5.7) were on entries used as bentazon-sensitive controls (Table 1). Among edamame entries, injury was less. Eleven entries were scored for possible stunting (3.0 to 3.9), all of which were from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection, with the exception of one public cultivar, WSU910a. All other edamame entries had minimal to no chlorosis or stunting. With the exception of the moderately injured bentazon-sensitive entries, injury symptoms dissipated within a few weeks after imazamox application. Among edamame entries, average plant response to imazamox was a score of 1.9. Disease Incidence Midseason brown spot incidence was low, with an average score of 0.5 across all entries. Incidence of brown spot was observed in 82 of 122 edamame entries at eight WAP (Table 2). All edamame cultivars had a mean score for brown spot incidence that was less than a mild occurrence. Midseason bacterial blight incidence had an average score of 1.1 across all entries. Among the 122 edamame entries, incidence of bacterial blight eight WAP was observed in 108 entries (Table 2). A moderate occurrence of bacterial blight incidence was observed in four edamame entries, including Ware, PI089162, Gardensoy 31, and Tankuro. Midseason bacterial pustule incidence had an average score of 0.2 across all entries. Incidence of bacterial pustule was observed in 42 of 122 edamame entries at eight WAP, although none of the entries was observed to have pustule incidence that exceeded a mild occurrence. Incidence of Cercospora leaf spot was observed in only two edamame entries at eight WAP, and only at the lowest level of occurrence (Table 2). Insect Feeding Midseason leaf hopper feeding was observed in most edamame entries, but varied widely among entries. Commercial edamame cultivars showing severe occurrences of leaf hopper feeding at eight WAP, included: Korean Black, Late Giant Black Seeded, Misono Green, Sweet Sansei, Tamba Kuro Otsubu, and Tasty 90 (Table 2). Low levels of Japanese beetle feeding incidence were observed on most edamame entries at eight WAP, and no cultivar exceeded an incidence score above mild occurrence (Table 2). Likewise, bean leaf beetle feeding was observed on most edamame entries at eight WAP, and no commercial cultivars had an average incidence score above mild occurrence. Summary A total of 155 entries were characterized for several important agronomic traits, with 122 of these entries representing commercial or public edamame germplasm. Edamame emergence traits varied greatly among cultivars. Differences in early and midseason heights among edamame entries indicated considerable variation in plant morphology; however, differences were not associated with length of vegetative period. Bentazon applied at 4 pts/a of Basagran did not kill any edamame entries, suggesting that none of the entries are homozygous for the hb allele. However, mean response (injury score of 3.4 out of 10.0) reflects the average response 26

27 was chlorosis and/or necrosis with some stunting. Imazamox applied at 8 fl oz/a of Raptor was less injurious than bentazon. Mild stunting was only observed in a handful of edamame entries, with most entries having minimal chlorosis and negligible stunting, if any. For both herbicides, injury symptoms observed in edamame were generally short-lived, and plants appeared to resume normal growth within a few weeks after application. Of the four naturally occurring diseases observed midseason in the field trials, incidence was observed at relatively low levels for all but bacterial blight. Based on midseason observations of insect feeding from naturally occurring populations of leaf hoppers, Japanese beetles, and bean leaf beetles, leaf hopper feeding was the most prevalent, with severe incidence observed in several commercial edamame cultivars. Acknowledgements Jim Moody and Roger Bowen provided excellent technical assistance in planning and conducting the research. University of Illinois students Michelle Collins, Brad Tomasek, and Eric Xia assisted in data collection. The field crew of the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection was instrumental in planting and seed harvest of the trials. We also thank the following individuals and companies for seed donations: Bob Buker; Tad Masuda; Johnny s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME; Rupps Seeds, Inc., Wauseon, OH; Tainong Seeds, Vista, CA; Wannamaker Seeds, Inc., St. Matthews, SC. 27

28 28 Table 1. Emergence, growth, development, and herbicide responses of edamame and soybean entries in field trials at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crop Farm near Urbana, IL Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury AGS292 WSU EDM Asmara USDA EDM VI Beer Friend ATK EDM Bellesoy WMK EDM BeSweet 2001 RPS EDM BeSweet 2015 RPS EDM BeSweet 292 RPS EDM Black Jet USDA EDM Black Jet JSS EDM Black Pearl TRL EDM Bukers Favorite BBK EDM Butterbean JSS EDM Disoy USDA EDM I Emerald USDA EDM IV Envy USDA EDM Fledderjohn BCH EDM Gardensoy 01 UI EDM Gardensoy 02 UI EDM Gardensoy 11 UI EDM Gardensoy 12 UI EDM

