Prepared by the I.S.S.C.T. Standing Committee on Sugar Cane Diseases. C. G. HUGHES, Australia L. A. ALVAREZ, Puerto Rico

Transcription

1 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 81.5 I ROBINSON, E. L. and STOKES, I. E., Seeks control for witchweed - Progress report. What's New Crops Sozls, 10 [8] : 14-1 j. ROBINSON, E. L. and STOKES, I. E., Witchweed: a potential pest of sugar cane in the United States. Sug. J., N. Orleans, 23 [j] : 25-27, ' SAUNDERS, A. R, Studies on phanerogamic parasitism with particular reference to Striga lutea. S. African Dept. Agr. Sci. Bz~ll., 128. WILSON JONES, K., The witchweed in Africa. World Crofis, SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION* Prepared by the I.S.S.C.T. Standing Committee on Sugar Cane Diseases 1 L J. P. MARTIN (Chairman), U.S.A. C. A. WISMER (Co-Chairman) Hawa~i, U.S.A. 1 1 E. V. ABBOTT, U.S.A. C. G. HUGHES, L. A. ALVAREZ, P. B. HUTCHINSON, R. ANTOINE, M. E. LOPEZ, S. C. ARRUDA, T. T. Lo, E. G. BABER, F. S. NAVARRETE, H. M. BARAT, France F. T. ORILLO, Phil~ppines P. BAUDIN, J. A. PIRES, Br~tish C. BAZAN DE SEGURA, VICTOR A. REVILLA, C. R. BENJAMIN, U.S.A. P. E. ROBINSON, J. BIRD, R. A. ROBINSON, Kenya S. BISESSAR, DOROTHY E. SHAW, New Guinea B. A. BOURNE, U.S.A. F. M. L. SHEFFIELD, East Africa S. J. P. CHILTON, U.S.A. C. E. M. SMITH, H. T. CHU, J. A. SPENCE, P. K. S. CLINTON, Tangany~lra I<. V. SRINIVASAN, B. DANTAS, G. C. STEVENSON, S. FLORES, H. H. STOREY, East Africa A. L. FORS, U.S.A. E. M. SUMMERS, AMALENDU GANGULY, D. G. THOMAS, ELISA HIRSCHHORN DE MAZOTI, Argentina G. M. THOMSON, HAN LIOE HONG, INTRODUCTION An up-to-date listing of sugar cane diseases and their world distribution is extremely valuable to those interested in the importation and interchange of varieties, disease control, and collecting expeditions, and also to universities and other scientific institutions where plant pathology is studied. The listing in this Chapter has been cotnpiled from the literature and from recent surveys by sugar cane pathologists in many countries. However, information from some areas is incomplete due to lack of contacts with qualified personnel. The listing is divided into the following sections : Part I. The Diseases of Sugar Cane, Their Causal Agents and Distribution. Part 11. The Cane Sugar Producing Countries and Their Diseases. Part 111. Causal Agents of Sugar Cane Diseases. * As revised October, '

2 816 PATHOLOGY The commercial cane-sugar producing countries of the world, as well as other countries where diseases have been recorded on sugar cane, with the page reference to each in Part. 11, are: Afghanistan Andaman Islands Guam Paraguay Angola Haiti Antigua Portugal Argentina South * Africa Bonin Islands Italy RBunion Bolivia Borneo Ivory Coast Samoa Senegal Japan Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Burma Somaliland Kenya Southern Rhodesia Cameroons St. Croix Ceylon Madeira - 831,St. Kitts and Nevis China Malay States St. Lucia Martinique St. Thomas Congo St. Vincent Costa Rica Mozambique (Formosa)- 832 Dominica New Britain Tahiti Tanganyika New Caledonia Thailand (Siam) -831 Dutch New Guinea and Tobago (Surinam) Turlrey Nigeria Turlrestan Egypt Northern Rhodesia El Salvador Nyasaland Ethiopia Olrinawa (Ruykyu)- 833 Florida Louisiana Grenada Palristan Guadeloupe Panama Venezuela * Now divided into: Cambodia, Laos, North Viet Nam and South Viet Nam. PART I THE DISEASES OF SUGAR CANE, THEIR CAUSAL AGENTS AND DISTRIBUTION Disease Cause Country Albino disease Unknown Arrow rot Fusarzum spp. (Poltkah boeng?) Bacterial mottle Pectobacterium carotovo- rum (Jones) Waldee var. graminarum Dowson et Hayward Baker's leaf spot BakeroPhoma sacchari China Banded chlorosis Died. Physiological (Cold, or sectional (low or high chlorosis) temperatures) Ethiopia Japan Mexlco Okinawa

3 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 817 Disease Cause Country Banded sclerotial (Leaf) disease. Basal stem, shoot and sheath rots Pellicularia sasakii (Shirai) Ito [Corticium(Hypochnus) sasaltii(shirai) T. Mat.] [Rhizoctonia grisea (Stevenson) Matz.] Armillaria sp. Dictyophora sp. Marasmius plicatus Wakker Marasmius sacchari Walrker RBunion Antigua Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Marasmius stenophyllus Mont. Olpidium sp. Blaclt leaf spot Phyllachora sacchari Argentina P. Henn. Borneo Black rot Ceratocystis adiposa (Butler) C. Moreau Blaclt spot Blaclt stripe Brown spot Brown stripe Cercospora acerosum Diclthoff et Hein Cercospora atrofcliformis Yen, Lo et Chi Cercosfiora longipes Argentina Butler Congo Renya Cochliobolus stenospilus T. Matsumoto et Yamamoto (Helminthosporium stenospilum Drechsler) Ethiopia New Guinea Olrinawa Tanganyika Martinique? Okinawa Paraguay Malay States Nyasaland Pakistan?. Japan Mozambique Northern Rhodesia Panama? Siam (Louisiana) St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and Tobago Solomon Is. RBunion Southern Rhodesia Tanganyika Venezuela Samoa Senegal

