A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture LPE. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine. LPE, the Smart Choice.

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2 A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture Lysophosphatidylethanolamine, the Smart Choice.

3 Introduction Color enhancement Vase-life extension Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (M.W. 479) Natural phospholipid present in all cell membranes Cellular signal transduction messenger Common phospholipid in egg yolk and soy lecithin Regular formula R Name of R Derivative phospholipid sn-2; -OH R O - O P O O HOH Acid PA LPA O O O sn-2 sn-1 O HO HO + N ( C H 3 ) 3 + N H 3 Choline Ethanolamine PC PE LPC HO HO O H O H - C O 2 Glycerol Serine PG PS LPG LPS + N H 3 H O H H O H O H HO H O O H H H H H Inositol PI LPI

4 Introduction Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (M.W. 479) Natural phospholipid present in all cell membranes Common phospholipid in egg yolk and soy lecithin Polar head group consisting of phosphate, NH3, and a fatty acid tail Previous Research accelerates ripening and enhances storage life of tomato fruit. - Hortscience. Kaur N., 1997) prolongs the shelf life of snap dragon flower. - Hortscience. Kaur N., 1997) accelerates color development and promotes the shelf life of cranberries. - Hortscience. Mustafa Ozgen, 2004) influences on fruit quality in table grape. - J. Applied Horticultue, JH Hong enhances phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and invertase, resulting in stimulation of color and sugar. - Plant Growth Regul., JH Hong, 2009 Application Guide Crop Guide Grape Color Two application at 2, 1WBH Sugar Two application at 5, 3WBH Citrus Color Two application at 4, 2WBH Sugar Two application at 8, 4WBH Apple Color Two application at 5, 3WBH Cranberry Color Two application at 4, 2WBH X1,000 ~X2,000 (5~10ppm) WBH : Weeks Before Harvest A major business item in the Doosan Biotech Division Method established for production Easy/mass production process among lysophospholipids Extraction of from egg yolk with high purity Formulation developed for

5 History Cranberry Cut-flower had been tested at first in the field of cranberry as a natural sticker at time estimating color enhancement of Ethephon. Within this trial, research team had tested as one of sticker while using ethephon on cranberry for intending to increase coloring. The examiner had pointed out that alone had color enhancement efficacy in the experimental negative control. From this results, regular research for has begun in earnest, accordingly several effect revealed such as color enhancement on various fruits, increasing storage stability and extending vase-life of cut-flower. In commercial trials, has, also, the ability to increase soluble solid contents of fruits. In the present day, the studies of mechanisms of are going actively. Discovery of coloring effect of USA, 1991 Vase-life extension of cut-flower USA, 1991 Development of mass production of KOREA, 1999 Verification of coloring efficacy for various crops World around, 2000~2010 Development of formulation of hardly soluble as SL type KOREA, 2008 Discovery of sugar increasing effect 2005, Chile Regulatory information : USA (EPA, OMRI) Chile (~2011, expected) Turkey 2010 Argentina (~2012, expected) Korea

6 Efficacy Color Enhancement CHANGES of harvest yield from coloration GRAPE ORANGE Harvest yield (Boxes/row) UTC #1 #2 # UTC st harvest 2 nd harvest UTC Ethrel Harvest yield (kgs/plant) UTC1 UTC2 Degree of color Foliar application of increased harvest yield by 1 st and/or 2 nd harvest because of uniform coloration. People harvest fruit from 20 to 60% more than untreated control in Grapes, and over 100% in Oranges, even better than ethephon. We figured out that the shifts to better color of treated orange compared to untreated one, satisfied growers. 15% upgrade results in double amount of harvest in earlier. Earlier fruit make people get more profits and save the costs caused by multiple harvest. The ability of s color enhancement is not that of ethephon, stimulating senescence of plant. acts as a messenger stimulating color development. Better uniform ripening permits more of the best fruit to be harvested during first and second harvest st exam 2 nd exam UTC 1 2 Research has shown an increase in the quality and quantity of table grapes and orange picked at first and second harvest when Technology is applied for color. The result indicated that increase marketable yield in first harvest which allows you to market more high quality fruit earlier, and improve profits. Trials had been performed commercially.

