English dialects. Ling 205, Oct. 2013
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1 English dialects Ling 205, Oct. 2013
2 Historical background English is a West Germanic language, like Dutch, but with heavy borrowing from French Thumbnail sketch of the history of English Anglo-Saxon invasion: CE, Old English Danish Viking invasion of northeastern England and lowland Scotland, CE Norman Conquest: 1066 (French became the language of the powerful) Middle English replaced French by late 1300's.
3 Modern English Great vowel shift (1500's), Early Modern English (Shakespeare) Colonization of Ireland, North America ( s) Colonization of most of the rest of the world, settlement in Australia, India, South & East Africa (1800s)
4 Old English: Beowulf (1000 CE?) Hwæt! We Gardena in geardagum, þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas. LO, praise of the prowess of people-kingsof spear-armed Danes, in days long sped,we have heard, and what honor the athelings won! Oft Scyld the Scefing from squadroned foes,from many a tribe, the mead-bench tore, awing the earls.
5 Early Modern English: Shakespeare (Henry V) (from 2:50) O for a Muse of fire, that would ascend The brightest heaven of invention, A kingdom for a stage, princes to act And monarchs to behold the swelling scene! Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, Assume the port of Mars; and at his heels, Leash'd in like hounds, should famine, sword and fire Crouch for employment.
6 Languages change over time When a speech community splits in two (e.g. where some go off to colonize Massachusetts and some remain home in Norwich) the speech patterns of the two new communities may change in different directions, hence dialects.
7 English dialects seem to vary mostly in the vowels, but some consonant differences as well particularly post-vocalic rhotic split
8 A selection of dialects: from the International Dialects of English Archives
9 UK: Received Pronunciation ('posh' England-63) beat [i] pit [ ɪ] hate [e ɪ] pet [ ɛ] pat [æ] path [ ɑ] but [ ɐ] bite [a ɪ] out [aʊ] boot [u] put [ ʊ] boat [ əʊ] bought [ ɔ] pot [ ɒ] soft [ ɒ] palm [ ɑ] choice [ ɔɪ] peer [ ɪə] pear [ ɛə] part [ ɑ] hurt [ ɜ] cure [ ʊə] four [ ɔ] runner [ ə] sofa [ ə]
10 UK: Cockney (historically working class London area, England-42) beat [i] pit [ ɪ] hate [æ ɪ] pet [ ɛ] pat [ ɛɪ] path [ ɑ] but [ ɐ] bite [ ɑɪ] out [æ ə] boot [u] put [ ʊ] boat [æ ʉ] bought [ ɔ] pot [ ɒ] soft [ ɒ] palm [ ɑ] choice [ ɔɪ] law [o] peer [ ɪə] pear [ ɛə] part [ ɑ] hurt [ ɜ] cure [ ʊə] four [ ɔ] runner [ ə] sofa [ ə] pill [ ɪw] Consonants: θ, ð -> f, v; non-initial t -> ʔ, h often dropped
11 UK: Northern England, e.g. Yorkshire (England-57) beat [i] pit [ ɪ] hate [e] pet [ ɛ] pat [æ] path [æ] but [ ʊ] bite [æ ɪ] out [a ʊ] boot [u] put [ ʊ] boat [o] bought [ ɔ] pot [ ɒ] soft [ ɒ] palm [ ɑ] choice [ ɔɪ] peer [ ɪə] pear [ ɛə] part [ ɑ] hurt [ ɜ] cure [ ʊə] four [ɔə] runner [ ə] sofa [ ə] baby [ ɨ]
12 UK: Scotland (Scotland-9) beat [i] pit [ ɐ] hate [e] pet [ ɛ] pat [a] path [a] but [ ɐ] bite [ ɐɪ] out [ ɐʊ] Consonants: ʍ retained boot [y] put [y] boat [o] bought [ ɔ] pot [ ɔ] soft [ ɔ] palm [a] choice [ɒɪ] peer [i ɾ] pear [e ɾ] part [a ɾ] hurt [ əɾ] cure [y ɾ] four [o ɾ] runner [ əɾ] sofa [ ə] baby [e]