4 PATHOLOGY Dzsease Cause Country ' Bunch top (See : Malgrowths) Bunga (bulalrlak) (See : Parasitic plants) Cane-killing weed (See : Parasitic plants) Cephalosporium wilt (See: Wilt) Chlorosis Iron deficiency Limestone Antigua Ratoon (Iron chlorosis) ' Chlorotic leaf blotch Undetermined Guadeloupe (Louisiana) Guam Chlorotic streak Virus Grenada Guadeloupe R6union St. Lucia Samoa Dutch Martlnique Turlrey Cluster stool (See : Malgrowths) Droopy top Dry rot (Louisiana) Collar rot Hendersonina sacchari Argentina Butler Culm & midrib rot Papularia vinosa (Berk. et Curt.) (Louisiana) Mason Diplodia rot Diplodia sp. Downy mildew Scleros@ora sacchari Japan Miy. New Guinea Thailand Leaf splitting Sclerospora sp. disease S, northii Weston S. miscanthi Miy. Copper deficiency (Florida) Physalospora rhodina (Berlr. et Curt.) Clre. St. Thomas

5 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 819 Disease Cause Country Dry top rot Sorosphaera vasculorum Venezuela (Matz) Schroter (Ligniera (Plasmodiofihora) vasculorz~m i~atzj cook) (Plasmodzophora vasculorum Matz) Dwarf disease Elsinoe disease (See: White Speclr) Ergot Eye spot disease Fusarium sett or stem rot Grassy shoot Gumming disease Virus? Clavzceps sp. Helminthosporzum saccharz (Breda de Haan) Butler Virus Gibberella moniliformis Wineland (Fusarium monilzforme Sheld.) Virus? Andaman Islands Antigua Argentina Cameroons China Congo Costa Rica Dutch Egypt Argentina? Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Italy Japan Kenya Madeira Malay States Martinique Mozambique New Guinea Olrinawa Palristan RBuilion St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Thomas Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Southern Rhodesia Tanganyilra Thailand and Tobago (Florida) Venezuela New Britain New Caledonia Samoa New Guinea Solomon Is. Thailand Guadeloupe Xanthomonas vasculo- Antigua rum (Cobb) Dows. Dominica Guadeloupe Southern Rhodesia Venezuela Madeira Martinique. New Guinea

6 820 PATHOLOGY Disease Cause Country Gumming disease (cont.) Panama? RBunion St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia Helminthosporium Helminthosporium leaf spot * purpurascens (Florida) sp. nov. (Bourne) Iliau Gnomofzia iliau Lyon (Melanconium iliau Lyon) Inflorescence binding Ephelis pallida Pat. Internal stallr necrosis Undetermined. Knife cut Gibberella moniliformis Wineland Guam ' Leaf blast Didymosphaeria saccharicola Speg. (D. taiwanensis Yen et Chi) Leaf blight Leptosphaeria Olcinawa taiwanensis (T. Matsumoto et Yamamoto) Yen et Chi (Cercospova taiwanensis T. Matsumoto et Yamamoto) Leaf bucl~le Mechanical Leaf burn Physiological Guam Ethiopia Leaf fleclc Undetermined Leaf freckle Undetermined Guam Nyasaland Leaf galls (Pseudo-) Undetermined Leaf scald Xanthomonas albzlineans (Ashby) Dowson Dutch St. Vincent Southern Rhodesia (Louisiana) (Florida) Martinique RBunion St. Lucia * Tentatively named by Committee Chairmen.

7 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 821 Disease Cause Country Leaf sheath adhesion Unknown Leaf scorch. Stagonos$ora sacchari Panama 7 Lo et Ling Leaf splitting disease Mycosfihaerella (Also see : Downy striatijormans mildew) Cobb Leaf spot Piricularia oryzae Cav. Costa Rica Leaf stipple Undetermined Guam Leafy tuft (See: Malgrowths) Lightning injury Limestone chlorosis (See : Chlorosis) Malgrowths Bud proliferation Bunch top (Witches' broom) Cluster stool Leafy tuft Multiple buds Stem galls Tangle top (Twisted top) Witches' broom (Same as Bunch top?) Manganese deficiency (See : Pahala blight) Marasmius sheath and shoot rot (See: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rots) Elemental Undetermined (Unless indicated) Mechanical Guam Guam " Japan Nyasaland Olzinawa Southern Rhodesia

8 822 PATHOLOGY Disease Cause Country, Midrib blotch Undetermined Mosaic Virus Andaman Islands Angola Argentina Cameroons China Congo Costa Rica Dutch Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Mottled stripe Xanthomonas rubrisubalbzcans (Christopher et Edgerton) Savulescu Guadeloupe Multiple buds (See: Malgrowths) Guadeloupe Haiti Italy Ivory Coast Japan Kenya Madeira Malay States Martinique New Guinea Northern Rhodesia Nyasaland Martinique Okinawa? Pakistan Paraguay Phihppines RBunion St. Kitts and Nevis St. Thomas Siam Sierra Leone Tanganyilra and Tobago Turkey Venezuela Myriogenospora Myriogenosporn Argentina leaf binding aciculisporae Vizioli (Louisiana) Pahala blight Manganese deficiency Samoa (Florida) Parasitic plants Bunga (bulalrlak) Aegznetza zndzca Roxb. Bonin e Islands A. pedunculata (Roxb.) Wall. A. saccharicola Bakh. Chrzstzsonza wightzz Elmer Cane-killing weed Strzga spp. Kenya Nyasaland RBunion Thesium australe R. Br. Dodder Cuscuta sp. Pestalotia leaf Pestalotia fuscescens spot Sor, var. sacchari Waklcer

