Ecole Chocolat Research Report: Understanding Colorants

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1 Ecole Chocolat Research Report: Understanding Colorants From Wikipedia: Food colorings are tested for safety by various bodies around the world and sometimes different bodies have different views on food color safety. In the United States, FD&C numbers (which indicate that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in foods, drugs and cosmetics) are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature, while in the European Union, E numbers are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications. The food colors are known by E numbers that begin with a 1, such as E100 (turmeric) or E161b (lutein). Most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits. Natural colors are not required to be certified by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world, including the United States FDA. The FDA lists "color additives exempt from certification" for food in subpart A of the Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21 Part 73. However, this list contains substances which may have synthetic origins. FDA's permitted colors are classified as subject to certification or exempt from certification, both of which are subject to rigorous safety standards prior to their approval and listing for use in foods. Certified colors are synthetically produced and are used widely because they impart an intense, uniform color, are less expensive, and blend more easily to create a variety of hues. There are nine certified color additives approved for use in the United States. Certified food colors generally do not add undesirable flavors to foods. Colors that are exempt from certification include pigments derived from natural sources such as vegetables, minerals or animals. Nature derived color additives are typically more expensive than certified colors and may add unintended flavors to foods. Examples of exempt colors include annatto, beet extract, caramel, beta-carotene and grape skin extract. Current seven - In the US, the following seven artificial colorings are permitted in food (the most common in bold) as of 2007: FD&C Blue No. 1 Brilliant Blue FCF, E133 (blue shade) FD&C Blue No. 2 Indigotine, E132 (indigo shade) FD&C Green No. 3 Fast Green FCF, E143 (turquoise shade) FD&C Red No. 40 Allura Red AC, E129 (red shade) FD&C Red No. 3 Erythrosine, E127 (pink shade, commonly used in glacé cherries) FD&C Yellow No. 5 Tartrazine, E102 (yellow shade) FD&C Yellow No. 6 Sunset Yellow FCF, E110 (orange shade) Limited use - The following dyes are only allowed by the FDA for specific limited applications: Orange B (red shade) - allowed only for use in hot dog and sausage casings. Citrus Red 2 (orange shade) - allowed only for use to color orange peels.

2 Delisted and banned FD&C Red No. 2 Amaranth FD&C Red No. 4 FD&C Red No. 32 was used to color Florida oranges. FD&C Orange Number 1 was one of the first water soluble dyes to be commercialized, and one of seven original food dyes allowed under the Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, FD&C Orange No. 2 was used to color Florida oranges. FD&C Yellow No. 1, 2, 3, and 4 FD&C Violet No. 1 Canadian information I m having trouble finding out if mica (potassium aluminum silicate) is now approved in Canada - there are a couple of things referring to it s use in drugs as less than 3% but I can t find a specific reference to food. Other Countries As stated above, most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits. In the EU, E numbers cover the range of artificial colors. For an overview of currently allowed additives see here. Some artificial dyes approved for food use in the EU include: Quinoline Yellow: E104 Carmoisine: E122 Ponceau 4R: E124 Patent Blue V: E131 Green S: E142 Natural food dyes - Natural food colors can make a variety of different hues A growing number of natural food dyes are being commercially produced, partly due to consumer concerns surrounding synthetic dyes. Some examples include: Caramel coloring (E150), made from caramelized sugar Annatto (E160b), a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the achiote. Chlorophyllin (E140), a green dye made from chlorella algae Cochineal (E120), a red dye derived from the cochineal insect, Dactylopius coccus Betanin (E162) extracted from beets Turmeric (curcuminoids, E100) Saffron (carotenoids, E160a) Paprika (E160c) Lycopene (E160d) Elderberry juice Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), a green food coloring Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea), a blue food dye Azo compounds From Wikipedia: Azo compounds are compounds bearing the functional group R-N=N-R', in which R and R' can be either aryl or alkyl. IUPAC defines azo compounds as: "Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g. PhN=NPh azobenzene or diphenyldiazene." The more stable derivatives contain two aryl groups. The N=N group is called an azo group. The name azo comes from azote, the French name for nitrogen that is derived from the Greek a (not) + zoe (to live).

3 Research results of contacting the major distributors and suppliers: Chef Rubber Paul at Chef Rubber stated that the transfer sheets are made with their coloured cocoa butters - the same FD&C numbers apply. Looks like they use Blue # 1 and #2, Red #3 and 40, Yellow # 5 and 6, and titanium dioxide. The parve, kosher statement refers only to the gold and silver leaf - but the colours are also kosher.

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5 PCB Tomric Note Qzina s products are made by PCB - while PCB in Europe may contain Red #2 (E123 - amaranth) - it is banned in the US so products containing it are not exported to North America. I have a copy of a letter from PCB to Qzina stating that under registration with the FDA # that all products sent to Qzina in Miami are FDA approved. Certified free of nuts (with the exception of nut products that are made in a different facility) and GMO free. As far as I can determine - PCB uses Azo dyes in the E102-E143 range and doesn t seem to have a natural colour line. They also use minerals and titanium dioxide which have higher E numbers. Albert Uster Pur Their products are made by Chef Rubber. Pastry Ideale colors and sprays - black contains most colours so asked them to send me that - looks like all FD&C approved numbers. I have spray spec sheets for red, blue and yellow - like the black they contain ethanol, the FD&C number colour, titanium dioxide and propellant. Liquid chocolate colours contain soybean oil, soy lecithin, glycol, titanium dioxide and some of FD&C blue #2, red #40, yellow #5 Cocoa butter colours - cocoa butter, titanium dioxide, and one or more of carmine lake, Blue #2, red # 40, yellow # 5 Their products contain soy lecithin, cocoa butter, soy protein isolates and bamboo fiber. As they use natural colours they are exempt from FDA certification. Colours include annato (E160b) turmeric (E100) beet juice (E162) caramel colour (E150a) titanium dioxide (E171) vegetable juices (E163) ICB Belgium The vegetable juices may turn brown with extended heating Their Brilliant Powders contain potassium aluminum silicate (E556) aka mica Seem to have three different collections - the Standard Palette uses Azo containing dyes - a large variety of brilliant colours the Divine Collection is Azo free and no E numbers - it appears to be 100% cocoa powder as the colouring the Origins collection is coloured but all Azo free - it does not appear to contain blue, black or white