7 Efficacy Sugar Content Increasing CHANGES of sugar contents GRAPE ORANGE UTC T1 T2 T3 8 UTC MANDARINE Surprisingly, Technology, applied prior to harvest, shows a great changes in Sugar Contents of fruits. We got the more sugar in treated Grapes, Oranges and Mandarines over 0.7~3.0brix than untreated. stimulate the accumulation of soluble sugar contents of fruits attractively. Sugar metabolism induced by mineral uptake and active photosynthesis can be affected by. Technology improves quality of grape and citrus. Trials have indicated that the use of technology has significantly decreased the incidence of rind disease such as Oleocellosis. Less rind disease improves the grade and marketing opportunities all key factors in maximizing profits Research has shown an increase in the quality and quantity of fruits picked at first harvest when Technology products are applied pre-harvest. The results indicate that increase marketable yield which allows you to market more high quality fruit for improved profits. Technology, applied prior to harvest, improves the quality of fruits. Quality enhancements include: increased firmness, more uniform color development, and higher sugar content Now you can achieve maximize quality, without artificial. Improve your profit potential by providing your customers the natural color and quality they demand. Trials had been performed commercially.

8 UTC1 UTC2 UTC3 UTC4 A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 Trial Report : Grape Harvest yield Protocol Crop Grower Location Commodity Grape AGRICOLA EL ESPINO / CRISTIAN RODRIGUEZ San Felipe Crimson Year plantation 2002 Plant frame Spray date Harvest date 3.0 x 3.5m (0.2ha each) ppm (2WBH) & (3WBH) Result Trial scene UTC Treat Trial efficacy No. of boxes harvested Boxes harvested per row UTC A B C Repeat UTC A B C UTC -A -B -C Mean STDEV St-err Conclusion Applying enhances uniform deep coloration on grape (Crimson) at tested field all around. Get more products 21% averagely by harvest early, resulting in more market benefit. Getting earlier, getting more benefits they have.

9 Trial Report : Grape Harvest yield Protocol Crop Grape Grower Location Commodity Rancagua, Chile Flame Year plantation Plant frame Spray date Harvest date 3.0 x 3.5m (0.5ha each) ppm (2WBH) Result Trial scene UTC Treat Trial efficacy No. of boxes harvested Boxes harvested per row UTC T UTC1 UTC2 UTC3 T1 T2 T3 UTC T UTC Mean STDEV St-err MEAN 36.3 MEAN 58.7 Conclusion Applying enhances uniform deep coloration on grape (Flame) at tested field all around. Get more products 60% averagely by harvest early, resulting in more market benefit. Getting earlier, getting more benefits they have.

10 Trial Report : Orange Harvest yield Protocol Crop Grower Location Commodity Orange Santa Fe Lanchas Pisco, Peru Tangelo Year plantation Plant frame Spray date Harvest date (Ethrel); (), 10ppm (1WBH, ; 2WBH, Ethrel) Result Trial scene UTC Treat Trial efficacy Kgs of harvested per plant Kgs of harvested st 2nd control Ethrel control Ethrel 1st UTC, 171plants, 186plants Ethrel, 161 plants row 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Total Kgs./ Plta nd Conclusion Applying enhances uniform coloration on orange (Tangelo) at tested field all around. Get more products 180% averagely by harvest early, resulting in more market benefit. s efficacy is similar with that of Ethrel Getting earlier, getting more benefits they have.

11 Trial Report : Orange Harvest yield Protocol Crop Grower Location Commodity Orange Soc. Agricola Maria Elena Maria Pinto, Melipilla, Metropolitana, Lane late Year plantation 1998 Plant frame Spray date Harvest date 4 x 7m ; ppm ~21.(2WBH, 4WBH) Result Trial scene Treating Tree Trial efficacy Kgs of harvested per plant Kgs of harvested UTC1 UTC2 T UTC 1 UTC 2 T Harvest UTC South UTC North No. of plant Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Sum Kg/plt Kg/plt Conclusion Applying enhances uniform coloration on orange (Lane late) at tested field all around. Get more products 79% averagely by harvest early, resulting in more market benefit. Getting earlier, getting more benefits they have.