9 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 823 Disease Cause Country Phyllosticta spot Phyllosticta sorghina Southern Sacc. Northern Rhodesia (Phyllosticta hawaiiensis Rhodesia Caum) (Florida) (Phyllosticta sacchari Speg.) Phyllostrcta spp. Phytophthora rot Phytophthora of cuttings megaspernza Drechs. (Louisiana) (P. erythoseptica Pethyb.) Pineapple disease Polrlrah boeng Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau Gibberella moniliformis Wineland (Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) Powdery mildew Erysiphe graminis DC Italy Ratoon chlorosis (See: Chlorosis) Antigua Argentina Congo Costa Rica Egypt Andaman Islands Angola Antigua Argentina Cameroons China Congo Dutch Egypt Ethiopia Guadeloupe Japan Madeira? New Guinea Olrinawa Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Haiti Italy Japan Kenya Madeira? Malay States Martinique New Guinea Olrinawa Pakistan Paraguay Reunion St. Icitts and Nevis St. Lucia Tahiti and Tobago Venezuela Pakistan Paraguay Panama RBunion St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Thomas Samoa Siam Sierra Leone Tanganyika and Tobago Venezuela Ratoon stunting Virus Antigua disease (Q.28 disease, Ethiopia, stunting disease)

10 PATHOLOGY I Disease Cause Country Ratoon stunting St. Kitts disease (cont.) and Nevis Tanganyilra Kenya RBunion Red leaf spot (Dimeriella sacchari Tanganyika, (Purple spot) (Bred* de Haan) Hansford (Eriosphaeria sacchari (Breda de Haan) Went) Red line disease Fusarium sp. (Stem red stripe) Red rot Physalospora tucumanensis Speg. Afghanistan Angola (Colletotrichum Antigua falcatum Went) Argentina Bolivia China Congo Egypt El Salvador Red rot of leaf Pellicularia rolfsii sheath (Sacc.) West (Corticium rolfsii (Sacc.) Curzi) (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc,) Red spot of leaf sheath Cercospora vaginae Kriiger Argentina China Haiti &uadeloupe Guam Haiti Japan Kenya Madeira Malay States Mozambique New Guinea Nigeria Okinawa Pakistan New Guinea Okinawa Japan Nyasaland Panama Reunion St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia Samoa Siam Solomon Islands Tanganyika and Tobago Okinawa Reunion Siam and Tobago

11 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 825 Disease Cause Country Red stripe Xanthonzonas Argentina Guam (Top rot) rubrilineans (Lee et al) Okinawa Starr et Burkh.? Reppblic of Japan Congo Kenya Tanganyika Dutch Martinique Ethiopia Gnadeloupe Rind disease Pleocyta sacchavi (Mass.) Petr. et Syd. (Melanconzum sacchari Mass.) Andaman Islands Angola Antigua Bolivia China Egypt Guadeloupe Haiti Japan Malay States New Guinea Olrinawa Paraguay RBunion St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia Southern Rhodesia Tanganyilra Tahiti and Tobago Ring mosaic Virus? Ring spot Leptosphaeria sacchari Andaman Breda de Haan Islands (Phyllosticta Angola saccharicola P. Henn.) Antigua Argentina Bolivia Borneo China Congo Costa Rica Dutch Egypt El Salvador Guadeloupe Japan Kenya Malay States Martinique Northern Rhodesia Nyasaland Okinawa Palcistan Panama Paraguay RBunion St. Kitts and Nevis Samoa Siam Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Southern Rhodesia Tanganyilra and Tobago Venezuela

12 PATHOLOGY Dzsease Cause Country Root rots Pythzum arrhenomanes Drechs. (P. graminicola Subr.) El Salvador? Pythium spp. weakly parasitic P. butleri Subr. P. helicoides Drechs. P. splendens Braun P, complens Fischer P. irregulare Buisman P. ultimum Trow P. debaryanum Hesse P. mamillalum Meurs P. dissotocum Drechs. P. periilum Drechs. Rhizoctonia spp. Pakistan Rust Puccinia kuehnii Palcistan (Kriiger) Butler Burma Japan China Xozambique New Guinea Puccinza erianthi Padwiclc et Khan China Schizophyllum rot Schizophyllum commune Argentina New Guinea Fr. Japan Martinique Haiti?? Sclerophthora disease Sclerophthora macrospora (Louisiana) (Sacc.) Thir. et al. Sclerotial disease Sclerotzum sp. Guam (Synonymous with Sclerotium disease and Red rot of sheath?) Sclerotic disease Physiological Sclerotium disease Sclerotium sp. Sembur Undetermined Sereh Undetermined Sheath rot Cytospora sacchari Argentina Pakistan (Cytospora sheath Butler rot, stem canker) Japan ~lrinawa Smuts I. Floral smuts S.Phacelotheca cruenta? (Kuehn) Potter Sphacelotheca erianthi (Syd.) Mundkur

13 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 827 Dzsease Cause Country Smuts (cont.) Covered smut SPhacelotheca macrospora Yen et Wang False floral smut Claviceps (purpurea?) 2. Culmicolous Ustilago scztaminea Afghanistan smuts Syd. Argentina Bolivia Burma Ceylon China Congo Egypt Ethiopia Sooty mould Fumago(?) sacchari Argentina Sour rot (See: Rind disease) S~eg. Capnodium spp. Spike Undetermined Stellate-crystal Hzmantia stellifera Argentina fungus Johnston Stem galls (See: Malgrowths) Stinking rot Pseudomonas desaiana (Burkh.) Savulescu (Bacterium fiyocyaneunz saccharum Desai) Kenya Mozambique New Guinea Obinawa Palcistan Paraguay Portugal Okinawa Paraguay RBunion Siam Somaliland Southern Rhodesia Tanganyika Turlrestan Solomon Islands St. Croix and Tobago Streak Virus Egypt Kenya Madeira Mozambique Nyasaland RBunion Panama? Southern Rhodesia Striate mosaic Virus Target blotch Helminthosporium sp. Priode (Florida) Variegation leaf and stalk Genetical Panama

