Chapter. IV AREA OF THE STUDY

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1 Chapter. IV AREA OF THE STUDY 4.1. Introduction: The present study is made to assess socio-economic and other problems of the women artisans and women engaged in handicrafts in Gulbarga district. The study also aims at know about the social culture, religious aspects, political background, etc. Hence, there is need to know about the geographical area, climate, population, literacy, education, culture, etc of the Gulbarga district, which have direct or indirect impact on the socio-economic problems of these sections. The present chapter described these aspects as under. India is one of the big countries of South Asia and known as sub-continent. It is located in South Asia. India is the homeland of major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism, while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions which have survived the influence of major religions for centuries. The population of India on 1 March 2011 was 1,210,193,422. India added 181 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of Brazil. India with 2.4% of the world's surface area accounts for 17.5% of its population. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people. A little over 5 out of 10 Indians live in the six states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 and the details of the Census of India 2011 are shown as under.

2 Table No Census of India 2011: Highlights (Estimates) Population Total 1,210,193,422 Males 623,724,248 Females 586,469,174 Literacy Total 74.04% Males 82.14% Females 65.46% Density of population per km Sex ratio per 1000 males 940 females Child Sex ratio (0 6 age group) per 1000 males 914 females The current population of India is shown in the following table: Table No State-wise Current Population of India 2012 Rank State or UT Population (2011 Census) Density (per km 2 ) Sex Ratio 01 Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Bihar West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Karnataka Gujarat Odisha Kerala Jharkhand Assam Punjab Haryana Chhattisgarh Jammu & Kashmir Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh

3 21 Tripura Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Goa Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram Sikkim UT1 Delhi UT2 Puducherry UT3 Chandigarh UT4 Andaman & Nicobar Islands UT5 Dadra & Nagar Haveli UT6 Daman & Diu UT7 Lakshadweep Total India Karnataka is located at the South-west part of India. Karnataka is a state of diverse cultures, languages and faiths and the economic and social scenario within the state, in many ways, mirrors the scenario prevalent in the country itself. Located in the southern part of India, between the latitudes and North and the longitudes and East, Karnataka is, in terms of population, the ninth largest state among India s 28 major states and 7 Union Territories. Along its northern borders lie the states of Maharashtra and Goa; Andhra Pradesh is to the east; Tamil Nadu and Kerala to the south, while the Arabian Sea forms the western boundary. Karnataka came into being as a state of the Union of India on November 1, 1956 as a result of the merger of five territories where Kannada was the language of the people. These were: four districts of the erstwhile Bombay state; three districts of the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad; two districts and one taluk of the former Madras state; the former Part C state of Coorg (now known as Kodagu); and nine districts of the former princely state of Mysore. Map of Karnataka is given as under:

4 Map. No. 1. Karnataka State in India With districts The new state was initially known as Mysore, but subsequently, in 1973, it was renamed Karnataka, thereby fulfilling a long standing demand of the people of the state. For administrative purposes, the state is divided into 30 revenue districts. It is the eighth largest Indian State by area. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the ninth state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The statistics of Karnataka population as per the Census of India 2011 is as under: Table No Statistics of Karnataka

5 Particulars Approximate Population 6.11 Crore 5.29 Crore Actual Population Male Female Population Growth 15.67% 17.25% Percentage of Total 5.05% 5.14% Population Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio Literacy 75.60% 66.64% Male Literacy 82.85% 76.06% Female Literacy 68.13% 57.80% Total Literates Male Literates Female Literates The distribution of population in districts of Karnataka including Gulbarga as per the Census of India, 2011 is shown in the following table. Table No Distribution of Population in Districts of Karnataka State/ District Population in 2011 Persons Male Female Karnataka District Code 01 Belgaum Bagalkot Bijapur Bidar Raichur Koppal Gadag Dharwad Uttara Kannada Haveri Bellary Chitradurga Davanagere Shimoga Udupi Chikmagalur Tumkur

