Index A Abiotic factors, 5, 51 Acer negundo, 23, 29, 45, 46 platanoides, 28, 29, 40 pseudoplatanus, 29 rubrum, 23, 28, 29, 41, 45, 64 saccharinum, 28, 29 saccharum, 23, 28, 29, 64 Action objective, 57, 59 62 Adelges tsugae, 47 Aesculus glabra, 29 hippocastanum, 29 Ailanthus altissima, 29, 42 Alley Pond Park, New York, 42 American Revolution, 18, 22, 34, 45, 48, 50, 63 Apple (Pyrus malus), 46 Aralia elata, 60 spinosa, 41 Arboricultural plantings, 18, 22, 25, 35, 48, 50 Arboriculture, 5, 18, 36, 48, 50, 62, 63, 68 Ash American (Fraxinus americana), 23, 29, 32, 35, 40, 45 American mountain-(sorbus americana), 31 -leaved maple (Acer negundo), 23, 29, 45, 46 Aspen big-toothed (Populus grandidentata), 24, 30 quaking (Populus tremuloides), 24 Assessment method, 18, 59 Asterolecanium variolosum, 44 Australia Cumberland Sydney, 6 New South Wales Canberra, 6 South Australia Adelaide, 6 Victoria Melbourne, 6 B Bambi, 66 Beech American (Fagus grandifolia), 37, 43 46, 48 50, 64, 65 European (Fagus sylvatica), 35 Betula lenta, 23, 34 nigra, 29 Biotic factors, 5, 51, 69 Birch sweet, 34, 41, 44 Brazil, São Paulo, 6 Buckeye Ohio-(Aesculus glabra), 29 Butternut (Juglans cinerea), 23, 30 C Canada Ontario Ottawa, 6 Toronto, 6 R.E. Loeb, Old Growth Urban Forests, SpringerBriefs in Ecology, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0583-2, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 73
74 Index Canopy gaps, 1, 45, 47 trees, 37, 40, 45, 50, 64, 66 Carpinus caroliniana, 23, 29, 40, 45 Carya glabra, 23, 29 ovata, 23, 29, 41 tomentosa, 23, 29 Castanea dentata, 20, 23, 27, 38 mollissima, 29 Catalpa bignonioides, 23, 34 southern (Catalpa bignonioides), 34, 36, 37, 42 Cattle guards, 66, 67 Cedar Atlantic white (Chamaecyparis thyoides), 26 eastern red (Juniperus virginiana), 34, 37, 42 northern white (Thuja occidentalis), 25, 31 Cemeteries, 2 Central Park, New York, 35, 36 Chamaecyparis thyoides, 23, 26 Cherry Choke-(Prunus virginiana), 37, 43, 44, 49, 50 European bird-(prunus padus), 42 Japanese (Prunus serrulata), 30 sweet (Prunus avium), 47 wild black (Prunus serotina), 39, 40, 44 Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), 18, 20 22, 36, 47, 50, 64 Chinese (Castanea mollissima), 29 China Beijing, 6 Guangzhou City, 6 Hong Kong, 5, 6 Clements, Frederic, 4 Communication for motivation, 57 plan, 57, 61, 68 web based, 67 Cornus florida, 23, 29, 34, 39, 45 Costa Rica, San Jose, 6 Curricula complementary, 58 school, 58 Czech Republic, Prague, 6 D Deer browsing, 2, 44, 46, 48 50, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69 culling program, 37 white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus), 36, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 63 65 Discula destructiva, 44 Dogwood anthracnose disease (Discula destructiva), 44 flowering (Cornus florida), 34, 37, 43, 44, 46, 48 50 Drought, 47 E East Orange, New Jersey, 28 33, 48, 49 Elm American (Ulmus americana), 32, 36, 46, 63 Chinese (Ulmus parvifolia), 31 English (Ulmus procera), 31 Red (Ulmus rubra), 25, 31 Siberian (Ulmus pumila), 31 England Berkshire Reading, 6 East Anglia Diss, 6 London, 6 Oxfordshire Oxford, 6 Estate landscape design, 34 European colonies, 2, 5 landscapes, 2, 63 F Fagus grandifolia, 23, 29, 39, 45, 64 sylvatica, 35 Fairmount Park Beechwood forest, 36, 49 Centennial Fairground, 35, 50 Commission, 33, 36, 37 Country Club forest, 36, 44, 46, 49 Robert s Hollow forest, 33 46, 49 Stable, 36 Finland, Helsinki, 6
