Research Article The Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum of the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse)

Transcription

1 Te Scentfc Wold Jounal Volume 2013, Atcle ID , 5 pae ttp://dx.do.o/ /2013/ Reeac Atcle Te Vetebal Column, Rb, and Stenum of te Afcan Gant Rat (Ccetomy ambanu Wateoue) Mattew Ayokunle Olude, 1,2 Oluwaeun Amed Mutapa, 1,2 Temtope Kende Ounbunm, 1 and Jame Olukayode Olopade 2,3 1 DepatmentofVetenayAnatomy,ColleeofVetenayMedcne,FedealUnvetyofAcultue,Abeokuta110124,Oun,Nea 2 Depatment of Vetenay Anatomy, Faculty of Vetenay Medcne, Unvety of Ibadan, Ibadan , Oyo, Nea 3 Mane Bolocal Laboatoy, Wood Hole, MA, USA Coepondence ould be addeed to Oluwaeun Amed Mutapa; dmutyplato@yaoo.co.uk Receved 19 Auut 2013; Accepted 9 Septembe 2013 Academc Edto: B. Duun, B. B. Huat, and B. Roelen Copyt 2013 Mattew Ayokunle Olude et al. T an open acce atcle dtbuted unde te Ceatve Common Attbuton Lcene, wc pemt unetcted ue, dtbuton, and epoducton n any medum, povded te onal wok popely cted. Examned bone wee obtaned fom et adult Afcan ant at, Ccetomy ambanu Wateoue. Anmal ued ad an aveae body ma of ± m and body lent of ± 0.05 cm. Te vetebal fomula wa found to be C 7,T 13,L 6,S 4,Ca Te lowet and et pont of te cevcotoacc cuvatue wee at C 5 and T 2, epectvely. Te pnou poce of te ax wa te laet n te cevcal oup wle ote wee ap and ponted. Te eatet damete of te vetebal canal wa at te atla (0.8 cm) and te lowet at te caudal acal bone (2 mm). Te damete of te vetebal foamen wa te laet at C 1 and temalletattes 4 ; te foamna wee nelbly ndtnct caudal to te acal vetebae. Tee wee 13 pa of b. Te ft even pa wee tenal, and x pa wee atenal of wc te lat 2-3 pa wee floatn b. Te tenum wa compoed of deltod-aped manubum ten, fou tenebae, and a lende poceu xpodeu. No ex-elated dffeence wee obeved. Te vetebal column adapted fo ton mucula attacment and acton elpn te odent uted fo peed, alty, dextety, and tent wc mt enable t to ovepowe pey and ecape pedaton. 1. Intoducton Te Afcan ant at (AGR) ae n te mud oup of te ode Rodenta, caactezed by emakable featue uc a te von n te dak, keen ene of olfacton, ee ze, and ocal acceptablty wc a nceaed te dve fo bac eeac data n te pat decade. Te AGR wc an omnvoou noctunal odent a been maked a Afca econd mot unted mcolvetock [1] and ave evolved many locomotve featue adapted fo t uvval [1, 2]; t obeved to ealy cul up to bte o ecape, jump, and clmb wall and eat alty (peonal obevaton). Te keletal ytem povde te d famewok of nteconnected bone and catlae tat potect and uppot te ntenal oan and povde attacment fo mucle and, ence, play a majo pat n t odent locomoton and ultmate uvval. Tee ae many macoanatomcal nvetaton on te keletal ytem of mammal, ncludn te abbt, te unea p, te mnk [3], te bade [4, 5], te pocupne [6], te edeo [7], and te mole at [8], motly boden on kull tude. Te lteatue on te macoanatomcal featue of te keletal ytem n Afcan ant at ext wt wok on ome apect of te oteomety and mopoloy of te neuocanum [9], pelvc lmb [10], and foelmb [11], but featue of te vetebae, b, and tenum eman untuded n te Afcan ant at. Te am of t peent tudy, teefoe, to nvetate te keletal anatomy of te axal keleton n te Afcan ant at teeby advancn te oteolocal tude of t odent and to contbute to te nfomaton n t feld. 2. Mateal and Metod Examned bone wee obtaned fom et adult Afcan ant at wtout ead to ex. Te anmal wee not delbeately depved of lfe, but ate, bone wee obtaned afte ote

