Effects of Exotic Insect Pests on IPM Programs in California Table Grapes

Transcription

1 Effects of Exotic Insect Pests on IPM Programs in California Table Grapes David Haviland University of California Cooperative Extension Kern County, California, USA

2 Southern San Joaquin Valley Fresno, Kern, Tulare, and Kings Counties Size 300 x 150 km. Production area of 1.7 million hectares Value of agriculture $18 billion Most valuable products Milk Grapes Almonds Pistachios Citrus $3.0b 132,116ha $2.1b 132,060ha $1.4b 44,899ha $1.0b 82,756ha $1.2b

3 An international state Population of California ~40,000, % Asian 25.0% Mexican 11.7% Non-Mexican Latinos = 20,000,000 people (50%) Airports of LAX and SFO 100,000,000 passengers/year (landings and takeoffs) 10,000,000 international passegeners pass customs Ports of Long Beach, Los Angeles, Oakland 10,000,000 containers/year (27,000/day)

4 Exotic Pests in California Six new pests per year in California Others arrive but do not establish Behave differently than in their native land For the better or for the worse Arrive without their natural enemies Affect yield and quality of fruit Affect quarantines and export industries

5 New Pests of California Table Grapes Vine mealybug- Planococcus ficus Glassy-winged sharpshooter- Homalodisca vitripennis European Grapevine Moth- Lobesia botrana Spotted Wing Drosophila- Drosophila suzukii Black widow spiders- Latrodectus sp.

6 Vine Mealybug- Vine Mealybug- Planococcus ficus Planococcus ficus

7 Pseudococcus y Planococcus grape mealybug vine mealybug Pseudococcus viburni and maritimus: Long tails 2-3 generations per year Synchronized stages Feed in hidden places Medium amount of honeydew Planococcus ficus: Short lateral filaments Short tails 5-7 generations per year Stages not synchronized Overwinters on roots Excessive honeydew Feeds on whole plant Loves to be in the cluster

8 Parasitoids of P. citri Parasitoids introduced found in para P. ficus California Anagyrus pseudococci Anagyrus fusciventris Anagyrus kivuensis Chrysoplatycerus splendens Coccidoxenoides peregrinus Leptomastidea abnormis Leptomastix dactylopii Pseudaphycus sp. Zarhopalus inquisitor A. pseudococci C. peregrinus L. abnormis L. dactylopii

9 Biological Control of Parasitoids Anagyrus pseudocci Releases made in 1940s for Planococcus citri Attacks 2 nd, 3 rd instar and adult Commercially available for releases Leptomastidea abnormis Released beginning in 2000 Attacks 1 st to 3 rd instars

10 Problems with parasitoids Mealybug overwinters below the ground Mealybugs hide under the bark Disrupted by ants Parasitoid A. pseudococci not active until May Unable to maintain mealybugs a the economic threshold for table grapes Oviposition date 15 Mar ` Outdoors (ambient air temperature) Indoors (insectary) 28 Feb 23 Jan 19 Dec 15 Nov 18 Oct Oct 01 Nov Dec Jan 02 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Anagyrus pseudococci oviposition and adult emergence dates Photo and chart courtesy K. Daane

11 Insecticides for P. ficus Lorsban (chlorpyrifos) Prior to budbreak Applaud (buprofezin) Specialist on 1 st instar nymphs Movento (spirotetramat) Applied to foliage, then systemic No effects on parasitoids or predators Neonicotinoids Admire (imidacloprid), Belay (clothianidin), Venom (dinotefuran) Minimal impacts on biocontrol (soil applied) Lannate (methomyl) No longer available

12 Insecticides for P. ficus Acres treated Chlorpyrifos Methomyl Buprofezin Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Clothianadin Dinotefuran Spirotetramat