Index 75 Fire railroad engine, 35, 36, 42, 50 scars, 47, 48 Forest clearance, 4, 68 clearance event, 46 dynamics, 2, 4, 5, 18, 19, 26 48, 51, 60, 62, 63, 68 inventory, 27, 37, 47, 68 maps, 28, 33 remeasurement, 26, 37 resetting event, 3, 4, 18, 22 25, 46, 48, 50 restoration, 4, 56 59, 62 69 survey, 28, 37, 49 typology, 2 Fraxinus americana, 23, 29, 32, 40, 45 G Geographic information system (GIS), 27, 28, 62 Germany, Berlin, 6 Gingko biloba, 29 Gleason, Henry, 4, 20, 22, 26 Gleditisa triacanthos, 23, 29 Global positioning system (GPS), 27, 28, 62 Greece, Athens, 6 Green scale, 44, 49, 50 Gum black (Nyssa sylvatica), 36, 39, 44, 49 sweet (Liquidambar styraciflua), 41, 44, 50 H Halesia tetraptera, 29 Hemlock eastern (Tsuga canadensis), 35, 42 Forest, 18, 44, 46, 47, 50 woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), 47, 50 Hercules club (Aralia spinosa), 41, 44 Hickory bitternut-(carya cordiformis), 37, 38, 44 mockernut (Carya tomentosa), 23, 29 pignut (Carya glabra), 23, 29 shagbark-(carya ovata), 41, 44 Historical flora, 22 25, 32, 49, 50, 63 Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), 40, 44 Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), 42, 49 Human disturbance, 1 trampling, 46, 49, 50, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69 Hutcheson Memorial Forest, 18, 47, 48, 50 I India, Bangalore, 6 Individualistic concept, 4 Insect infestation, 4, 36, 50 Invasive plants assessment, 59 management, 60 removal, 59, 60 threat, 58, 60 treatment, 60 Inventory annual, 27 continuous, 27 periodic, 27 Inwood Hill Park, New York, 43, 44 Iran, Tehran, 7 Ireland Kerry Killarney, 7 Leinster Dublin, 7 Italy, Florence, 7 Iterative process, 59 J Japan Okinawa, 7 Tokyo, 7 Japanese angelica (Aralia elata), 60, 61 Juglans cinerea, 23, 30 nigra, 23, 30, 42 Juniperus virginiana, 23, 34 K Kyrgyzstan Chuy Bishkek, 7 L Leadership, 57 Linden American (Tilia americana), 25, 31 silver (Tilia tomentosa), 31 small-leaved (Tilia cordata), 31 Liquidambar styraciflua, 23, 30, 41, 45 Liriodendron tulipifera, 23, 30, 34, 39, 45, 64
76 Index Locust black (Robinia psuedoacacia), 35, 42, 46, 49, 50 honey-(gleditsia triacanthos), 23 M Magnolia tripetala, 41 Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 7 Management, adaptive, 55 69 Maple ash-leaved (Acer negundo), 23, 29, 45, 46 Norway (Acer platanoides), 28, 32, 36, 38, 39, 41, 44, 47, 49 red (Acer rubrum), 28, 32, 34, 39, 43 50 silver-(acer saccharinum), 28, 32, 36, 37, 42, 48 sugar (Acer saccharum), 28, 32, 34, 37, 42, 47 50, 64, 65 sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), 29 white (Acer saccharinum), 28, 29, 35 Methodological actualism, 26, 28 uniformitarianism, 26 28 Metropolis, 3 8, 18, 19, 69 Metropolitan area, 3 5, 18, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 46, 48, 50, 51, 60 Microforest, 68, 69 Mishow Marsh Watershed, 46, 48, 49 Miyawaki s method, 68 Morus alba, 30, 60 rubra, 23 Mulberry red (Morus rubra), 23 white (Morus alba), 60 N National Zoo, Walbridge Forest, 63 69 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, 28, 47 New Zealand Auckland, 7 Christchurch, 7 Palmerston, 7 Wellington, 7 Nigeria Oyo Ibadan, 7 Nyssa sylvatica, 24, 30, 36, 41, 45 O Oak black (Quercus velutina), 26, 35, 37, 43 45, 48 bur (Quercus macrocarpa), 30 -chestnut forest region, 18, 19, 22, 25, 26, 35, 36, 38, 43, 44, 48 51, 63 northern red (Quercus rubra), 26, 32, 37, 43, 45, 48, 49 pin (Quercus palustris), 28, 32, 36, 49 -pine forest region, 25, 26 rock chestnut-(quercus prinus), 36, 38, 43, 44, 49 swamp white (Quercus bicolor), 26 white (Quercus alba), 34, 36, 37, 43, 45, 47 49 Odocoileus virginianus, 36 P Pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), 29 Paleopalynology, 18 22, 48 Park, 2, 28, 33 47, 49, 50, 63 69 Partnerships Green Seattle Partership, 56 60, 62 Pear Callery (Pyrus calleryana), 32 Picea abies, 30 Pine -oak forest region, 25, 26 white (Pinus strobus), 34, 42 Pinus strobus, 24, 30, 34 Plane tree London (Platanus acerifolia), 30 oriental (Platanus orientalis), 36 Plantings canopy, 63, 69 preferences, 63 sapling, 63 seedling, 66 subcanopy, 63, 69 survival, 63, 67 Platanus occidentalis, 24, 30, 32 orientalis, 30, 36 Poland, Warsaw, 7 Poplar black (Populus nigra), 30 Carolina (Populus x canadensis), 32 white (Populus alba), 30
