Identification and management of trunk diseases in Australia

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1 Identification and management of trunk diseases in Australia Mark Sosnowski South Australian Research & Development Institute

2 GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Eutypa dieback Botryosphaeria dieback Phomopsis dieback Black foot Petri disease

3 EUTYPA DIEBACK - foliar symptoms

4 EUTYPA DIEBACK - foliar symptoms Shoots & Leaves Stunted Chlorotic (yellowing) Cupped Necrotic (dead) margins

5 EUTYPA DIEBACK fruit symptoms Inflorescence may not initiate Bunches may shrivel and drop off after flowering Uneven berry ripening Reduced bunch size

6 EUTYPA DIEBACK wood symptoms Wedge of dead tissue in cross-section Cordon or trunk canker

7 BOTRYOSPHAERIA DIEBACK - symptoms Similar wood symptoms and dieback No yellow, stunted shoots Photos: Sandra Savocchia & Wayne Pitt, NWGIC

8 EUTYPA DISEASE CYCLE Canker Toxins Symptomatic vine Infected wood Trunk cross section Fruiting bodies in wood Infected xylem vessels Open wound Fungal spores

9 BOTRYOSPHAERIA DISEASE CYCLE Canker Symptomatic vine Fruiting bodies on wood Trunk cross section Fungal spores Infected xylem vessels Open wound Sandra Savocchia & Wayne Pitt, NWGIC

Incidence (%) Incidence (%) DISEASE INCIDENCE - Australia Eutypa foliar symptoms 100 80 60 40 20 0 R² = 0.

10 Incidence (%) Incidence (%) DISEASE INCIDENCE - Australia Eutypa foliar symptoms R² = Age (years) Dieback symptoms R² = Age (years)

11 Sauvignon Blanc Verdelet Himrod Clairette Blanche Chenin Blanc Fernao Pires Emerald Riesling Seyval Romulus Pannonia Gold Trebbiano Rkaziteli Xarello Raffiet de Moncade Crouchen Baxter's Sherry Pedro Ximenez Rabaner Chasselas Dore Temprano Putzscheere Siegerrebe Tulillah Arriloba Muscadelle du Bordelaise Parellada Rolle Buckland's Sweetwater Malvasia Rei Red Palamino White Muscat Malvasia Bianca Seneca Viognier Furmint Gouais Bianco D'allessano Angostenga Blanc Baroque Palomino (Listan) Villard Blanc Perdea Biancone Clairette Harslevelu Canada Muscat Fetyaska Flora Valensi Blanc Liliorila Doradillo Verdelho Muscat Gordo Blanco Chardonnay Sylvaner Ansonica Rousane Smederevka Montils Chasan Goyura Lignan Orange Muscat Muscat a Petits Grains Helena Gros Meslier Rhine Riesling Keknyelu Muscadelle Dourado Len De L'EL Muscat Ottonel Riesling Italico Ortrugo Morio Muskat Mtsvane Ehrenfelser Pinot Gris Maccabeu Perle Reichensteiner Traminer X Riesling Semillon Pinot Blanc Sauvignonasse Ondenc Auxerrois Muscat a Petits Grains Colombard Melon Mueller Thurgau Green Veltliner Muscadelle Petit Meslier Traminer Symptom severity (%) Odola Dolcetto Cascade Tempranillo Alicante Bouschet Cinsaut Constantia Auldana No. 1 St. Macair Kadarka Shiraz Tinta Cao Cabernet Sauvignon Sumoll Chambourcin Mondeuse De Chaunac Quick's Seedling Tannat Teroldego Calitor Noir Mataro Shiraz Prokupac Terret Noir Aramon Raboso Piave Grenache Tinta Molle (Madeira) Auldana No. 3 Trollinger Tinta Amarella Mantey Royalty Jacquez Mammolo Barbera Merlot Abouriou Nebbiolo Bourgu Bonvedro Criolla Negra Piquepoul Noir Cabernet Franc Malbec Arinarnoa Souzao Bastardo Valdiguie Americano Portan Aleatico Tinta Carvalha CG 1730 Tarrango Lagrain Gramon Pinot Noir Carignan Touriga Monerac Rubired Ganson Baco Noir Gamay Americano Graciano Gascon Ruby Cabernet Egiodola Muscat Hamburg Saperavi Fer Meunier Grec Rose Freisa Zinfandel Limberger Ughetta Muscat a Petits Grains Rouge Nebbiolo Fino Sangiovese Petit Verdot Symptom severity (%) VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILITY Red wine varieties Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symtpoms 0 Shiraz Cab Sauv Grenache Merlot Pinot Noir White wine varieties Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symptoms Sauv Blanc Chardonnay Semillon