14 328 PATHOLOGY Disease Cause Country " Veneer blotch Deightoniella fiafiuana New Britain New Guinea Solomon Shaw Islands White stripe Undetermined Wilt Cefihalosporiunz sacchari Argentina Southern Butler Nevls Rhodesia Pakistan? Guadeloupe R6union White speclr (White Elsinoe sacchari Lo rash. Elsinoe Guam (Florida) disease) Witches' broom (See : Malgrowths) Yellow spot (leaf) Zonate leaf spot Cercospora koefikei Argentina ICruger ' Borneo Burma Malay States New Guinea Okinawa Gloeocercos+ora sorghi Bain et Edgerton Solomon Islands I PART I1 THE CANE SUGAR PRODUCING COUNTRIES AND THEIR DISEASES Angola : Mosaic, polrlrah boeng, red rot, rind disease, ring spot. Cameroons : Dry rot, eye spot, mosaic, polrkah boeng. Congo : Brown spot, eye spot, mosaic, pineapple disease, polckah boeng, red stripe, red rot, ring spot, smut. ~ ~ ~ ~ t : Eye spot, mosaic, pineapple disease, polrkah boeng, red rot, rind dlsease, ring spot, smut, strealr. Ethiopia: Banded chlorosis, brown spot, leaf burn, mosaic, poklrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red stripe, smut. Ivory Coast: Mosaic. Kenya : Brown spot, cane-killing weed, eye spot, mosaic, pokkall boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red stripe, ring spot, smut, streak. Mozambique : Brown stripe, eye spot, red rot, rust, smut, strealr. Nigerla : Red rot. Northern Rhodesia : Brown stripe, mosaic, Phyllosticta spot, ring spot. Nyasaland : Brown spot, cane-killing weed, leaf freclcle, mosaic, red spot of leaf sheath, ring spot, streak, tangle top., (Natal) : Arrow rot, banded chlorosis, Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmzus sacchari

15 AFRICA (cont.) C. A. WISMER 829 Wakker), brown spot, brown stripe, bunch top, cane-killing weed, chlorotic streak, Diplodia rot, droopy top, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, gumming disease, inflorescence binding fungus, lrnife cut, leaf buckle, leaf fleck, leaf freckle, leaf stipple, lightning injury, limestone chlorosis, midrib blotch, mosaic, mottled stripe, multiple buds, Pahala blight, Phyllosticta spot, pineapple disease, polrkah boeng, ratoon chlorosis, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, root rot (Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia sp.), rust, Schizophyllum rot, Sclerophthora disease, sheath rot, smut, sooty mould, stellate-crystal fungus, stem canker (see: sheath rot), stem galls, strealr, tangle top, target blotch, variegation (leaf and stalk), wilt, yellow spot. Senegal : Brown stripe. Sierra Leone: Eye spot, mosaic, polrkah boeng, ring spot. Somaliland : Smut. Southern Rhodesia: Brown spot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, gumming, Phyllosticta leaf spot, rind disease, ring spot, smut, streak, tangle top, wilt. Tanganyilra: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Armillarca sp.), brown spot, eye spot, mosaic, polrlcah boeng, ratoon stunting, red leaf spot, red rot, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, smut. : Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari Walrlrer), brown spot, culm and midrib rot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, mosaic, pineapple disease, polrkah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, smut, sooty mould, strealr, wilt, yellow spot. AMERICA, NORTH AND CENTRAL : Eye spot, gumming*, internal stallr necrosis, leaf burn, mosaic, pineapple disease, pokkah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, rind disease, ring spot, root rot, sheath rot. Costa Rica: Eye spot, leaf spot, mosaic, pineapple disease, ring spot. El Salvador : Mosaic, red rot, ring spot, root rot (Pythzunz sp. ). : Chlorotic strealr, eye spot, mosaic, polrlrah boeng, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, ring spot. : Banded chlorosis, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmzus sacchari Waklrer), brown spot, dry rot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, internal stallc necrosis, leaf burn, limestone chlorosis, mosaic, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon chlorosis, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, root rot (Pythzum sp.?), Schizophyllum rot, sheath rot (Cytospora), wilt. : Brown spot, chloritic streak, Fusarium sett or stem rot, internal stalk necrosis, leaf burn, mosaic, mottled stripe, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, sheath rot, sooty mould, stem galls. Panama : Brown stripe, gumming?, leaf variegation, leaf scorch?, poklcah boeng, red rot, ring spot, strealr?. (Florida and Louisiana) : Banded chlorosis, banded sclerotlal disease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari Walrlcer), black rot, brown spot, brown stripe, chlorotic leaf blotch (La.), chlorotic strealr (La.), cluster stool, droopy top, eye spot (Fla.), Fusarium sett or stein rot, Helminthospori~~m leaf spot, iliau*, internal stalk necrosis (La.), leaf buckle, leaf * Not observed in recent years.