13 Glassy-winged sharpshooter

14 Integrated Management Arrived in the late 90s Feeds on more than 100 genera of plants Diet requires more than one species Excellent flier, vectors the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa Likes tasting and moving on Requires regional management with insecticides Managed in citrus in the winter Prevents movement to grapes Management of inoculum is also important Identify and remove diseased vines Biological control used primarily in urban environments

15 X. fastidiosa is transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on the xylem Bacteria reproduces in the plant Pierce s Disease bacteria Xylella fastidiosa Tracheids S i l e m a Vessel Elements Xylem function: transport water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant The bacteria reproduces and blocks the transport of water

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17 Biological Control Parasitoids Southeast USA, Mexico, and South America Problems All are egg parasitoids Sharpshooter overwinters as adult 1 st generation parasitism very poor 1 st generation moves to grapes 2 nd generation parasitism excellent Disease is already transmitted Valuable in urban settings G. ashmeadi (female) G. ashmeadi (male) G. morrilli (female) G. morrilli (male)

18 Pesticides in table grape for mealybugs and sharpshooters 120, ,000 80,000 Movento Lannate Neonics Applaud Lorsban 60,000 40,000 20, Acres treated Kern Co. Table and Raisin Grapes

19 Rate of neonicotinoids Pounds of active ingredient per treated acre Pounds of a.i. per treated acre Kern Co. Table and Raisin Grapes

20 Rate of neonicotinoids Pounds of active ingredient per treated acre Macimum per acre per year for imidacloprid Imidacloprid becomes generic Vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus) Pounds of a.i. per treated acre Leafhoppers and mealybugs (Pseudococcus sp.) Glassy-winged sharpshooter Kern Co. Table and Raisin Grapes

21 Spotted Wing Drosophila Drosophila suzukii Native to SE Asia First recognized in CA in 2009 Found in the Central Valley in 2010 Overwinters in damaged citrus Major pest of spring-harvested cherries Has been shown to reproduce on table grapes in laboratories Has been shown to be a pest of winegrapes in several places in the world Never once has it been found infesting a table grape in California Likely due to climatic conditions male

22 D. suzukii per trap per week D. suzukii per trap per week D. suzukii per trap per week Citrus 2010 Cherry 2010 Blueberry 2011 Citrus 2011 Cherry 2011 Blueberry 2012 Citrus 2012 Cherry 2012 Blueberry Kern Julian date Grape harvest County phenology Overwinters in citrus Moves to cherries in the spring Catches approach zero in early July Flies return in mid- October Pesticides never needed because flies never found in fruit

23 Black Widow Spiders Latrodectus sp. Common spider in California Common in vineyards Considered a beneficial organism Extremely rare to find it in a cluster But CA grapes have excellent reputation throughout the world Even 1 black widow making it to market becomes front page news May lead to export quarantines Growers forced to have zero tolerance policy

24 IPM for Black Widow Spiders Proper identification Only treat for black widows Monitoring programs Biology documented Spray at night Direct nozzles at trunk, cordons Hand work on clusters Use economic thresholds Treat only if spider is present Zero tolerance Use the least disruptive, effective product (= pyrethroids)

25 Acres Treated with Pyrethroids (Table Grapes, Kern Co.) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Acres treated

26 Acres Treated with Pyrethroids (Table Grapes, Kern Co.) 25, ~5% of ac. treated ~50% of ac. treated 20,000 Acres treated 15,000 10,000 5, Black Widow Spiders Fenpropathrin for thrips - Dimethoate label lost Miscellaneous Pests

27 Worm pests Western grapeleaf skeletonizer Harrisina brilllians defoliator control by granulosis virus Grape leaffolder Desmia funeralis defoliator controlled by parasitoids Ominvorous leafroller Platynota stultana 3 rd and 4 th gen. in cluster parasitoids mostly effective supplemented by Bt, Cryolite, IGRs, Diamides

28 European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana Found in 2008 in north coast winegrapes Positively identified in 2009 In 2010, major infestations in two counties, small infestations in 8 other counties Statewide eradication initiated Only 1 infestation in a region where table grapes grown

