6/18/18. Garden Insects of Eastern North America. Good Bugs, Bad Bugs: Friends and Foes in the Garden. Tips for Organic Gardening
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1 Good Bugs, Bad Bugs: Friends and Foes in the Garden PJ Liesch Garden Insects of Eastern North America Available Online through a number of vendors Usually ~$25 on Amazon Lots of images Covers vegetable, fruit, landscape pests and others Tips for Organic Gardening Healthy plants perform better (stress = susceptibility) Anticipate problems and be proactive with scouting Crop rotation Encourage natural enemies (diversify) Non-chemical controls (physical, cultural) Chemical controls as a last resort Non-Chemical Controls General plant care (healthy plants may outgrow damage) Most healthy plants can tolerate damage (ex. beans!) Squish, hand-pick or knock into a container of soapy water Water spray to dislodge (disease???) Physical exclusion (row covers & screens) Traps (in some cases), sticky cards Choose hardier varieties/plants Encourage/rely on biological control Chemical Controls (Organic) What is Biological Control The use of biological agents (i.e., non-chemical) to manage pest populations Using mother nature against pests 1) Increase populations of predators/parasites (direct) 2) Increase habitat for beneficials (indirect) 1
2 Increasing Habitat for Beneficials Low Diversity High Diversity Low Diversity High Diversity Herbicide-treated area Conservation Strip (Flowers) Soybeans Wheat Switchgrass Barley Alfalfa Wheat Soybeans University Herbicide-treated of Wisconsin Madison area Conservation Strip (Switchgrass) Biological Control in the Landscape Predators: Beetles Predatory insects can be very common in the landscape Predators Beetles True bugs Flies Lacewings and kin Yellowjackets and wasps Spiders Parasites Wasps Flies Roundworms (nematodes) Pathogens Bacteria Fungi Viruses Ground beetles Rove beetles Firefly Larva (w/slug) Predators: Lady Beetles Minute Pirate Bug Predators: True Bugs Damsel Bug Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) Assassin Bug Big Eyed Bug 2
3 Predators: Stink Bugs Two-Spotted Stink Bug Predators: Flies Hover Fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) Robber Flies Spined Soldier Bug Mantids Two species in WI: Chinese Mantis European Mantis Adult Lacewings Larva Eggs Larva Bald Faced Hornets Predators: Wasps Predators: Mites and Spiders Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Grass Spider (Above) Wolf Spider (Below) Paper Wasps and Yellowjackets 3
4 Parasites (Parasitoids) Usually specialists (only kill one or a few hosts) Can be ecto- or endo- parasites (external vs. internal) Same size or smaller than prey Parasitic Wasps Many species known Tend to attack only a single specific host Some have been purposely released for biocontrol Examples: Wasps Flies Parasitic Wasps Parasites: Flies Tachinid Flies Pyrgotid Fly and May/June Beetle Mummies Parasites: Roundworms (Nematodes) Many species known, some commercially available Can usually infest many different hosts Can be very sensitive to environmental factors UV light, moisture Pathogens Many are highly specific, others can infect many hosts Can be significantly influenced by weather Wet, cool weather more disease Examples: Fungi Bacteria Viruses 4
5 Pathogens: Fungi Wet Weather: Diseases Spread through spores Most require high humidity Some commercially available Pathogens: Bacteria Some are commercially available Milky spore (Bacillus popilliae) Bacillus thuringiensis Pathogens: Viruses Are extremely specific Viruses exist for many insects, including pests such as armyworms, black cutworm, and gypsy moth Milky Spore Infected Non-Infected Garden Insects Top Garden/Landscape Pest: Japanese Beetles 5
6 Alert: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Damage to Field and Vegetable Crops Slide adapted from materials of Tracey Leskey, USDA-ARS and Galen Dively, U. Maryland Damage to Fruit Green Stink Bug Adult Other Stink Bugs: Brown Stink Bug (Euschistus) Brown Stink Bug (Euschistus) Slide adapted from materials of Tracey Leskey, USDA-ARS Green Stink Bug Juvenile Pests of Tomatoes & Peppers Pests of Tomatoes & Peppers: Tomato Fruitworm Aka corn earworm & bollworm 6
7 Pests of Tomatoes & Peppers: Hornworm Pests of Tomatoes & Peppers: Cutworms Pests of Beans: Pests of Beans: Potato Leafhopper Pests of Beans: Aphids Pests of Potatoes: 7
8 Pests of Potatoes: Colorado Potato Beetle Pests of Potatoes: Potato Leafhopper 2 Generations per year -Management can target either 1st generation larvae or 2nd generation adults Some resistance to pyrethroids Pests of Vine Crops: Pests of Vine Crops: Squash Bug Saliva contains toxic substance Pests of Vine Crops: Squash Vine Borer Pests of Vine Crops: Cucumber Beetle Pollination interference Damage can resemble bacterial wilt Feeding scars General Defoliation 8
9 Pests of Vine Crops: Cucumber Beetle Pests of Cruciferous Crops: Beeltes can spread bacterial wilt, Erwinia tracheiphila No cure for bacteria, control through vector Susceptibility: Melons (not watermelon) > cucumbers > Squash Pests of Cruciferous Crops: Diamond Back Moth Doesn t overwinter in WI; arrives in air currents -4-8 generations per year once here Damage typically early-mid season Pests of Cruciferous Crops: Imported Cabbage Moth Does overwinter in WI; 3 generation/year Peak damage in June/July Pests of Cruciferous Crops: Cabbage Looper Pests of Cruciferous Crops: Flea Beetles Doesn t overwinter in WI; arrives in air currents -2 generations per year once here Damage typically late season 9
10 Pests of Sweet : Pests of Sweet : Armyworms Pests of Sweet : Cutworms Pests of Sweet : Rootworms Pests of Sweet : Earworms hort.uwex.edu Doesn t overwinter in WI Pheromone traps can monitor for arrival of adults from southern states 10
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