16 830 PATHOLOGY AMERICA, NORTH AND CENTRAL (cont.) burn (Fla.), leaf freckle, leaf stipple, lightning injury, Marasmius sheath and shoot rot, mosaic, mottled stripe, multiple buds, Myriogenospora leaf binding (La.)*, Pahala blight (Fla.), Phyllosticta spot, Phytophthora rot of cuttings, pineapple disease, pokkah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, Rhizoctonia sheath and shoot rot, rind disease, ring mosaic, ring spot, root rot (Pythium sp., Rhzzoctonza spp.), Schizophyllum rot?, Sclerophthora disease (La.), sheath rot (Cytospora), sooty mould, tangle top, target blotch (Fla.), white stripe (leaf), white speck, wilt, zonate leaf spot. AMERICA, SOUTH Argentina : Black leaf spot, brown spot, collar rot, eye spot, Fusarlum sett or stemrot, mosaic, Myrlogenospora leaf binding, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, ring spot, Schizophyllum rot, sheath rot (Cytospora), smut, sooty mould, stellate-crystal fungus, wilt, yellow leaf spot. Bolivla : Red rot, rind disease, ring spot, smut. Brazll : Banded chlorosis, black rot, brown spot, brown stripe, dry rot, chlorotlc streak, eye spot, Fusariuin sett or stem rot, gumming, iliau*, leaf buckle, leaf scald, mosaic, Myriogenospora leaf binding, pineapple disease, poklrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red strlpe, rlnd disease, ring spot, Schizophyllum rot, sheath rot, smut, stellate-crystal fungus, twisted top, variegation (leaf), white speck, wilt, yellow spot. Brltish : 1 Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmzus saccharz Walrlrer), chlorotic streak, dry rot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, leaf scald, leaf varlegatlon, leaf spot, lightning injury, pineapple disease, poklrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, sheath rot, sooty mould, stellate-crystal fungus. : Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari Waltker), brown spot, chlorotic strealr, eye spot, gummlng, mosaic, mottled stripe, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, variegation (leaf), wilt, yellow leaf spot. Dutch (Surinam): Chlorotic strealr, eye spot, leaf scald, mosaic, polrlrah boeng, red stripe, ring spot. Paraguay: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari Walrker), mosaic, pineapple disease, polrltah boeng, rind disease, ring spot, smut, sooty mould. Peril -. Basal stem, shoot and sheath rots (Marasmius plzcatus; M. sacchari Walrker), black rot, brown spot, brown stripe?, chlorotic leaf blotch, cluster stool, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, mosaic, mottled stripe, polrltah boeng, ratoon chlorosis, red rot, ~ ed rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, rind disease, rjng spot, Sclerophthora disease, sheath rot, sooty mould, tangle top variegation (leaf), white stripe. Venezuela : Brown spot, dry top rot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, mosaic, pineapple disease, polrkah boeng, ring spot. Afghanistan : Red rot, smut. Burma : Rust. smut, vellow spot. Ceylon : Smut. China : Baker's leaf spot, eye spot, mosaic, pokkah boeng, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, rind disease, ring spot, rust, smut. * Not observed in recent years.

17 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION Albino disease, banded chlorosis, banded sclerotial disease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius saccharz), black leaf spot, black rot, brown spot, brown stripe?, bulaklak (bunga),, collar rot, downy mildew*, dry rot, Ergot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, grassy shoot, gumming, leaf scald, leaf spot (Pzricularia), leafy tuft, limestone chlorosis, midrib blotch, mosaic, multiple buds, Pestalotia leaf spot, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng (top rot), ratoon chlorosis, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring mosaic, ring spot, root rot (Pythzum sp., Rhzzoctonza spp.), rust, Schizophyllum rot, sheath rot (Cytospora sheath rot, stem canker), smut, sooty mould, spike, stem galls, stinking rot, streak*, striga (cane-lrilling weed), tangle top, wilt, yellow spot. : INDIAN OCEAN AREA Andaman Islands: Black leaf spot, ring spot, yellow spot. Banded sclerotial disease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Dictyophora sp.), brown spot, * Not observed in recent years.

18 832 ' J. ( PATHOLOGY I INDIAN OCEAN AREA ( ~ ~ ~ 1. ) cane-killing weed, chlorotic streak, eye spot, Fi~i disease (East coast), Fusarium sett or stem rot, gummink, leaf galls, leaf scald, leaf variegation, mosaic, mottled stripe, pineapple disease, poklrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ling spot, Schizophyllum rot, smut, sooty mould, ~tellate-~~~~t~l fungus, striga (cane-lrilling weed), tangle top, yellow spot. : Arrow rot, basal stem, shoot and sheath rots (Marasmius plicatus, M, sacchari I) brown spot, bud proliferation or abnormal buds, bunch top, cane-killing weed, chlorotic streak, collar rot, eye spot, Fusarlum sett or stein rot, gumming, internal stallr necrosis, iron chlorosis, knife cut, leaf buckle, leaf burn, leaf fleck, leaf scald, leaf sheath adhesion, lightning injury, mottled stripe, multiple buds, Pahala blight, Pestalotia leaf spot, pineapple disease, pokkah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, root rot (Pythzum sp., Rhizoctonia spp.), Schizophyllum rot, Sclerophthora disease, sheath rot (Cytospora), smut, sooty mould, stem galls, tangle top, variegation (leaf and stalk), witches' broom. RBunion: Basal stem, shoot and sheath lot (Armillaria sp.), brown spot, cane-lrilling weed (Striga), chlorotic strealr, eye spot, gumming, leaf scald, mosaic, pineapple disease, pokkah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, rind disease, ring spot, smut, streak, wilt. : Arrow rot, banded chlorosis (cold chlorosis), banded sclerotial disease, bacterial mottle, basal stem, shoot and sheath rots (Dictyo;bhora sp., Marasmius saccharz), blaclr rot, brown stripe, bud proliferation, cane-killing weeds (two), chlorotic leaf blotch, chlorotic streak, cluster stool, downy mildew*, droopy top, dwarf disease, ergot, eye spot, disease, Fusarium sett or stem rot, gumming*, iliau*, internal stallr necrosis, knife cut, leaf buckle, leaf burn, leaf fleck, leaf freclrle, leaf scald, lightning injury, mosaic, niottled stripe, multiple buds, Pestalotla leaf spot*, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon chlorosis, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, root rot (Pythzum sp.), rust, Schizophyllum rot, Sclerophthora disease, sclerotial disease, sheath rot, sooty mould, stem galls, striate mosaic, tangle top, variegation (leaf and stalk), witches' broom, yellow spot. Bonin Islands : Bunga. : Banded sclerotial disease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmzus sacchari), brown stripe, chlorotic strealr, cluster stool, downy mildew, eye spot, disease, Fusarium sett or stem rot, gumming*, leaf buckle, leaf burn, leaf fleck, leaf freckle, leaf scald, leaf-splitting disease, lightning injury, limestone chlorosis, mosaic, mottled stripe, multiple buds, Pahala blight, pineapple disease, pokkah boeng, ratoon chlorosis (iron), ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, rind disease, ring spot, rust, sheath rot, stem galls, tangle top, variegation (leaf and stallr), yellow spot. (Formosa) : Banded chlorosis (cold or sectional chlorosis), banded sclerotial leaf disease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius saccharz), black rot, black stripe, brown stripe, bunga, chlorotic streak, covered smut, downy mildew, eye spot, internal stalk necrosis, leaf blast, leaf blight, leaf buckle, leaf burn, leaf fleck, leaf scald, leaf scorch, leaf-splitting disease, leaf stipple, lightning injury, mosaic, multiple buds, Pahala blight, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, purple spot (red leaf spot), ratoon stunting, red line disease, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, root rot (Pytlzzunz sp.), rust, Schizophyllum rot, sclerotic disease, sereh, sheath rot (Cytospora), smut*, sooty mold, stem galls, tangle top (twisted top), variegation (leaf and stalk), white speck, yellow leaf spot. Guam : Chlorotic leaf blotch, knife cut, leaf burn, leaf freckle, leaf stipple, pokkah boeng, red rot, red stripe, sclerotial disease, stem galls, tangle top, white speck. * Not observed in recent years.