12 Trial Report : Orange Color degree Protocol Crop Grower Location Commodity Orange CAC Smart Pan de Azucar & San Vicente de Tagua, Chile Valencia, Midknight Year plantation Plant frame Spray date ; ppm (3WBH) Harvest date ~ Result Trial scene Trial efficacy Color development, scale Test for efficacy st 2nd UTC T1 T2 Treatment 31-Jul Aug-08 Color (Scale) Soluble solids (Brix) Color (Scale) Soluble solids (Brix) UTC a a Treat ab b Treat + Sticker b b Conclusion Applying enhances uniform coloration on orange at tested field all around. Get more products by harvest early, resulting in more market benefit. helps to avoid the reverse color characteristic for close to harvest. Getting earlier, getting more benefits they have.

13 Trial Report : Grape Sugar Content Protocol Crop Grower Location Commodity Grape Fernando Debesa Coltauco, Rancagua, Chile Thompson Year plantation Plant frame 2 x 4m Spray date ; ppm (berry size 7-12) Harvest date Result Trial scene Measuring Trial efficacy Sugar contents, Brix Sugar contents UTC T 13.0 UTC UTC T Mean STDEV St-err Treat UTC Mean STDEV Conclusion Applying accumulate sugar content in berries (Thompson) at tested field all around. Get more smart products by application, resulting in more market benefit.

14 Trial Report : Mandarin Sugar Content Protocol Crop Grower Location Commodity Mandarin Cheun Wook, Gang et al. Juju island, Korea Unshiu (Green house; Forcing culture) Year plantation Plant frame Spray date 2 x 2m ~ ppm, 6,4,2WBH (Veraison, Veraison+2W, Veraison+4W) Harvest date Result Trial scene Tree Green house Trial efficacy Probability distribution of Sugar contents, Brix Sugar contents UTC Treat Class (Brix) Frequency Distribution Frequency Distribution E E E E E-09 Total Conclusion Applying accumulate sugar content of fruits (Satsuma Mandarin) at tested field all around. Treated distribution is shifted by 0.7Brix more than untreated Get more smart products by application, resulting in more market benefit.

15 Trial Report : Orange Sugar Content Protocol Crop Grower Location Commodity Orange Soc. Agricola Maria Elena Maria Pinto, Melipilla, Metropolitana, Lane late Year plantation 1998 Plant frame Spray date Harvest date 4 x 7m ; ppm ~21.(2WBH, 4WBH) Result Trial scene Treating Tree Trial efficacy Sugar contents, Brix Sugar contents st data; 3.5WBH 2nd data; 4WBH UTC Treat UTC Treat UTC T Conclusion Applying accumulate sugar content of fruits (Orange) at tested field all around. Get more smart products by application, resulting in more market benefit.

16 Size A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture Grape Increase color and SSC Prevent senescence Phospholipids serve the role in living systems, both plant and animal of amplifying natural processes of cell development and the accumulation of water, nutrients and other compounds into the cell structure. Applying purified lipids to a living system stimulates or amplifies the productivity of these natural systems. Phospholipids also serve to inhibit certain enzymes that would normally lead to senescence and decay in plant systems. With a pre-harvest spray of products, the grower achieves agronomic benefits such as increased size, improved pack out, enhanced color and longer shelf life. Improved shelf life provides the grower better storage and/or arrival condition and provides profitable benefits for their retail customers. In addition, consumers benefit by enjoying the natural high quality produce they demand all key factors for everyone in the produce channel to stay competitive and profitable. Control Apply for color Color(kg/plt) * Time Apply for size & sugar contents SSC [Brix] * 1 st harvest