2 2 Te Scentfc Wold Jounal centfc expement, and o t wa not neceay to acque pemon fom te Boetc Commttee. Maceaton of bonewacaedoutbyamodfedmetodofonaetal. [12, 13] and Olopade and Onwuka [14] to emove mucle, lament, and tue. Anatomcal decpton wee adapted totemetodofözkan [8], Ona et al. [13], Olopade and Onwuka [14], Hebel and Stombe [15], Endo et al. [16], Fenande et al. [17], and Wyock [18]wt te ad of metc ntument. 3. Reult a t d m a c b f e Anmal ued ad an aveae body ma of ±41.91 m and body lent of ± 0.05 cm. Te vetebal fomula wa found to be C 7,T 13,L 6,S 4 and vaable numbe of coccyeal bone Ca Te lowet pont of te cevcotoacc cuvatue wa at C 5, wle te et pont of te pne wa at te T 2 wle n te natual poton; te et poton wa at toacolumba juncton. Te pnou poce of te ax wa te laet n te cevcal oup; ote wee ap and ponted. Tee wee no ex-elated dffeence obeved n t tudy. f e (c) f (d) (e) 3.1. Cevcal Vetebae. Tee wee 7 cevcal vetebae; te atla and te ax wee te laet wle te et wee ote and wde. Te eatet damete of te vetebal canal wa obeved at te atla bone (C 1 )(0.8cm). Te tanvee pocee wee potoned caudolateally and penetated by te tanvee canal (Fue 1, 1(c), and 1(f)). Homoloue of te cevcal b wa obeved a caudoventally dected bony plate fom te bae of C 6 (Fue1()). Tanvee foamen and ala foamen wee peent n te atla. In te ax, te caudodoally dected pnou poce of ax wa tcke and e tan te pnou pocee of te ote cevcal vetebae, and tee wa a deep oove on te caudal face of te pnou poce. Tee wee vental tubecle on te vental uface of te bode of te cevcal vetebae (Fue 1). Te pnou pocee of te ax (C 2 )andte3dand4t cevcal vetebae wee ltly caudodoally dected; te 6t and 7t wee ltly canodoally dected, wle te 5t cevcal veteba wa doally dected. Te mall tanvee pocee of te 2nd 5t cevcal vetebae wee caudolateally dected, and te 6t and 7t cevcal vetebae wee lateally dected. Te caudal end of te cotal poce of te tanvee poce of te 6t cevcal veteba wa ponted. Fovea cotal caudal wa peent on te 7t cevcal veteba Toacc Vetebae. Tee wee 13 toacc vetebae wt a total toacc column lent of 7.4 cm ann fom 0.5 cm to 0.8 cm and te vetebal canal damete vayn between 0.4 and 0.6 cm (Table 1). Te pnou poce of T 1 wa compaable to te et of te cevcal bone but, fom T 2,t aoe to an aveae of cm bean a mdattal notc at t otal tp and wa about 0.3 cm wde (Fue 2 and 2). Many of te caudal toacc bone T dtnctly boe mammllay pocee an lateally to te canal atcula poce. Te caudal end of te tanvee pocee (f) e () Fue 1: and doal and canal vew of te atla bone, epectvely; (c), (d), and (e) lateal, canal and doal vew of te ax bone, epectvely; (f) and (): doal and canal vew of te typcal cevcal vetebae, epectvely; () vental vew of C4 6 cevcal vetebae. a: doal tubecle, b: vental tubecle, c: canal atculauface,d:wnofatla,e:tanveefoamen,f:odontod poce, : pnou poce, : tanvee poce, : vetebal body, m: vental ac, o: cevcal b, : caudal atcula poce, and t: ala foamen. wee canolateally dected. Fovea cotal caudal wa moe dtnct tan fovea cotal canal. Spnou pocee of te toacc vetebae wee caudodoally nclned, and te doal pocee of te lat two toacc vetebae wee wde and doally pojected Lumba Vetebae. Tee wee 6 well-developed lumba vetebae wt a total aveae lent of 6.1 cm and eac veteba appeaed unfom n lent. Te pnou poce and tanvee pocee