19 PACIFIC OCEAN AREAS (cont.) SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 833 Hawall Banded chlorosis, brown stripe, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmrus saccharz), bunch top, chlorotic leaf blotch, chlorotic strealr, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stein rot, ihau*, Internal stalk necrosis, knlfe cut, leaf buckle, leaf burn, leaf fleck, leaf freckle, leaf scald, leaf-splitting diskase, leaf stipple, lightning injury, limestone chlorosis, mldrlb blotch, mosaic, multiple buds, Pahala blight (Mn deficiency), Phyllostlcta spot, pineapple disease, polrkah boeng, ratoon chlorosls, ratoon stunting, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath?, red stripe, rind disease, ring mosaic, rlng spot, root rot (Pythzunz sp.), Schizophyllum rot, sheath rot, sooty mould, stellate-crystal fungus, stein galls, tangle top, variegation (leaf and stalk). New Britain disease, veneer blotch. New Caledonia disease. New Guinea: Banded sclerotial disease, downy mildew, eye spot, disease, gumming?, mosaic, plneapple disease, polrlrah boeng, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, rind disease, rust, Schizophyllum rot, smut, veneer blotch, yellow spot. Okinawa (Ryulzyu): Banded chlorosis (sectional), banded sclerotial disease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmzus saccharz), eye spot, leaf bhght, mosaic?, plneapple dlsease, polclrah boeng, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stnpe, rind disease, ring spot, sheath lot (Cytospora), smut, sooty mould, tangle top, yellow spot. Baker's leaf spot, banded sclerotial leaf d~sease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rots (Maraswzus plzcatus; M. saccharz), blaclrleaf spot, black spot, brownspot, bunga, collar rot, culm and midrib rot, downy mildew, dry rot, ergot?, eye spot, dlsease, Fusariunl sett or stem rot, iliau*, leaf and sheath rot, leaf burn, leaf scald, leaf scorch, leaf-splitting disease, mosaic, Pestalotla leaf spot, Phyllosticta spot, pineapple dlsease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red strlpe, rind disease, ring spot, root rot (Pythzum sp.), rust, Schizophyllum rot, sheath rot (Cyfospora), smut, sooty mould, stem galls, tangle top, white speclr, wllt, yellow spot. &moa Brown stripe, chlorotic streak, Fijl disease, Pahala blight (Mn deficiency), polrlrah boeng, red rot, ring spot. Solomon ~slands: Black leaf spot, eye spot, disease, red rot, ring spot, sooty mold, veneer blotch, yellow spot. Tahiti, Pineapple disease, rind disease. Antigua: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari), eye spot, gumming*, limestone chloros~s, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, rind disease, ring spot. ~arbados. Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmzus saccharz), dry rot, dly top rot, eye spot, Fusai ium sett or stem rot, gumming*, leaf buckle, leaf freckle, lightning injury, limestone cl~lorosis, mottled stripe, mosaic*, pineapple disease, poklrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, root rot (Rhazoctonza spp ), stellate-crystal fungus *, stem galls, tangle top, wilt*.. Banded chlorosis (cold chlorosis), basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius saccharz), biown spot, biown stripe, chlorotic leaf blotch, cblorotic streak, cluster stool, dodder, dry rot, dry top rot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, ~liau*, lightning injury, limestone chlorosis, mosaic, multiple buds, Pestalotia leaf spot, leaf stipple, pineapple disease, polrkah boeng, ratoon chlorosis, ratoon stunting, red leaf spot, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, Schizophyllum * Not observed in recent years.