Index Populus alba, 30 grandidentata, 24, 30 nigra, 30 x canadensis, 30 Prunus cerasus, 30 padus, 42 serotina, 24, 30, 41 serrulata, 30 virginiana, 24, 37, 38 Public announcements, 67 awareness, 67 support, 57, 67 Pyrus calleryana, 30, 32 malus, 30 Q Quercus alba, 24, 27, 30, 34, 39, 45, 64 bicolor, 24, 30 macrocarpa, 30 palustris, 24, 28, 30 prinus, 24, 36, 40, 45 rubra, 24, 26, 27, 30, 38, 45, 64 velutina, 24, 26, 27, 31, 38, 64 R Railroad engine fires, 35, 36, 42, 50 Regeneration failure, 48 seedling, 66 Remeasurement, 26, 37 Remnant forest agriculture cessation, 45 46 Hemlock Forest, New York, 46, 47, 50 Hutcheson Memorial Forest, New Jersey, 47, 50 limited cutting, 2, 46 48, 50 Mishow Marsh Watershed, New York, 46 Saddler s Woods, New Jersey, 45, 46, 50 timber cutting cessation, 2 Research methods, 4, 17, 68 outcomes, 62 staging, 62 Restoration historical continuity, 4, 55 69 plantings, 60, 61, 63, 66 69 Rhus typhina, 41 Robinia psuedoacacia, 24, 35 77 S Saddler s Woods, New Jersey, 45, 46, 49, 50, 60, 61 Saint John s Pond Preserve, New York, 27 Salix babylonica, 24, 31 nigra, 24, 36 Sapling, 1, 2, 4, 18, 27, 29 32, 34, 36 38, 40, 43 50, 61, 63 66, 69 Sassafras albidum, 25, 31, 35, 41, 45 Scotland, Glasglow, 7 Seed bed, 50 germination, 50, 65 Seedling regeneration, 66 Seton Falls Park, New York, 28, 42, 44 47, 50 Shade tree, 28 Shifting baseline syndrome, 68 Signs, 67 Silk industry, 42 Singapore, 7 Soil exhaustion, 51 fertility, 51 leaf litter, 50 modification, 66 organic layer, 50 reconstruction, 68 retention device, 60 Sophora japonica, 31 Sorbus americana, 31 South Africa Gauteng, 7 KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, 7 Species composition, 2, 18 26, 32, 48, 63 diversity, 1, 5, 28, 32, 35, 49, 50, 63 Spruce Norway (Picea abies), 30 Street Tree Forest New Jersey East Orange, 28 32, 48, 49 Haddonfield, 28 32, 49 Moorestown, 28 32, 49
78 Index Subcanopy, 1, 4, 18, 27, 29 32, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69 Succession, 4 Sumac, staghorn-(rhus typhina), 41, 44 Sweden Stockholm, 7 Uppsala, 7 Switzerland, Geneva, 7 Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), 32, 42 T Thailand, Bangkok, 7 Thuja occidentalis, 25, 31 Tilia americana, 25, 31 cordata, 31 Trail ground level, 66 raised, 66 Trampling human, 46, 49, 50, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69 public, 36 Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), 42, 48, 50 Trolley, 33, 36, 43 Tsuga canadensis, 25, 35 Tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), 34, 37, 43, 49, 50, 60 Turkey, Ankara, 7 U Ulmus americana, 25, 31, 32 parvifolia, 31 procera, 31 pumila, 31 rubra, 24, 26, 27, 30, 38, 45, 64 Umbrella-tree (Magnolia tripetala), 41, 44, 49, 50 United States California Lake Tahoe, 8 San Francisco, 8 Florida Miami, 8 Illinois Chicago, 8 Urbana, 8 Indiana Lafayette, 8 Massachusetts Boston, 8 New York New York, 8 Syracuse, 8 Ohio Cleveland, 8, 49 Columbus, 8 Dayton, 8 Oregon Portland, 8 Pennsylvania Philadelphia, 8, 18, 33 Tennessee Memphis, 8 Nashville, 8, 66 Washington Seattle, 8, 58, 59 Wisconsin Milwaukee, 8 Urban expansion, 2, 22, 48 forest history, 2, 3 W Walbridge Forest, 63 69 Walnut black (Juglans nigra), 42 English (Juglans regia), 42 War, 4, 50 Willow black (Salix nigra), 36, 42 weeping (Salix babylonica), 24, 31 Witness trees north East New Jersey, 25 27 pre-european settlement, 25, 48 south East New Jersey, 25 27 southeast New York, 26, 27 Z Zelkova Japanese (Zelkova serrata), 31 serrata, 31