12 Muscat Gigas X Black Mammoth Cinsaut X Parsley Leaf Chasselas X Black Alicante X Lady Downe's Seed X Bankside Acorn X Chasselas Dore Venus - B Canner Cardinal Canadice Daira Seedling X Schuyler Sultana Moschata Gros Colman X Black Sultana Madresfield Court X Thomuscat Barlinka Alden Bicane X Perle De Csaba Queen Suffolk Red Kishmishi Danugue X Italia Flame Tokay Wood's Red Muscat X Ruby Seedless Zante Corinth New York Muscat Emporer Red Malaga Menavacca Fiesta Nyora X Red Prince X Glenora Marroo Seedless Sultana Delight Calmeria Angostenga Blanc Muscat Hamburg Tunn Currant X Kyoho White Muscat Carolina Blackrose Rosaki X Ribier Ribol Fresno Delaware X Heptakilo X Tandannya Carina Catawba Hunisa Waltham Cross Canon Hall Muscat X Fresno G4-74 Sabalkenskoi Black Malaga X O'Hanez X Monukka Emerald Seedless Santa Paula X Cayuga White Balluti Muscat Gordo Blanco Burgrave X Aledo Olivette Noir X Crystal X Red Lady's Finger X Beauty Seedless Flame Seedless Exotic Fresno Perlette Dizmar Vitis Rotunifolia Ohanez (Almeria) Fresno Fuji Muscat Russian Seedless Mrs. Pince's Muscat X Danlas Delaware Djandal Kara Gold Cape Currant Greg Rose X Loose Perlette Royal Ascot X Early Muscat Fresno Irsay Oliver Queen of the Vineyard Isabella X Trentham Black Vitis Labrusca X Symptom severity (%) VARIETAL SUSCEPTIBILITY Table grape varieties Trunk disease Eutypa foliar symptoms Cardinal Queen Italia Ruby Seedless Sultana Muscat Hamburg Ribier Waltham Cross Flame Seedless Perlette Ohanez

13 DISEASE MANAGEMENT Prevention Wound protection Control Remedial surgery

14 % E. lata recovered WOUND SUSCEPTIBILITY day 7 days 14 days Time from wounding to inoculation

15 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow

16 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area

17 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area age of wood size of wound number of wounds

number of wounds inoculum rain / irrigation

18 WOUND PROTECTION Factors to consider: pruning time rate of wound healing sap flow size of wounds rate of wound healing surface area age of wood size of wound number of wounds inoculum rain / irrigation (2 mm / 2 h / 36 h) alternative hosts vineyard sanitation

19 EVALUATION OF WOUND PROTECTANTS Laboratory evaluation Two weeks preliminary screening Detached cane assay 6 weeks live cane, controlled conditions moderate disease pressure Field evaluation months natural field conditions extreme disease pressure

WOUND PROTECTION Paints and pastes physical barrier large

(tebuconazole) Garrison Rapid (cyproconazole/iodocarb)

(tebuconazole) benomyl carbendazim NZ only tebuconazole

20 WOUND PROTECTION Paints and pastes physical barrier large wounds hand applied Fungicides all wounds spray applied Biocontrol reliability? long term protection Acrylic paint Greenseal (tebuconazole) Garrison Rapid (cyproconazole/iodocarb) Gelseal (tebuconazole + boric acid) Bacseal (tebuconazole) benomyl carbendazim NZ only tebuconazole Application fluazinam (Emblem) pyraclostrobin thiophanate methyl (Topsin M) Vinevax (Trichoderma sp.) Garlic Lactoferrin

21 SPRAY APPLICATION

22 CONTROL Foliar application Dowel insertion Trunk injection Remedial surgery

23 DISEASE PROGRESSION

24 Incidence of vines with staining (%) REMEDIAL SURGERY Trunk cross-section symptoms Vineyard 1 Vineyard low mid high

25 % of vines with foliar symptoms REMEDIAL SURGERY 100 Foliar symptoms 6 years after remedial surgery Trial 3 Vineyard 1 Trial 4 Vineyard 2 Vineyard 3 Trial low mid high

26 REMEDIAL SURGERY Reworked in

CURRENT RESEARCH Simultaneous control of eutypa

protection Wound susceptibility and inoculum

silicates and polymers) Cost-benefit analysis

27 CURRENT RESEARCH Simultaneous control of eutypa and botryosphaeria dieback Timing of pruning wound protection Wound susceptibility and inoculum dispersal Alternative wound protectants (e.g. silicates and polymers) Cost-benefit analysis Determine effect of water stress Searching for disease resistance

28 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SARDI Eutypa dieback team Collaborators Industry partners Clare Region WGGA

29 FURTHER INFORMATION

Sustaining vineyards through management of grapevine trunk diseases. Mark Sosnowski

Sustaining vineyards through management of grapevine trunk diseases Mark Sosnowski GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Eutypa dieback Botryosphaeria dieback Eutypa lata and Diatrypaceaous spp. Botrysphaeriaceous