20 834 PATHOLOGY WEST INDIBS (cont.) I I rot, sheath rot (Cytospora), sooty mould, stellate-crystal fungus, stem galls, tangle top, target blotch, variegation (leaf and stalk), wilt, yellow leaf spot. Dominica : Gumming. : Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari), black rot, brown stripe, dry rot, eye spot, Fusariu~n sett or stem rot, gumming, mosaic, pineapple disease, poklrah boeng, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, rind disease, ring spot, Schizophyllum rot, stellate-crystal fungus. Grenada : Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (M. sacchari), chlorotic streak, eye spot, polrlrah boeng. Guadeloupe: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasnzius sacchari), chlorotic leaf blotch, chlorotic strealr, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, gumming*, mosaic, mottled stripe, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, red rot, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, wilt. Harti : Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari), eye spot, mosaic, polrlrah boeng, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, rind disease, Schizophyllum rot. : Banded chlorosis, basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius saccharz), brown spot, brown stripe, bud proliferation, chlorotic strealr, dry rot, eye spot, limestone chlorosis, mosaic, mottled stripe, multiple bud, Pahala blight, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon chlorosis, ratoon stunting, red rot, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, rind disease, ring spot, sooty mould, stellate-crystal fungus, stem galls, tangle top. Martinique: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari), chlorotic strealr, eye spot, gumming*, leaf scald, mosaic, mottled stripe, polrkah boeng, red stripe, ring spot, Schizophyllum rot.. Banded sclerotial disease, basal stem, shoot and sheath rots (Marasmius sacchari; Olpidzztm sp.), brown spot, brown stripe, chlorotic strealr, Diplodia rot, dry rot, dry top lot, eye spot, Fusarium sett or stem rot, gumming*, lightning injury, mosaic, mottled stripe, Phyllosticta leaf spot, pineapple disease, polrlrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, red rot of leaf sheath, red spot of leaf sheath, red stripe, find disease, ring spot, root rot (Rhizoctonia spp.), Schizophyllurn rot, sheath rot (Cytospora), sooty mould, stellate-crystal fungus, stem galls, tangle top, white speck. St. Croix: Stellate-crystal fungus. St. Kitts and Nevis: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmi%~s sacchari), eye spot, gumming*, mosaic, pineapple disease, poklrah boeng, ratoon stunting, red rot, rind disease, ring spot, wilt (Nevis). St. Lucia: Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari), chlorotic strealr, eye spot, gumming*, leaf scald, pineapple disease, polclrah boeng, red rot, rind disease. St. Thomas: Dry rot, eye. spot, - mosaic, poklrah boeng. St. inc cent : - Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari), gumming*. and Tobago : Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot (Marasmius sacchari), chlorotic strealr (), dry, rot, eye spot, mosaic, pineapple disease, pokkah boeng, ratoon stunting, red leaf spot, r red rot, red rot of leaf sheath (), red spot of leaf sheath*, red stripe (). rind disease, ring spot, sooty mould (), stellate-crystal fungus, wilt. - * Not observed in recent years.

21 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION 835 PART 111 CAUSAL AGENTS OF SUGAR CANE DISEASES The causal agents of the diseases are arranged alphabetically under the following headings: Bacterzum pyocyaneum saccharum Desai Pectobacterzum carotovorum var. gramznarum Dowson and Hayward Pseudomonas desazana (Burkh.) Savulescu Xanthomonas albzlineans (Ashby) Dows. Xanthomonas rubrzlzneans (Lee et al.) Starr et Burltholder Xanthomonas rubrzsubalbzcans (Christopher et Edgerton) Savulescu Xanthomonas vasculorum (Cobb) DOWS. I. Bacterial 5. Environmental 2. Fungal 6. Undetermined 3. Virus 7. Mechanical 4. Parasitic Plants I. BACTERIAL DISEASES 2. FUNGAL DISEASES Stinking rot Bacterial mottle Stinking rot Leaf scald Red stripe and top rot Mottled strlpe Gumming Armzllarza sp. Basal stem, root and sheath rot Bakerophoma sacchari Died Balrer's leaf spot Capnodium spp. Sooty mould Cephalosporzum saccharz Butler Wilt Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau Pineapple disease Ceratocystis adzposa (Butler) C. Moreau Blaclc rot Cercospora acerosum Diclrhoff et Hein Blaclr spot Cercospora atrofiliformzs Yen, Lo et Chi Black stripe Cercospora koepkei Kruger Yellow spot Cercospora longipes Butler Brown spot Cercospora vaginae Kruger Red spot of leaf sheath Cerebella andropogonzs Ces. False floral smut Clavzceps sp. Ergot Cochlzobolus stenospzlus (Drechs.) Brown stripe Matsumoto et Yamamoto % Colletotrzchum falcatum Went Red rot (Physalospora tucumanensis Speg.) Cortzcium (Hypochnus) sasakzi (Shirai) Mat. Banded sclerotial disease Corizczum rolfsiz (Sacc.) Curzi Red rot of leaf sheath Cytospora sacchari Butler Sheath rot, Cytospora sheath rot, stem canker Deightonzella papuana Shaw Veneer blotch Dictyophora sp. Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot Dzdymosphaerza tazwanensis Yen et Chi Leaf blast Dimeriella sacchari (Breda de Haan) Hansford Red leaf spot Dzplodza sp. Diplodia rot Elsznoe sacchari Lo White speck Ephelzs pallzda Pat. Erzosphaeria sacchavi (Breda de Haan) Went Inflorescence binding Red leaf spot (purple spot) Erzsyphe gramznis DC Powdery mildew Fumago(?) sp. Sooty mould Fusarzum sp. Arrow rot Fusarzum sp. Red line Fusarzum monzlzfonne Sheldon Fusarium sett or stem rot, polrlrah (Gzbbevella rnoniliformis Wineland) boeng, knife cut Gzbberella montlzformzs Wineland Fusarium sett or stem rot, polrkah boeng, lrnife cut Gloeocercospora sorghi Bain et Edgerton Zonate leaf spot Gnomonza zlzau Lyon Iliau Helmznthosporzum sp. Target blotch Helrninthosporzum purpurascens sp. nov. (~ourne) Helminthosporium leaf spot '