6 Wilton They also have metallics, gold and silver flake and feature transfers made with each of their collections Makes two Candy Color Sets - one primary colours, one garden colours. While they say they are OK to colour white chocolate - the fact they contain non cocoa butter fats means that it might cause streaking when added to real white chocolate Primary 4 Color Candy Kit Soy lecithin, propylene glycol, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (soybean and/or cottonseed), FD&C red #40, FD&C yellow #5, FD&C yellow #6, FD&C blue # Garden 4 Color Candy Kit Soy lecithin, propylene glycol, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (soybean and/or cottonseed), FD&C red #3, FD&C red #40, FD&C yellow #6, FD&C blue #2, FD&C blue #1, FD&C yellow #5. Chocolate World AZO FREE colours - AZO FREE kleurstoffen - AZO FREE colorants Chocolate World proudly presents its collection of AZO free colours, meaning the entire range of our food colourants is 100% AZO-dye free. To explain why we took the decision to ban all AZOdye containing colourants, it s important to know what AZO dyes are. AZO dyes are colourless particles, which have been coloured using an AZO compound. Many AZO dyes are non-toxic, although some have been found to be harmful for health. Some of these AZO dyes are used for the production of food colourants, the so-called Enumbers. Following E-numbers are known to contain harmful synthetic colourants: E102, E104, E110, E122, E124 and E129. To preserve the safety of our customers & the final consumer, Chocolate World decided to suspend the sale of any colourant with AZO dye. The regulation ( EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and the Councel of December 2008 on food additives lays down rules on food additives used in foods, ensuring a high level human health and consumer protection, and provides for rules on the labelling of food additives. e.g. Starting January 2009 all the food products containing above mentioned E-numbers, must report on their label the following text: may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. Lake powder Powder food colouring for the decoration of food, in particular of greasy food, confectionery and fine bakery. Store in a cool, dry place. The powder can be used for various purposes.standard content: 25 gr or bigger quantity 0,5-20 kg: upon request Use: Make sure you add small proportions. You can add it directly to the mixture of your dough, or apply with a brush to the surface that needs decorating. Use a soft and dry brush. You can also mix these powders with white chocolate. If you do so, add in moderation, since these colourants are very strong. You can use this for colouring your hollow figure moulds.

7 yellow E172 orange red E172 pink heavy blue white green E133-E172 violet black ribo yellow Pearl Powder - Azo free Product for the decoration of food, in particular confectionery and fine bakery. Store in a cool and dry place. This powder can be used for the same purposes as the standard powder, the only difference being the final product. These powders result in a metallic look. Unlike the standard powder, these powders can also be used for your pralines. Standard content 25gr or bigger quantity 0,5-20 kg: upon request. Use: these colours can be applied in 2 different ways: You can brush the powder with a soft and dry brush in to the mould or mix it with cocoa butter and spray with the spraying gun. Chocotransfersheets See colour chart - under the colours it lists the colours for the non coloured and coloured versions. Looks like they use all the same dyes and lakes as Chef Rubber - I suspect they might be buying the colored cocoa butters from Chef Rubber. Here is the reply I received from Nicole (the owner) - RE colors - we currently use FD&C colors for our inks. We have not yet worked with all natural pigments as they are very expensive and extremely fragile. We have recently looked into metallic like "Mica" powders to produce colors with shimmer, but we are not there yet.

8 Pavoni Lesepidado They appear to use E# s that include the Azo dyes in their liquid liposoluble colours, their cocoa butter colours and their metallic colours. All their colours - from coloured cocoa butter, inks, sprays, jellies, gels - are available in AZO and AZO free versions that comply with the regulations of the countries in which they are marketed. Design and Realization Also use Chef Rubber to make their standard coloured cocoa butters. The transfer sheets and lipid liposoluble colours are made by Pavoni - an Italian company - FD&C color numbers: Red 40 Red 3 Yellow 5 Yellow 6 Blue 1 Blue 2 Titanium Dioxide White HomeChocolateFactory Kopykake They get their inks for printing on the transfers from Cake Art - here is a statement from Cake Art about their inks: Besides the standard edible ink Cake Art has developed an AZO free edible ink. This is based on the latest European standards for color, used for printing edible decorations. In the new inks Cake Art has eliminated a number of AZO metalized dyes as E-102 (tartrazine); E104 (quinoline yellow); E110 (solar yellow); E122 (azorubine); E124 (ponceau); E129 (allura red) and E151 brilliant black and replaced by natural ingredients. Standard inks can still be used but in that case pre-packed foods using on or more of the above mentioned E-numbers need a warning on the label: Can be detrimental for the activity or attentiveness of children. Home Chocolate Factory coloured cocoa butters are from Deco Relief in France - Deco Relief makes Azo and non Azo colourings and metallics. I was unable to determine which ones that Home Chocolate Factory sells - but they looks to be the Azo and metallics in the pictures. Makes edible ink that some use on chocolate transfer programs. Includes: FD&C Red #3, #40, Blue #1, Yellow #5, #6, titanium dioxide.