6 18 Bangalore Mandya Hassan Dakshina Kannada 22 Kodagu Mysore Chamarajanagar Gulbarga Yadgir Kolar Chikkaballapur Bangalore Rural 30 Ramanagar Source: Census of India, 2011 The state income or Net State Domestic Product (at prices) increased from Rs.30, crore in to Rs.61, crore in registering an increase of 9.5 per cent per annum. The per capita income (NSDP) at constant prices increased from Rs.6, 739 to Rs.11, 516 showing an annual increase of 7.1 per cent during the same period. Agriculture is the mainstay of the people in the state. Cultivators and agricultural labourers form about 56 percent of the workforce (2001 census). Agriculture in the state is characterized by wide crop diversification Gulbarga District: Gulbarga district is one of the three districts that were transferred from Hyderabad State to Karnataka state at the time of re-organization of the state in 1956 and is also called as Kalaburgi in Kannada. The district is one among the 30 districts of Karnataka State. It is located in the Northern part of the state. The District was a biggest district in the state and in 2008, it was divided and new district Yadgir was formed with 3 talukas from Gulbarga district. Gulbarga district is bounded on the west by Bijapur district of Karnataka and Sholapur district of Maharashtra, on the west by Bijapur district of Andhra Pradesh, on the

7 north by Bidar district of and Osmanabad district of Maharashtra and on the south by Raichur district of Karnataka. There are seven talukas located in Gulbarga district, namely, Afzalpur, Aland, Chincholli, Chittapur, Gulbarga, Jewargi and Sedam. In 2011, Gulbarga had population of 2,564,892 of which male and female were 1,307,061 and 1,257,831 respectively. In 2001 census, Gulbarga had a population of 2,174,742 of which males were 1,110,442 and remaining 1,064,200 were females. Geographical location of Gulbarga district in Karnataka state is shown as under.

8 Map No. 2. Gulbarga district in Karnataka and India 1. Brief History: The District was under the rule of Nijam of Hyderabad before independence. The district has a rich background of knowledge and culture. The existence of university at Nagai in Chitapur, Vignaneshwaras Mitakshara, Nrupatungas Kavirajmarg and the religious and social revolution led by Shivsharanas and the Sufi saint Banda Nawaz are all evidence of it. However, due to erratic rainfall and continuous occurrence of droughts in the 19th century the life of the people was never smooth and secure. Further during the Nizams

9 period, the district could not develop due to the negligence and inefficient administration. The distance was also a factor contributing to it. Thus it was one of the most backward districts when it joined the old Mysore State. This position has not changed even after five decades. The map of Gulbarga district is shown as under. Map No. 3. Gulbarga District 2. Socio Economic Background: In recent years a High Power Committee was constituted by the govt. of Karnataka to look into the problem of regional imbalances in the state. The Committee (popularly known as Nanjundappa Committee) submitted its report in The committee, on the basis of various socio-economic indicators assessed the development of 175 talukas in the state. The Committee has identified nine talukas among the ten talukas in Old Gulbarga district as the most backward talukas.

10 Table No Most Backward Talukas of Gulbarga District in Karnataka State Taluka Rank in State Index Sedam Chittapur Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Jewargi Source: Report of the High Power Committee for Redressal of Regional Imbalance in Karnataka, Govt. of Karnataka Bangalore Position of the District in Human Development: Karnataka State has published Human development Report in 1999 based on 1991 date for the then 20 district in the state. The progress in human Development was brought out through another report published in 2005 for 27 districts in the state today based on 2001 Data. The position of the district along with the other district in Hyderabad Karnataka Region is indicated in the following table. The district in both the reports is at the bottom level. Table No Human Development and Gender Development in Gulbarga District and HK region Districts HDI HDI Rank Rank GDI GDI Rank Rank Bellary Bidar Gulbarga Raichur State Source: Human Development Report 2005 Govt. of Karnataka. The position of the district has come down from 25th to 26th in the State. This is because of slow progress in the field of Education and fall in Income index.