17 Your Wise Choice Earning Profits T a b l e G r a p e Improve Grade, Packout & Profits When applied to physiologically mature berries, Technology has been shown to improve quality and grade mix for an overall increased crop value. Better Quality Technology, applied prior to harvest, improves the quality of table grapes. Quality enhancements include: increased firmness, more uniform color development, increased size and better storage characteristics. Now you can achieve color and maximize quality, without artificially coloring immature berries or compromising storage life. Improve your profit potential by providing your customers the natural color and quality they demand. Increase Marketable Yield Better uniform ripening permits more of the best fruit to be harvested during first harvest. Research has shown an increase in the quality and quantity of table grapes picked at first harvest when Technology is applied for size or color. The result is an increase in first harvest marketable yield which allows you to market more high quality fruit earlier, for improved profits. Research has shown a significant increase in the weight and size of individual grapes. Improving grade and packout help you maximize profits. Improve Storage & Shelf Life The active ingredient in Technology is known to inhibit cell membrane breakdown. Research is underway to evaluate how Technology improves the quality of table grapes for stronger fruit. Higher quality, firmer fruit handles and stores better. Improve your bottom line by reducing storage risks and marketing higher quality table grapes with better shelf life. Labor Savings More uniform ripening can make for easier picking with the potential to reduce harvest trips and lower labor costs, important cost factors that impact your profitability. Harvest and Market Earlier More uniform ripening with Technology usually allows for an earlier harvest with more of the desirable fruit ready for picking. Earlier harvest can help you realize early season marketing opportunities for improved profits. This information is provided in good faith and based on results obtained through experimental testing in the field. It is recognized that field conditions may sometimes differ from location to location, thus causing the results of such applications to differ from the results provided herein. No warranty, expressed or implied, is provided by Doosan in providing this information Doosan Corporation 20/12

18 Fruit Size A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture Orange Increase color and SSC Prevent regreening Quality Enhancer Technology contains naturally occurring phospholipid biomolecules which improve cell membrane integrity and natural pigment expression. Additionally, Technology inhibits enzymes involved in cell membrane breakdown, resulting in slower fruit degradation. These enhancements provide more uniform ripening, natural color development, larger firmer fruit, and improved fruit quality, with longer shelf life. The Technology plays in enhancing produce quality. The ability to positively stimulate natural plant pathways that affect fruit ripening, membrane strength, and cell size were key discoveries needed to address the ageold problems of inadequate freshness and taste, and poor storage quality. Valencia Color (kg/plt) * Control Apply for color Apply for sugar content SSC [Brix] * 1 st harvest July Oct Jan Mar May

19 Fruit Size A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture Cherry Increase color and size Prevent cracking Quality Enhancer Technology contains naturally occurring phospholipid biomolecules which improve cell membrane integrity and natural pigment expression. Additionally, inhibits enzymes involved in cell membrane breakdown, resulting in slower fruit degradation. These enhancements provide more uniform ripening, natural color development, larger firmer fruit, and improved fruit quality, with longer shelf life. The role Technology plays in enhancing produce quality was developed by Doosan corporation. The ability to positively stimulate natural plant pathways that affect fruit ripening, membrane strength, and cell size were key discoveries needed to develop new products to address age-old problems of irregular coloring, inadequate freshness and taste, and poor storage quality. Technologies that help growers produce higher quality fruit more efficiently, and helps provide consumers the natural high quality fruit they demand...key factors in staying competitive and profitable. Phase Color (kg/plt) * Control Apply for color Size (mm.) Apply for size May June July * 1 st + 2 nd harvest