22 836 PATHOLOGY FIelmintlzosporzum saccharz (Breda de Haan) Butler Helmznthosporzum stenospzlum Drechs. (Cochlzobolus stenospzlus (Drechs.) Matsumoto et Yamamoto) Hendersonzna sacchari Butler Hzmantza stellzfera Johnston Hypochnus (Cortzczum) sasakzi Shirai Lefitosphnerza saccharz Breda de Haan Leptosphaeria taiwanensis (Matsumoto et Yamamoto) Yen et Chi Lignzera (Plasmodiophora) vasculorum (Matz) Coolr Marasmaus plicatus Waklter Marasmius sacchari Waltker Marasmzus stenophyllus Mont. Melanconzum iliau Lyon (Gnomonia iliau Lyon) Melaaconzwm sacchari (Mass.) Petr. et Syd. (Pleocyta sacchari Mass.) Mycosphaerella striatiformans Cobb Myriogenospora aczculzsporae Vizioli Olpidzunz sp. Papularza vrnosa (Berlc. et Curt.) Mason Pellzculavia rolfsii (Sacc.) West Pellicularza sasakii (Shirai) Ito Pestalotza fuscescens Sor. var. sacchari Waklcer Phyllachora sacchari P. Helm. Plzyllostzcta sp. Phyllostzcta hawaiiensis Caum (Plzyllosticta sacchari Speg.) (Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc.) Phyllostzcta saccharicola Henn. (Leptosphaeria sacchari Breda de Haan) Plzysnlospora rhodina (Berlt. et Curt.) Cke. Physalospora tucumanensis Speg. Phytophthora Drechs. Phytophthora erythoseptica Pethyb. Pirzculavza oryzae Cav. Plasrlzodzophora vasculorum Matz Pleocyta saccharz (Mass.) Petr. et Syd. Puccz~zza erzanthi Padwick et Khan Puccznza kuehnii (Kriig.) Butler Pythzum arrhenonzanes Drechs. (P. graminicola Subr.) Pythium spp. wealrly parasitic P. butleri Subr. P. irregulare Buisman P. conzplens Fischer P. mamillatum Meurs P. debaryanum Hesse P. periilum Drechs. P, dissotocum Drechs. P. splendens Braun P. helzcozdes Drechs. P. ultimum Trow Rhizoctonia spp. Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn Schzzophyllum commune Fr. Sclerofihthora macrospora (Sacc.) Thir, et al. Sclerospova spp. Sclesospora miscanthi Miy. Sclerospora northzz Weston Sclerospora sacchari Miy. Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schrot.? Sclerospora Philippinensis Weston? Sclerospora spontanea Weston? Sclerotzum sp. Sclerotzum rolfsiz Sacc. Sorosphaera vasculorum (Matz) Schroter Sphaceloma sacchari T. C. Lo Sphacelotheca cruenta (Icuehn) Potter Eye spot Brown stripe Collar rot Stellate-crystal fungus Banded sclerotial disease Ring spot Leaf blight Dry top rot Basal stem, root and sheath rot Basal stem, root and sheath rot Basal stem, root and sheath rot Iliau Rind disease Leaf-splitting disease Myriogenospora leaf binding Basal stem, shoot and sheath rot Culm and midrib rot Red lot of leaf sheath Banded sclerotial disease Pestalotia leaf spot Blaclc leaf spot Phyllosticta leaf spot Phyllosticta leaf spot Ring spot Phytophthora rot of cuttings Phytophthora rot of cuttings Leaf spot, Dry top rot Rlnd diseasc Rust, -L Root rot Root rot Banded sclerotial disease Schizophyllum rot Sclerophthora disease Leaf-splitting disease Leaf-splitting disease Leaf-splitting disease Downy mildew Sclerotium disease, sclerotial disease Red rot of leaf sheath Dry top rot White speclc Smut

23 SUGAR CANE DISEASES AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION Sphacelotheca erianthi (Syd.) Mundkur Sphacelotheca macrospora Yen et Wang Stagonospora saccharz Lo et Ling Ustilago scitamznea Syd. Ustilago scitaminea Syd. var. sacchari officinaruni Mundkur Smut Smut Leaf scorch Smut Smut Chlorotic strealr Fiii Mosaic Ratoon stunting Streak Striate mosaic Aeginetza indica Roxb. A. pedunculata (Roxb.) Wall. A. saccharicola Balh. Christisonia wiglztii Elmer Cuscuta sp. Striga spp. Tlzesium australe R. Br. 4. PARASITIC PLANTS Bunga (bulalrlalr) Dodder Cane-killing weed Cane-killing weed 5. ENVIRONMENTAL Banded chlorosis Low or high temperatures or inundation Copper deficiency Droopy top Excessive transpiration Leaf burn Iron deficiency (a) on limestone Limestone chlorosis (b) on ratoons Ratoon chlorosis Lightning injury Manganese deficiency Pahala blight Temperature effects on leaves Banded chlorosis Bud proliferation Bunch top Chlorotic leaf blotch Cluster stool Dwarf (probably virus) Grassy shoot (virus?) Internal stallr necrosis Leaf fleclr Leaf freckle Leaf galls Leaf sheath adhesion Leaf stipple Leaf variegation Midrib blotch Multiple buds Ring mosaic Sclerotic disease Seinbur Sereh Spilre Stall< variegation Stem bleeding Stem galls White stripe Witches' broom Leaf buclrle Tangle top 6. UNDETERMINED 7. MECHANICAL i