Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth of Specialty Coffee Industry?

Transcription

1 Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth of Specialty Coffee Industry? Norman Borlaug Institute October 27th 2010 Dr Vincent Pétiard Vpetiard@naturesourcegenetics.com

2 Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth of Specialty Coffee Industry? Outline Introduction The Agro Food Chain Challenges for the future of Tropical Commodities Will Agro Seed Industry take up these challenges? Intellectual Property Rights? How Could Plant Science help? One Example: Coffee Cup Quality Conclusions

3 The Agro Food Chain Seeds Technology Providers Seeds, Crop Protection Growers Primary Processing Secondary Processing Retail Consumer Ingredients Up-stream innovation can be valuated without vertical integration (Virtual Vertical Integration) NRC/QS - Nestlé Research Center

4 The Agro Food Chain Down-Stream Stakeholders were currently not Interested in Up-Stream Stages of the Agro-Food Chain but today: They are increasingly concerned by sustainability for: Securing the supply of safe and affordable raw materials, Corporate Social Responsability, Image and PR issues

5 SAI Platform member companies Campina Consortio Int. Ortofruticoli Danisco Dole Ecom Efico Findus Fonterra Friesland Foods Groupe Danone Kraft McCain Europe McDonald s Nestlé Neumann Kaffee Gruppe Sara Lee Tchibo Unilever Volcafe

6 Challenge of Meeting the World Food Demand Long-term growth Global calorie consumption to double by 2025 Food requirement World population Arable land per capita 0.45 ha Population increase Calorie intake increase Arable land constant Improved yield required to meet demand 0.32 ha 0.27 ha 0.21 ha E Source: Syngenta based on FAO statistics, World Bank

7 What Challenges For Tropical Commodities? Market demand is increasing especially for premium specialty products Production is increasingly competing with food and non food commodities (e.g. biofuel) Public institutions are increasingly less devoting to the R&D of perennial tropical cash crops No significant private sector devoted to the genetic of perennial, tropical cash crops

8 What Challenges For Tropical Commodities? Without continuous genetic improvement, farmers will be less inclined to continue planting traditional tropical cash crops Without significant investment in new genetic resources, it will be impossible to respond rapidly to new production pressures (e.g. new diseases/insects) HOWEVER Improving yield of tropical crops would decrease pressure on land and water resources permitting society to meet other demands Highest value in leveraging with crop protection in tropical countries might bring seed industry in tropical business

9 Coffee profitability is strongly challenged by other crops Coffee Palm oil Rubber Yield (kg/ha) Cost of production/kg (Bath) Cost of production/ha (Bath) Price/kg (Bath) Income/ha (Bath) Profit/ha (Bath) Farmers motivation is affected by the erosion of coffee profitability The field yield and the National production are rapidly decreasing

10 Profitability comparison among para rubber, oil palm, coffee and improved varieties of coffee in Thailand Profit (USD/Ha) Rubber Oil Palm Coffee Improved var coffee Year

11 Will Agro Seed Industry Take Up these Challenges? (An Innovation Driven Business) Turn Over Worldwide = $ M (2010) - Field Crops = 90 % - Vegetables = 10% R&D expenses = 12% of Turn Over = $ M (2010) Look for Added Value Downstream (De-Commoditization) Three Key Questions: - Would Seed Industry diversify to tropical crops? - When? On what Crops? - Looking for what IP and Added Value?

12 IP for New Varieties of Tropical Crops: Plant Breeder Rights

13 How Could Plant Science help? Knowledge building about quality and processing driving factors for guiding purchasing and processing, Securing a Sustainable Supply (better profitability due to better yield), Development of new varieties for new products (new quality for new products), Rapid Distribution of new Varieties at an affordable Price Trace ability of raw materials Corporate Social Responsibility, PR, Image.

14 One Example: Coffee Cup Quality To assess Genetics / Environment / Post Harvest / Processing Interactions

15 One Example: Coffee Cup Quality Is the variety a key element for cup quality? Are there markers CORRELATED to cup quality characteristics? What are the main chemicals DETERMINING cup quality? Can we distribute optimal/improved varieties? Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?