29 Region County * North Coast Central Valley Central Coast Males captured Napa 100, Sonoma 59 9 Solano 11 0 Mendocino 36 0 Fresno 11 0 Merced 4 0 San Joaquin 2 0 Monterey 1 0 Santa Cruz 1 1 Santa Clara 3 19 Sierra Nevada 0 4 Total 100, Achievements in 2011 Maintenance fo 58,782 traps Reduction of % Of the 49 counties that produce grapes 2 with >10 captures 44 with 0 captures No captures in areas with table grapes * Through 26 August, 2011

30 Region County * North Coast Central Valley Central Coast Males captured Napa 100, Sonoma 59 9 Solano 11 0 Mendocino 36 0 Fresno 11 0 Merced 4 0 San Joaquin 2 0 Monterey 1 0 Santa Cruz 1 1 Santa Clara 3 19 Sierra Nevada 0 4 Total 100, Achievements in 2011 Maintenance fo 58,782 traps Reduction of % Of the 49 counties that produce grapes 2 with >10 captures 44 with 0 captures No captures in areas with table grapes * Through 26 August, 2011

31 ,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Insecticides for worms (Napa County) Mating Disruption EGVM Bt Spinosyn Avaunt Intrepid Diamide Pounds a.i. applied (Napa Co.)

32 Insecticides for worms (Napa County) Pounds a.i. applied (Napa Co.) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Mating Disruption EGVM Bt Spinosyn Avaunt Intrepid Diamide 17,414 Grape acreage 7,135 Acres treated in ,657 Acres treated in 2009 Nearly all products safe for biocontrol

33 , , , , , , ,000 75,000 50,000 All Pesticides Combined (Table Grapes, Kern Co.) Acres Treated Pounds Applied 4 Apps/Season Acres treated or pounds applied

34 Summary - Rate of new pests increasing - Establishment of new pests usually means a significant short-term increase in insecticides - Single applications of most modern insecticides have minimal impact on biological control - Cumulative pesticide use against all pests has been on a steady upward trend - Biocontrol as part of IPM is still important, but being increasingly challenged each year

35 Depends on climate Starfish scar Flower thrips Nymphs feed under the calyptra Bloom to fruit set Influenced by the persistence of the calyptras, bloom period, grape variety and color Gibberilic acid makes it worse Halo scar Adults insert ovipositor Whitening occurs Increased fruit rot Especially Red Globe

36 Insecticides for thrips (Table grape, Kern Co.) Table grape acres treated Est. Misc OP Methomyl Dimethoate Chlorpyrifos Spinosad Spinetoram

37 Insecticides for thrips (Table grape, Kern Co.) Table grape acres treated Avg 1 treatment/year Mostly spinosyns Toxic to parasitoids, but residual is short Est. Misc OP Methomyl Dimethoate Chlorpyrifos Spinosad Spinetoram

38 Pacific or twospotted spider mite Overwintering female Pacific or twospotted spider mite Being eaten by a western predatory mite Western predatory mite Willamette mite

39 Sixxpotted thrips Scolothrips sexmaculatus Yellow, cylindrical larvae Adults with 6 spots Both are predacious on mites Arrival is unpredictable, often not until many mites Extremely effective when it shows up Western Predatory Mite Galendromus occidentalis Teardropped shape Dependable predator predator Life cycle in 1 week Commercially available

40 Acaricide use (Table grapes, Kern Co.) Fenbutatin-Oxide Propargite Dicofol Pyridaben Avermectin Bifenazate Etoxazole Fenpyroximate Hexythiazox Spirodiclofen

41 Acaricide use (Table grapes, Kern Co.) Average of 0.5 applications per season Nearly 100% of the products are safe to predatory insects Moderate to severe effects to predatory mites Fenbutatin-Oxide Propargite Dicofol Pyridaben Avermectin Bifenazate Etoxazole Fenpyroximate Hexythiazox Spirodiclofen