29 Table 1 (continued) Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury Gardensoy 21 UI EDM Gardensoy 22 UI EDM Gardensoy 23 UI EDM Gardensoy 24 UI EDM Gardensoy 31 UI EDM Gardensoy 32 UI EDM Gardensoy 41 UI EDM Gardensoy 42 UI EDM Gardensoy 43 UI EDM Gardensoy 51 UI EDM Grande USDA EDM Green Legend EVS EDM Green Pearls BRP EDM IA1010 ISU EDM IA2076 ISU EDM Korean Black WMK EDM Kou-ri KTS EDM Lanco WMK EDM Late Giant Black Seeded EVS EDM Lucky Lion ATK EDM Merrimax USDA EDM Continued on next page

30 Continued on next page Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for Table 1 (continued) Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury Midori Giant WMK EDM Misono Green SBS EDM Mojo Green WMK EDM Moon Cake USDA EDM V Owens USDA EDM V PI USDA EDM II PI USDA EDM IV PI USDA EDM II PI USDA EDM III PI USDA EDM III PI USDA EDM VII PI USDA EDM II PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM VII PI USDA EDM PI USDA EDM II PI USDA EDM I PI379559A USDA EDM PI379559B USDA EDM I PI379559C USDA EDM III PI379559D USDA EDM III

31 Table 1 (continued) Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury PI USDA EDM III PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM V PI USDA EDM V PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM V PI USDA EDM VI PI USDA EDM V PI USDA EDM PI USDA EDM PI USDA EDM PI USDA EDM PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM IV PI USDA EDM II PI USDA EDM VII PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM I Continued on next page

32 Continued on next page Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for Table 1 (continued) Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM PI USDA EDM IV PI USDA EDM III PI USDA EDM IV PI549057A USDA EDM I PI549057B USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM IV PI561302A USDA EDM PI USDA EDM I PI USDA EDM II PI567155A USDA EDM I PI567155B USDA EDM II PI567155C USDA EDM II PI USDA EDM I PI594245B USDA EDM PI USDA EDM VII Prize USDA EDM II Randolph USDA EDM VI

33 Table 1 (continued) Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury RFG 282 RPS EDM Sayakomachi SBS EDM Sayamusume TRL EDM Soya Pearl AGH EDM Sunrise WMK EDM Sweet Sansei NDS EDM Taiwame EVS EDM Tamba Kuro Otsubu KTS EDM Tankuro KTS EDM Tasty 90 WMK EDM Tohya JSS EDM Tokio Verte BCH EDM Triple Play TNS EDM Ware USDA EDM IV White Lion ATK EDM WSU729 WSU EDM WSU910a WSU EDM Yuagari Musume TMS EDM A4715 USDA GR IV Asgrow 3504 ASG GR Asgrow AG-3402 ASG GR Continued on next page

34 Continued on next page Midwest Vegetable Trial Report for Table 1 (continued) Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury Clark 63 USDA GR IV Dillon USDA GR VI Ina USDA GR IV KS4895 USDA GR IV L USDA GR III L USDA GR IV Lambert USDA GR Loda USDA GR II Manokin USDA GR IV McCall USDA GR Parker USDA GR I PI USDA GR III PI USDA GR IV PI USDA GR IV PI USDA GR VI PI USDA GR V PI USDA GR VI PI445801A USDA GR PI USDA GR PI USDA GR IV PI USDA GR III

35 Table 1 (continued) Entry Seed Source 1 Type 2 MG 3 Emergence Midseason R1 4 Bentazon Emergence Early Rate Height Injury Height % inches DAP 0 to 10 5 Imazamox Injury PI USDA GR II PI567486A USDA GR II PI567489A USDA GR IV PI567510A USDA GR III PI USDA GR III PI567671A USDA GR III PI567706A USDA GR III PI USDA GR IV PI567753A USDA GR II Seed Source: AGH=Agrohaitai; ATK=American Takii; ASG=Asgrow; BBK=Bob Buker; BCH=Baker Creek Heirloom; BRP=Burpee; EVS=Evergreen Seed; USDA=USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection; ISU=Iowa State University; JSS=Johnny s Selected Seeds; KTS=Kitazawa Seed; NDS=New Dimension Seed; RPS=Rupp Seeds; SBS=Snow Brand Seeds; TMS=Tad Masuda; TNS=Tainong Seeds; TRL=Territorial; UI=University of Illinois; WMK=Wannamaker Seeds; WSU=Washington State University. 2 Type: EDM=edamame; GR=grain. 3 MG=Maturity group, if known. 4 R1=days after planting (DAP) to beginning bloom, first flower. 5 Injury scale: 0=no symptoms to 10=all plants dead. 35