16 Is the variety a key element for cup quality? COFFEE CATALOGUE COLLECTION Producing countries Growing in a non producing country Identification via DNA fingerprinting Selection of Arabica & Robusta accessions In vitro propagation Updating: Introduction of new varieties Cryostorage Comparative field trials Growers Large scale propagation Recommendation of best varieties Agronomic and quality evaluation CATALOGUE 29/10/2010 NRC/PS 16

17 High source of diversity still not assessed in Ethiopian varieties Ethiopian accessions Axes 1 & 2 : of the top 5 quality varieties are original Ethiopian varieties Cultivated varieties : CCC varieties

18 8.2 % 1.7 Ethiopian arabica 0.7 Cultivated group % FAO-Ethio Illababor-Ethio Jimma-Ethio Keffa-Ethio unknown-ethio Sidamo-Ethio Wellega-Ethio Bourbon BourbonxTypica Catui CatimorxCatui Catimor Introgressed Sarchimor Typica Typica/Bourbon Hybride de timor

19 Are there markers correlated to cup quality? Robusta Outstanding Varieties Arabica 6 R 2 = 0,88 17 R 2 = 0, Calculated value 4 3 Calculated value Observed 4 value Observed value A ratio of Biochemicals is well correlated to cup quality but: no cause to effect relationship; 29/10/

20 What are the main biochemicals determining cup quality? Two possible approaches Biochemicals (Metabolomics) Genetic background (Genomics) 3 1 Sensory (Processing) performances 1. The genetic approach 2. The biochemistry approach NRC/PS/Vp

21 21 Discovery of Cup Quality Determinants Biochemical QTLs are matching with sensory QTL s on linkage group B. M R C2_At1g R M AY CMA R CMA M A CMA C2_At5g M C2_At5g CMA R M B CMA CFGA R AY A R M CMA R C2_At4g A A CMA M CMA AY AJ C2_At3g CMA M BAC_DK46CO2_ CMA M CMA C2_At2g M CMA CMA CMA C2_At5g M M AY CMA M AY M R AY CMA A CMA R C2_At4g CMA M CMA AY M CMA174B Sensory B M R C2_At1g R M AY CMA R CMA M A CMA C2_At5g M C2_At5g CMA R M B CMA CFGA R AY A R M CMA R C2_At4g A A CMA M CMA AY AJ C2_At3g CMA M BAC_DK46CO2_ CMA M CMA C2_At2g M CMA CMA CMA C2_At5g M M AY CMA M AY M R AY CMA A CMA R C2_At4g CMA M CMA AY M CMA174B B Comparative mapping of sensory quality and candidate biochemicals lead to the identification of compounds determining bitterness

22 Can we distribute optimal / improved varieties? The Benefit of Vegetative versus Seed Propagation for most Cross Pollinated Perennials Seed derived plantation Clonal plantation

23 Robusta Propagation in Thailand 29/10/

24 Interview of Paul Bulcke, Nestlé CEO August 27th 2010 Under the Nescafé Plan, Nestlé will distribute 220 million highyield, disease-resistant coffee plantlets to farmers by This helps farmers to rejuvenate their plantations, thus multiplying the yield on existing land and increasing farmers income. Through partnerships with public and private institutions in a number of countries, including Mexico, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia, Nestlé has already distributed over 16 million coffee plantlets over the past ten years.

25 Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf? A rabica SSR Database Ristretto Dulsão do Brasil 25

26 D E V E L OPM E N T O F A N E W M E T H O D H igh resolution melting Control Bourbon Boubon reference V ariet Batches accepted A llo-pollination Batches rejected Adulteration A dulteration 26

27 Conclusions As it has been the case for other crops, Plant Science could take up the challenges faced by tropical commodities from Orphan Crops such as Coffee: BUT Who will take them up? For the profit of whom?