nceaed n ze caudally a te pnou poce became moe eect. Tee wa obeved peence of te mammllay pocee on all lumba vetebae (Fue 2(c)). Te damete of te vetebal canal ad an aveae ane of cm. Te level of te pnou pocee wa te ame on all lumba vetebae, but te lent vaed between 0.8 and 1.2 cm. Te vental cet wa peent on all of te lumba vetebae. Te tanvee pocee of te3d 5tlumbavetebaeweelaetanteote lumba vetebae. Te tanvee poce of te lat lumba veteba wa canolateally dected. Te lumba vetebae wee ltly lae tan te toacc vetebae fom te doal vew. () o

3 Te Scentfc Wold Jounal 3 Table 1: Rane of meaued paamete (cm) alon te vetebal column n et adult Afcan ant at. Paamete (cm) Lent of vetebae bode Spne lent Tanvee poce lent Vetebal foamen damete Vetebal foamen et Cevcal Toacc Lumba Sacal Caudal c k c l n l (c) (c) (d) Fue 2: and oblque doal and canal vew of te toacc vetebae, epectvely; (c) and (d) doal and canal vew of te lumba vetebae, epectvely. c: canal atcula uface, : pnou poce, : tanvee poce, : vetebal body, k: mammllay poce, l: acceoy poce, : caudal atcula poce, and : canal atcula poce Sacal Vetebae. O acum wa compoed of 4 acal vetebae, appeaed fued but te outlne of te tanvee and atcula pocee wee vble n mot pecmen tuded (Fue 3). Te total lent of te acum vaed fom 3.8 to 4.0 cm, wt ndvdual vetebae appean unfom n lent, wle te damete of te vetebal canal aned between 0.2 and 0.4 cm. Te fued tanvee pocee of S1 and S2 (pa lateal) atculated wt te lum wle te emann two wee neve nvolved Coccyeal Vetebae. Tee wee caudal o coccyeal vetebae fomn te bone of te tal wt a total lent ann between 0.6 and 1.9 cm (Table 1). Canal atcula pocee of te Ca1 to Ca7 caudal vetebae wee peent (Fue 3 and 3(c)). Tee wee udmentay canal atcula pocee fom te Ca8 caudal vetebae. Ca1, 2 & 3 wee mla to te acum, Ca4, 5 & 6, tou alo mlaly ad lae tanvee pocee wt decean (d) Fue 3: doal vew of te acum wt te pelvc dle;, (c), and (d) doal, canal, and lateal vew of te coccyeal vetebae, epectvely. c: canal atcula uface, : tanvee poce, : vetebal body, n: emal ac, : caudal atcula poce, and : canal atcula poce. body lent, pnou pocee deceaed n et fom Ca1 & Ca2 and almot entely dmned caudally. Hemal ac wa obeved at Ca6 and emal pocee fom Ca7 (Fue 3(d)). Caudal pat of te coccyeal bone fomed an oula ape, and te pocee adually became ote; te vetebal bone alo became ote and tnne poevely towad te tp of te tal Rb. Tee wee 13 pa of b; te ft even pa wee tenal (cotae veae) and te emann x pa wee atenal (cotae puae) of wc te lat 2-3 pa wee floatn b (cotae fluctuante) avn no dtnct attacment to te cotal ac. Tee wa a dtnct cotal oove on te extenal face of te aft of te 3d, 4t, and 5t b. Te econd b ad a fant oove and tee wee no cotal oove on te aft of ote b. Te aft of te ft fve b wee flat, wle te bode of te ote b wee cylndcal (Fue 4) Stenum. Te tenum wa compoed of deltod-aped manubum ten, fou tenebae, and lende poceu xpodeu. Te tenebae bode wee lende and lateally