13 Ireland: Dublin (Ireland-7) beat [i] pit [ ɪ] hate [e] pet [ ɛ] pat [a] path [a] but [ ɐ], [ ʊ] bite [ ɑɪ] out [a ʊ] boot [u] put [ ʊ] boat [o] bought [ ɑˑ] pot [ ɑ] soft [ ɑ] palm [a ˑ] choice [ ɔɪ] Consonants: ʍ retained, l never velarized; t, d often dentalized peer [i ɹ] pear [e ɹ] part [a ɹ] hurt [ ɐɹ] cure [u ɹ] four [o ɹ] runner [ əɹ] sofa [ ə] baby [ ə]
14 Australia (Australia-20) beat [ ɨj] pit [i] hate [ ɐɪ] pet [e] pat [ ɛ] path [a] but [ ɐ] bite [ ɑɪ] out [æ ʊ] boot [ ʊw] put [ ʊ] boat [ ɒʊ] bought [ ɔ] pot [ ɒ] soft [ ɒ] palm [a] choice [ ɔɪ] peer [i] pear [e] part [a] hurt [ ə] cure [o] four [ ɔ] runner [ ə] sofa [ ə] baby [i]
15 US: Southern (Alabama-10) beat [i] pit [ ɪə] hate [e ɪ] pet [ ɛ] pat [ ɛə] path [ɛə] but [ ɜ] bite [ ɑə] out [a ʊ] Consonants: ʍ retained boot [u] put [ ʊ] boat [ əʊ] bought [o ə] pot [ ɑə] soft [ ɔə] palm [ɑə] choice [ ɔɪ] ten [ ɪn] peer [i ə] pear [ɛə] part [ ɑə] hurt [ ɜ] cure [ ʊə] four [ ɔə] runner [ ə] sofa [ ə] baby [i]
16 US: New England (Massachusetts-8) beat [i] pit [ ɪə] hate [e ɪ] pet [ ɛ] pat [æ] path [a] but [ ɐ] bite [a ɪ] out [a ʊ] boot [u] put [ ʊ] boat [o ʊ] bought [ ɒ] pot [ ɒ] soft [ ɒ] palm [ɑ] choice [ ɔɪ] peer [i ə] pear [æə] part [a] hurt [ ɜ] cure [ ʊə] four [o ə] runner [ ə] sofa [ ə] baby [i]
17 Canada: Newfoundland (Newfoundland-1) beat [i] pit [ ɪ] hate [ ɛˑ] pet [ ɛ] pat [æ] path [æ] but [ ɵ] bite [ ɵɪ] out [ əʊ] boot [u] put [ ʊ] boat [ ɵʊ] bought [ ɑ] pot [ ɑ] soft [ ɑ] palm [æ] choice [ ɵɪ] peer [ ɛɹ] pear [ ɛɹ] part [æ ˑɹ] hurt [ əɹ] cure [ ɵɹ] four [ ɵɹ] runner [ əɹ] sofa [ ə] baby [i] Consonants: θ, ð -> t, d, l is usually non-velarized
18 Comma gets a cure Well, here's a story for you: Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory, so she was very happy to start a new job at a superb private practice in North Square near the Duke Street Tower. That area was much nearer for her and more to her liking. Even so, on her first morning, she felt stressed. She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry. Then she put on a plain yellow dress and a fleece jacket, picked up her kit and headed for work.when she got there, there was a woman with a goose waiting for her. The woman gave Sarah an official letter from the vet. The letter implied that the animal could be suffering from a rare form of foot and mouth disease, which was surprising, because normally you would only expect to see it in a dog or a goat. Sarah was sentimental, so this made her feel sorry for the beautiful bird. Before long, that itchy goose began to strut around the office like a lunatic, which made an unsanitary mess. The goose's owner, Mary Harrison, kept calling, "Comma, Comma," which Sarah thought was an odd choice for a name. Comma was strong and huge, so it would take some force to trap her, but Sarah had a different idea. First she tried gently stroking the goose's lower back with her palm, then singing a tune to her. Finally, she administered ether. Her efforts were not futile. In no time, the goose began to tire, so Sarah was able to hold onto Comma and give her a relaxing bath.once Sarah had managed to bathe the goose, she wiped her off with a cloth and laid her on her right side. Then Sarah confirmed the vet's diagnosis. Almost immediately, she remembered an effective treatment that required her to measure out a lot of medicine. Sarah warned that this course of treatment might be expensive-either five or six times the cost of penicillin. I can't imagine paying so much, but Mrs. Harrison-a millionaire lawyer-thought it was a fair price for a cure.
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