11 Table No Various Indices of human Development for Gulbarga District Year Health Rank Education Rank Income Rank Index Index Index State State Source: Human Development Report 2005 Govt. of Karnataka Thus the position of the district has not improved significantly over the years. The gap between the State and the district is reduced by only a margin of 0.2 (From 0.88 to 0.86). 4. Geographical Traits: The district has total area of Sq. Kms. This constitutes 5.93% of the area of the state. The region is characterized by black cotton soil, expanses of flat treeless surface, a range of hills covering a surface of about 60 miles and same lower belts following the main rivers. The district is devoid of forest except in the hilly portion of Aland and Chincholi. The area under forest is 4.2% of the total area. Table No Area of Gulbarga district Sl.No Taluks Grama Hoblies Panchayaths Inhabited Un- Towns/ Urban Inhabited Agglomeration Afzalpur Aland Chincholli Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL

12 5. Rainfall and Land Use: The district is a drought prone area. The average rainfall is 777 mm. and the normal rainy days are 46 in a year. The climate is very hot during the summer which effects adversely on the work capacity of the people. The temperature ranges between 44 centigrade in summer to 26 in winter. The period from December to May is the driest part of the year. The land use is classified in the district is shown in the following table. Taluka Table No Land use Classification (Unit: Area in Hectares) Uncultivated Land Not available land excluding for cultivation fallow land Area under Forest Land put to non agri.uses Barren & uncultivable land Cultivable waste Pmt. Pastures & other grazing land` Mics. Tree cropes, groves Fallow land Current fallows Other fallow land Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL

13 Table No Rain fall of Gulbarga District for last 5 years (2002 To 2006) Year Total (mm) Basic Infrastructure: The district also lacks adequate infrastructure which is one of the basic cause of long economic stagnation in the district. The total length of surface roads is only kms. The length of village roads is kms. A large part of these roads are closed during rainy season. The total length of railway line is 225 kms. The district headquarters lies on the main National Network. But the internal network availability is very low. Only 4 talukas Afzalpur, Chittapur, Gulbarga and Sedam are connected by a railway line. Table No Basic Infrastructure Taluka State Highways Major District Roads Other District Roads Village Roads Railway Route Length Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL

14 Table No Area Irrigated through various Sources Lift Taluka Canals Tanks Wells Borewells Irrigation Other Sources Total Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam Total Taluka Table No Rural Electrification TotalVillages Villageselectrified IPSets Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL

15 7. Educational Infrastructure: The district has following infrastructure for provision of Education. Table No Educational Infrastructure according to Census 2001 Primary Schools 2800 High Schools 500 Junior College 132 General Colleges; 26 Medical Colleges (Including ISM) 06 Polytechnic Colleges 08 Engineering Colleges Demographic Trends: Gulbarga District is experiencing rapid growth of population since The decimal growth rate has increased from 14.5 percent to 15.3 percent between 1951 to 61 to 24.2 percent between 1981 to 1991 and has slightly come down to 21 percent between 1999 to The population of the district as per 2001 census is 31, 30,922 of which male population is 15,92,789 and female population is 15,38,133. The sex ratio is 966 per 1000 male persons. This is slightly above the state average of 965 and well above the national average of % of the population lives in rural areas. The population is spread over the geographical area and the density of population is 192 per sq.km.

16 Table No Population trends during the 20th century Decadal variation Decadal Year Population Variation Percentage Source: Census of India District census Hand book: Gulbarga District Taluka Table No Demographic Characteristics Area Total Population Male Female Rural Urban Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam District

17 Table No Density of Population and Sex Ratio Taluka % of Urban Population Sex Ratio Density Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam DISTRICT SC and ST Population: Gulbarga district has a sizable part of Scheduled Caste Population. It is 23% of the total population of the district. It is ranked 3rd in the state in respect of this next to Kolar and Chamraj Nagar. In absolute numbers, the position of the district (7,17,595) is next to Bangalore Urban (8,51,047). The SC and ST population forms 22.9 and 4.9 percent of total population respectively. Within the district the SC population is concentrated in the talukas of Chincholi (33.2%) Chittapur (29.3%) and Sedam (25.8%). It is lowest in Afzalpur taluka i.e, 17.8%. The proportion of SC population to total population has declined from 23.6% to 22.9% between The decline follows mainly from two talukas i.e., Gulbarga (21.4% to 20.4%) and Afzalpur (18.6% to 17.8%).