20 Your Wise Choice Earning Profits C h e r r i e s Harvest and Market Earlier Better Quality The use of Technology results in more uniform ripening, color development and earlier maturity, without artificially ripening immature fruit. Quality enhancements observed include: increased size, increased firmness, more uniform color, higher packout and better storage characteristics. Improve your profit potential by providing your customers the natural color and quality they demand. More Uniform Color and Ripening Technology improves uniform coloring and uniform ripening of cherries. Achieving good, natural, homogenous color, improves the picking process, grade and marketing opportunities all key factors in maximizing profits. Increased Marketable Yield Better uniform ripening permits more of the best fruit to be harvested during first harvest. Research has shown an increase in the quality and quantity of cherries picked at first harvest when Technology is applied 1 to 3 weeks pre-harvest. The result is an increase in first harvest marketable yield which allows you to market more high quality fruit earlier, for improved profits. More uniform ripening and color provided by Technology usually allows first harvest 2-5 days earlier, with more of the better cherries ready for picking. Earlier harvest can help you realize early season marketing opportunities for improved profits. Improve Grade, Packout & Profits When applied to physiologically mature cherries, Technology has been shown to improve quality and size mix for an overall increased crop value. Research has shown a significant increase in the percentage of higher value cherries, with fewer culls. Improving grade and packout help you maximize profits. Improved Storage & Shelf Life The active ingredient in Technology is known to inhibit cell membrane breakdown. Research is underway to evaluate how Technology improves the quality of cherries for stronger fruit. Higher quality, firmer fruit handles and stores better. Improve your bottom line by reducing storage risks and marketing higher quality cherries with better shelf life. Labor Savings More uniform ripening and color development can make for easier picking with the potential to reduce harvest trips and lower labor costs, important cost factors that impact your profitability. This information is provided in good faith and based on results obtained through experimental testing in the field. It is recognized that field conditions may sometimes differ from location to location, thus causing the results of such applications to differ from the results provided herein. No warranty, expressed or implied, is provided by Doosan in providing this information Doosan Corporation 20/12

21 Fruit Size A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture Apple Better Quality Increase color The use of Technology results in more uniform ripening, color development and earlier maturity, without artificially ripening immature fruit. Quality enhancements observed include: increased size, increased firmness, more uniform color, higher packout and better storage characteristics. Improve your profit potential by providing your customers the natural color and quality they demand. More Uniform Color and Ripening Technology improves uniform coloring and uniform ripening of apples. Achieving good, natural, homogenous color, around the entire apple, improves the picking process, grade and marketing opportunities all key factors in maximizing profits. Increased Marketable Yield Better uniform ripening permits more of the best fruit to be harvested during first harvest. Research has shown an increase in the quality and quantity of apples picked at first harvest when Technology is applied 2 to 3 weeks pre-harvest. The result is an increase in first harvest marketable yield which allows you to market more high quality fruit earlier, for improved profits. Apply for color Apply for size Color (lb/row) * Control * 1 st harvest

22 A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture Cranberry Increase color and size Better Quality The use of Technology results in more uniform ripening, without artificially ripening immature fruit. Quality enhancements observed include: increased firmness, more uniform color, higher packout and better storage characteristics. Improve your profit potential by providing your customers the natural color and quality they demand. More Uniform Color and Ripening Technology improves uniform coloring and uniform ripening of fruits. Achieving good, natural, homogenous color, around the entire fruit, improves the picking process, grade and marketing opportunities all key factors in maximizing profits. Increased Marketable Yield Better uniform ripening permits more of the best fruit to be harvested during first harvest. Research has shown an increase in the quality and quantity of cranberry. when Technology is applied 2 to 4 weeks pre-harvest. The result is an increase in marketable yield which allows you to market more high quality fruit earlier, for improved profits. TACY(%) Control st harvest TACY : Total anthocyanin yield

23 A Novel Phospholipid for Smart Agriculture Mandarine Increase SSC Better Quality The use of Technology results in more uniform ripening, without artificially ripening immature fruit. Quality enhancements observed include: more uniform color, higher packout and better storage characteristics. Improve your profit potential by providing your customers the natural color and quality they demand. More Uniform Color and SSC Technology improves uniform coloring and uniform ripening of mandarine. Achieving good, natural, homogenous color, around the entire fruit, improves the picking process, grade and marketing opportunities all key factors in maximizing profits. Moreover, accumulate remarkably the solouble solid content of mandarine constantly, results in gathering more benefits. Increased Marketable Yield Better uniform ripening permits more of the best fruit to be harvested during first harvest. Research has shown an increase in the quality and quantity of fruits, when Technology is applied 2 to 4 weeks pre-harvest. The result is an increase in marketable yield which allows you to market more high quality fruit earlier, for improved profits. SSC 9.67 [Brix] Control

24 Contact us : Doosan Corporation Glonet B/5F, Aict, 864-1, Iui-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Tel: Fax: jhhong@doosan.com