4 4 Te Scentfc Wold Jounal q Fue 4: lateal vew of te b and vental vew of te tenum. p: manubum ten, q: xpod poce. compeed. Te lonet tenebae wee te manubum and xpod pocee wt aveae lent of 1.9 cm and 2.0 cm, epectvely. Te econd and td tenebae wee appoxmately 0.8 cm wle te otet wa te fout teneba at 0.5 cm (Fue 4). 4. Dcuon Mot of te featue found n t tudy ae laely typcal fo odent. Te vetebal fomula wa epoted a C 7,T 13,L 6, S 4,Ca 5 n mole-at [8]; C 7,T 13,L 6,S 4,Ca 6 n te Spalacdae famly [19]. In t tudy, t wa obeved to be C 7,T 13,L 6, S 4,Ca In te at, te majo axe of vetebal column and kull ae ouly n te ame ozontal lne [20]. T n cononance wt eult obeved n mole-at [8] a well a n t tudy. Te vetebal column ve uppot to temucleandlamentoftebackwcappeafmand tou yet flexble. T pobably ve te AGR eat tent a t utlze te vetebal column n moton. Te omoloue of cevcal b n te Wta at occu at C 6 [15] amean te Afcan ant at. All ote featue appeaed typcal fo odent. Mammalan acal ae eneally tee to fve n numbe [21]. In Inectvoa, acal condton vay wdely and, n mole, te vetebae ae fmly fued [22, 23]. In ou tudy, O acum wa compoed of 4 acal vetebae. Te pnou pocee of bot acal vetebae and tanvee pocee wee fued to fom pa lateal n mole-at; a n mole [8]. In te Afcan ant at, te pnou pocee wee not fued and tou te tanvee pocee of ome ad p fued pobably by ofcaton due to aen, mot wee tll epaable only by tn connectve tue and lament. In te Wta at, te atcula pocee of te coccyeal bone made no atculaton caudal to Ca 3 wee te emal ac wa fomed. In te AGR, te atculaton contnued a fa a Ca 7 bone and emal ac wa obeved on Ca 6. In pepaaton of te bone, tou lamentou attacment wee obeved oldn te vaou mucle of te back and tal. Te auto peculate tat te ton atculaton on te back and tal of te AGR fom pat of te explanaton fo te flexblty and eae wt wc t odent col up depte t ee ze and te ue of te tal n te Afcan ant at wc epoted to d, ft, and ometme pop telf on te tal (peonal obevaton). Te body of te tenum cont of fve tenebae n te mnk [3], et tenebae n te bade [4], x tenebae n te pocupne [6], and fve tenebae n mole-at [8]. In t cuent tudy, fou tenebae wee found n Afcan ant at apat fom a manubum poxmally and a xpod poce capped wt a xpod catlae. In concluon, t tudy demontate te Afcan ant at a a odent wt a ly flexble vetebal column a t eadly col up n defene o moton. T epot peent featue of te vetebal column tat may be eponble fo t and add to te body of knowlede on t odent. Conflct of Inteet Te auto declae tat tee no conflct of nteet eadn te publcaton of t pape. Refeence [1] S. Ajay, Feld obevaton on te Afcan ant at Ccetomy ambanunoutennea, Eat Afcan Wldlfe Jounal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp , [2] J. Kndon, Eat Afcan Mammal, Academc Pe, London, UK, [3] N. Duun and S. Tıpıdamaz, Etude maco-anatomquement u le o du quelette du von (Mutela von), Faculty of Vetenay Medcne, Unvety of Selçuk,vol.5,pp.13 27,1989. [4] G. Dnç, Maco-anatomcal nvetaton on te keleton of bade (Mele mele). III. Skeleton axale, Intenatonal Jounal of Healt Scence,vol.15,pp ,2001. [5] S. Hdaka, M. Matumoto, H. Hj, S. Oako, and H. Nnakaawa, Mopoloy and mopomety of kull of accoon do, Nycteeute pocyonode and bade, mele mele, JounalofVetenayMedcalScence,vol.60,no.2,pp ,1998. [6] S. Ylmaz, Maco-anatomcal nvetaton on te keleton of pocupne (Hytx ctata). Pat III: keleton axale, Anatoma, Htoloa, Embyoloa, vol. 27, no. 5, pp , [7] Z. E. Ozkan, Maco anatomy of axale keleton of edeo, Indan Vetenay Jounal,vol.82,no.8,pp ,2005. [8] Z.E.Özkan, Maco-anatomcal nvetaton on te keleton of mole-at (Spalax leucodon N.) III. Skeleton axale, Vetenak Av,vol.77,no.3,pp ,2007. [9]M.A.Olude,J.O.Olopade,I.O.Fatola,andS.K.Onwuka, Some apect of te neuocanomety of te Afcan ant at (Ccetomy ambanu Wateoue), Fola Mopoloca, vol. 68,no.4,pp ,2009.

5 Te Scentfc Wold Jounal 5 [10]M.A.Olude,J.O.Olopade,andO.A.Mutapa, Macoanatomcal nvetaton of te keleton of te Afcan ant at (Ccetomy ambanu Wateoue): pelvc lmb, Euopean Jounal of Anatomy,vol.13,no.3,pp ,2009. [11] M. A. Olude, J. O. Olopade, A. K. Aknloye, and O. A. Mutapa, Maco-anatomcal nvetaton of te keleton of te Afcan ant at (Ccetomy ambanu Wateoue 1840) II: foe lmb, Euopean Jounal of Anatomy, vol. 14, no. 1, pp , [12] V. Ona, A mopometc tudy on te kull of te Geman eped do (Alatan), Anatoma, Htoloa, Embyoloa, vol. 28, no. 4, pp , [13] V. Ona, S. Özcan, and G. Pazvant, Skull typoloy of adult male Kanal do, Anatoma, Htoloa, Embyoloa, vol. 30, no. 1, pp , [14] J. O. Olopade and S. K. Onwuka, An Oteometc tudy of te kull of te Wet Afcan Dwaf oat fom Sout Eaten Nea: mandbula and maxllofacal featue, Nean Vetenay Jounal,vol.27,pp.66 70,2006. [15] R. Hebel and M. Stombe, Anatomy of te Laboatoy Rat: te Wlkn and Wlkn Company, 428 E. Peton Steet, Baltmoe, Md. U.S.A Lbay of cone catalon n publcaton data, [16] H. Endo, Y. Haya, K. Yamazak et al., Geoapcal vaaton of mandble ze and ape n te wld p (Su cofa) fom Tawan and Japan, Zoolocal Stude, vol. 41, no. 4, pp , [17] R. M. Fenande, A. V. Abeu, R. B. Slva et al., Matenal malnutton dun lactaton educe kull owt n weaned at pup: expemental and mopometc nvetaton, Anatomcal Scence Intenatonal,vol.83,no.3,pp ,2008. [18] J. Wyock, Topoapcal anatomy and meauement of elected paamete of te at tempoal bone, Fola Mopoloca,vol.67,no.2,pp ,2008. [19] J. Leeteu and R. Saban, Généalte Su Le Squelette. Taté De Zooloe. Anatome, Sytematque, Boloe, PubléSoula Decton de Gaé, Maon et Ce., Pa, [20] E. L. DuBRUL, Potue, locomoton and te kull n Laomopa, Te Amecan jounal of anatomy, vol. 87, no. 2, pp , [21] A. S. Rome and T. S. Paon, TeVetebateBody.W.B.Saunde Company, Pladelpa, Pa, USA, [22] J. T. Saunde and S. M. Manton, AManualofPactcalVetebate Mopoloyed, Claendon Pe, Oxfod, UK, 4t edton, [23] J. Z. Youn, Te Lfe of Vetebate,OxfodUnvetyPe,2nd edton, 1962.

6 Peptde BoMed Reeac Intenatonal Advance n Stem Cell Intenatonal Volo y Genomc Jounal of Nuclec Acd Zooloy Submt you manucpt at Te Scentfc Wold Jounal Jounal of Snal Tanducton Genetc Reeac Intenatonal Anatomy Reeac Intenatonal Enzyme Reeac Acaea Bocemty Reeac Intenatonal Mcoboloy Evolutonay Boloy Molecula Boloy Intenatonal Advance n Bonfomatc Jounal of Mane Boloy