18 The proportion of ST population in district population has increased marginally from 4% to 4.9%. The total ST population of the district as per 2001 census is It was in The growth rate per annum is 4.4%. Table No Population of Scheduled Castes and Schedule Tribes 2001 Scheduled Castes Schedule Tribes Proportion Proportion Taluka to total to total Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban population population (percent) (percent) Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL Table No Literacy Rate- Scheduled Caste Talukas Total Rural Urban Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL

19 Table No Literacy Rate- Scheduled Tribes Sl.No. Talukas Male Female Total Rural Urban 1 Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL Social Indicators: The basic social indicators are presented in the following table. The help us to understand the general conditions of the people, there literacy levels and other Gender related issues. High proportion of agricultural labourers and non workers as well as the SC / ST population indicates high incidence of poverty in the district. Name of Sex Population the taluka Ratio Table No Social Indicators of the District Proportion of Proportion Proportion agricultural of SC/ST of non labourers to population workers total workers Literacy Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga

20 Jewargi Sedam District Table No Literacy and Education Growth in literacy 1961 to 2001 (percent) Total literacy rate Growth in literacy Taluka Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL Employment and Occupation: The employment and occupations of the people in Gulbarga district is discussed as under. Table No Work participate rate: proportion of workers (Main and Marginal workers) to total population ( rural +urban) Taluka Total Workers Male Female Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL

21 Table No Growth of Main Workers Decadal growth in Main workers 2001 Main workers 1991 main workers (1991- Taluka 2001) Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam TOTAL The district economy is mainly an agricultural economy as agriculture contributes 31.7% of district income and provides employment to 67% of the population. (A large part of the land is under dry land cultivation as the area under irrigation is only 18.8 percent of the net area sown). Table No Occupational pattern of the workforce (Main workers%) Census Year Cultivators Agricultural labourers Household industry Other Workers Total The occupational structure is stagnant over the time period. The proportion of population engaged in agriculture has increased from 70% in 1961 to 75% during and has fallen down to 67% in The other trend observed is

22 the percentage of agricultural laborers was increasing till It has increased from 26.44% in 1961 to 40.1% in 1991 but has come down to 39.96% in Though the share of tertiary sector in district income has increased from 36.6 in 1991 to 45.2 percent in but its share in employment has increased from 12.6 to 30.4% in 2001 during the same period. Thus a trend of employment generation in service sector is set in post 1991 period. Table No Distribution of Land Holding in the District Holdings Number Percentage Area Percentage Marginal Holding Small holdings Semi Medium Medium Large Total The distribution of land holdings indicates the domination of semi medium holdings. They form percent of total holdings and cover an area of percent.

23 12. Cropping Pattern: Table No Land under Cultivation Area Area sown Total Net area under Taluka more cropped sown Food than area grains once Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam District The cropping pattern is mainly dominated by food crops. Tur is the main crop produced in the district. The district is called as Tur Bowl of the state. Jawar is the other main food crop Sunflower and Groundnut are the major oilseeds which occupy the area of and respectively. Table No Area under Principal Crops and Cereals (in Ha) Other cereals Taluka Paddy Jowar Bajra Maize Wheat & Minor Total Cereals & Minor Millets Millets Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam DISTRICT

24 Table No Area under Pulses Taluka Gram Tur Other Pulses Total Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam District Table No Area under Oilseeds Taluka Groundnut Sunflower Oilseeds Other Pulses Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam DISTRICT Commercial Crops: Sugarcane and cotton are the two commercial crops produced in the district. But the area under these crops is very less. Table No Area under Commercial Crops

25 Taluka Sugarcane Cotton Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam DISTRICT Table No Agricultural Production during X plan Production in Lakh tones ( Cotton Lakh bales) Sl.No Crops Average Total Cereals Total Pulses Total Foodgrains Total Oilseeds Commercial Crops I) Cotton II) Sugarcane Industries and Employment:

26 The total number of registered factories and industries is 113 and the employment provided by these industries and factories is 8985 in The total statistics of factories and employment in 2001 is as under. Table No Factories and Employment Textiles Chemical Engineering Others Total Employment Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam District The small scale industries are developed in Automobiles, Electrical and Electronics and food and intoxicants. Taluka Table No Employment in Small Scale Industry Automobiles Electrical & Electronics Number Workers Number Workers Number Food & Intoxicants Workers Afzalpur Aland Chincholi Chittapur Gulbarga Jewargi Sedam DISTRICT References: