Distribution Restriction Statement Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Transcription

1 CECW-EH-W Engineer Pamphlet Department of the Army U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC Engineering and Design FLOOD TOLERANT PLANT SPECIES Distribution Restriction Statement Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. EP January 1980

2 DAEN-CWE-H DAEN-CWP-P DAEN -CWO-M DAEN-MPE-I Pamphlet No DEPARTME~ OF THE ARMY Office of the Chj.ef of Engineers Washington, D. C Engineering and Design FLOOD TOLERANT PLANT SPECIES EP January =% The prpose of tbj.spamphlet is to provide guidance in the identification of plant species capable of tolerating periodic or occasional flooding. 2. Applicability. This is intended to provide preliminary guidance to district resourc; managers who are interested in revegetation or improvement of flooded habitats, such as reservoir shorelines. 3. Reference. Whitlow, Thomas H. and Harris, Richard W., Flood Tolerance in Plants: A State-of-the Art Revj.ew, Technical Re~rt ADA National Technical Information Center (NTIS) 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia Discussion. a. Shorelines of many Corps of Engineers reservoirs are stripped of vegetation by the cyclic flooding and drawdown that occur during normal reservoir operations. Such areas often are subject to rapid erosion, and are of minimal value as fish and wildlife habitat. The establishment of flood tolerant vegetation on reservoir shorelines may be accomplished by selective pre-impoundment clearing, although this is generally of minimal effectiveness, or through revegetation. Revegetation techniques are usually similar to planting practices developed for forestry, agriculture, or upland erosion control. The greatest impediment to reservoir shoreline revegetation is the identification of plant species which can tolerate the extraordj.nary wetting and drying conditions of an irregularly flooded site and the physiological impacts imposed by such conditions. b. The stresses imposed on plants by flooding are, for the most part, related to depletion of oxygen in the soil. Other factors, such as siltation or wave damage, may also be important i.n preventing plant establishment and survival. Certain plant species exhibit anatomical or physiological adaptations which allow them to survive periodj.c floodi.ngy and many of these species have been identified through ecological. investigations of swamps, marshes, recently filled impoundments, and other flooded habitats. c. The listed species in Appendix A are taken from the reference in paragraph 3 above and tabulated according to Corps of Engineer divisions. The listed species have been observed to have some flood tolerance in the

3 EP Jan 8(I regions indicated. It must be recognized, however, that Ii.ttle experimental revegetation work has been done, and that the lists should be used only for general guj.dance rather than as strict prescriptions for shoreline revegetation. Further, a variety of factors other than flood tolerance should be taken into account in planning any revegetztj.on effort. These include: depth, duration, and timing of flooding, soil types, shoreline gradient and exposure to wind and wave action, and wildlj.fe and stabj.lization value of the species planted. (-l. The reader will note that the tables in Appendix A vary considerably; that is, some divj.s;.onshave long species lists including both woody and herbaceous, ex~tic and native species, while other divisions have only a few native woody species listed. Such inconsistencies and apparent omissions reflect the characteristics of the published scientific literature and the research interests of individual investigators. The absence of a particular species from the tables does not necessarily imply that it is intolerant of flooding, and the reader i.s advised to refer to the tables for adjacent divisions as well as their own. The reader should also be aware that weedy annual species are included in the tables, and that these may be highly inappropriate, or. even deleterious, if introduced into certain environments (e.g., In the vicinity of grazing or agricultural land). FOR THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS: 1 ~pendi.x Plant Spec;.es List Colonel, Corps-of Engineers Executive Director, Engineer Staff 2

4 APPENDIX South Atlai~tic Division A EP Woody Common Scientific Box elder Acer negundo Red maple Silver maple ~. rubrum ~. saccharinum Black alder Alnus rugosa Indigo bush Amorpha fruticosa Pepper vine Ampelopsis arborea Rattan vine Berchemia scandens River birch Betula nigra Florida vine Brunnichia cirrhosa Trumpet vine Campsis radicans hickory - aquatica Buttonbush Southern white cedar Cephalanthus Chamaecy paris occidentals thyoides Hawthorn Crataegus sp. Persimmon Diospy ros virginiana Swamp privet Forestiera acuminata Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Deciduous holly Ilex decidua Sweet gum Liquidambar styraciflua Osage orange Maclura pomifera A-1

5 EP Jan 80 Red mulberry Tupelo gum Morus rubra u aquatica Loblolly pine Pinus. taeda Sycamore Cottonwood Platanus Populus occidentals deltoides Overcup ~ lyrata Cow Q. rnichauxii Willow 9 w g. phellos Swamp rose Rosa palustris Sandbar willow Salix interior Black willow ~. nigra Greenbrier Smilax sp. Bald cypress Taxodium distichum Dogbane Trachelospermum difforme Winged Ulmus. alata American ~. americana Wild grape Vitis sp. Herbaceous Alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides Purple ammannia Ammannia coccinea Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus Lake cress Armoracia aquatica Aster Aster spp. Hop sedge Carex lupulina A-2

6 EP Jan 80 Redroot flatsedge Cyperus erythrorhizos Swamp loosestrife Decodon verticillatus IIurslane Peplis diandra Crabgrass Digitaria sanguinalis Virginia buttonweed Diodia virginiana Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli Burhead E. cordifolius Slender spikerush Eleocharis acicularis Blunt spikerush ~. obtusa Squarestem spikerush E. quadrangulata Halberd leaved rose mallow Hibiscus militaris Swamp rose mallow ~. moscheutos Hydrolea Hydrolea quadrivalvis Soft rush Juncus effusus primrose Jussiaea repens willow Justicia americana Rice cutgrass Leersia oryzoides Winged loosestrife Lythrum alatum milfoil Myriophyllum pinnatum Yellow nelumbo Nelumbo lutes Sacred lotus N. nucifera Spatterdock - advena Panic grass Panicum agrostoides Mild smartweed Polygonum hydropiperoides A-3

7 EP Pale smartweed ~. lapathifolium Pennsylvania smartweed P. pensylvanicum Pondweed Potamogeton nodosus Curlyleaf pondweed ~. crispus Mermaid weed Proserpinaca palustris Yellow water buttercup Ranunculus flabellaris Lizardtail Saururus cernuus Woolgrass bulrush Scirpus cyperinus American germander Teucrium canadense Common cattail w latifolia A-4

8 North Atlantic Division EP Woody Common Scientific Box elder Acer negundo Red maple ~. rubrum Silver maple ~. saccharinum Alder Alnus sp. Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentals Cornelian cherry Cornus mas Gray stem dogwood c. paniculata White ash Fraxinus americana Green ash F. pennsylvanica Pumpkin ash F. profunda Thornless honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Black alder Ilex verticillata Black wainut Juglans nigra Pfitzer juniper.juniperus chinensis var. pfitzeriana Red cedar ~~. virginiana Regel Dolgo White Black privet crabapple mulberry gum Ligustrum obtusifolium var. regelianum Malus pumila Dolgo Morus alba - Sylvatica American sycamore Platanus occidentals A-5

9 EP Cottonwood Populus deltoides Pin ~P alustris White Pussy willow willow Salix alba. ~. discolor Black willow Spiraea ~. nigra Spiraea spp. European Iittleleaf linden Tilia cordata American Ulmus americana Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum Arrowwood Viburnum dentatum Sweet viburnum American cranberry bush ~. lentago ~. trilobum Herbaceous plantain Alisma sp. Soft rush Cutgrass Juncus Leersia effusus SP. Bur reed Cattail Sparganium = SPP sp. A-6

10 New England Division EP Tan80 Woody Common Scient~.fic Red maple Acer rubrum. Silver maple ~. saccharinum Black alder Alnus,glutinosa Ironwood Carpinus caroliniana White ash Fraxinus americana Hop hornbeam Ostrya virginiana Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata Red ~e Black willow Salix nigra Basswood Tilia americana American Ulmus americana A-7

11 EP Ohio River Division Woody Common Scientific Box elder Acer negundo Red maple A. rubrum Silver maple ~. saccharinum Pecan Sugarberry w Celtis i~l-inoensis laevigata Hackbarry C. occidentals Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentals Redbud Cercis canadensis Green ash Fraxinus lanceolata Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Kentucky coffee tree Gymnocladus dioicus Black walnut Juglans nigra Tupelo - aquatica Sycamore Cottonwood Platanus Populus occidentals deltoides Pin ~P alustris Black willow Salix nigra Bald cypress -Taxodium distichum American Ulmus americana Red U. rubra A-8

12 Swamp milkweed Sticktight Bluejoint grass Chufa Walter s millet Needle rush Fireweed Boneset Rose mallow Touch-me-not Rice cut-grass Monkey flower lotus Pale smartweed Arrowhead Softstem bulrush Sow thistle Bur-reed Cattail Herbaceous Asclepias incarnata Bidens sp. Calamagrostis canadensis Cyperus sp. Echinochloa walteri Eleocharis acicularis Erechtites hieracifolia Eupatorum perfoliatum Hibiscus palustris Impatiens sp. Leersia oryzoides Mimulus sp. Nelumbo lutea Polygonum lapathifolium Sagittaria latifolia Scirpus validus Sonchus sp. Sparganium eurycarpum Typha sp. EP A-9

13 EP Lower Mississippi Valley Division Woody Common Scientific Box alder Acer negundo Red maple Silver maple A. rubrum A. saccharinum Hazel alder Alnus rugosa River birch Betula nigra Pecan hickory = aquatica C. illinoensis Sugarberry Celtis laevigata Hackberry Q. occidentals Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentals Hawthorn Crataegus mollis Persimmon Diosp yros virginiana White ash Fraxinus americana Green ash g. ~ Swamp privet Forestiera acuminata locust Gleditsia aquatica Honey locust ~. triacanthos Deciduous American holly holly Ilex decidua ~. opaca Sweetgum tupelo Liquidambar = aquatica styraciflua A-10

14 EP Blzck &urn ~. sylvatica Planer? aquatica Sycamore Cottonwood Platanus Populus occidentals deltoides Swt~mp white ~ bicolor Spanish Q. falcata Shinf;l.c i)~ ercup 3ur water Oa-k xlit221i_ spa < ~fi:l~ak Q. imbricaria Q w Q. macrocarpa Q. nigra Q. nuttal.lii Q. yalustris willow 31zck willow Q. phellos Salix nigra!3al.5. c;l?ress Taxodium distichum Winged.. Ulmus alata American ~. americana Red ~. rubra A-II

15 Southwestern Division Woody Scientific Acer negundo A. rubrum A. saccharinum Alnus serrulata Amorpha Betula fruticosa nigra Carya illi.noensis Ccl.tis occidcntalis Cephalanthus occidentals Diosnvros FraxinL~s virginiana pennsylvanica Liqu.idarnbarstyraciflua ---- Syssa sylvatica PIatanus occidental.is ~ulus sargentii ~rercup Quercus lyrata Peachleaf willow -. Salix amygdaloides Ditchbank willow S. interior Black wil.lnw ~. nigra French Tamarisk Tamarix gallica American U1.mus americana A-12

16 Herbaceous EP Big bluestem Andropogon gerardi. Bluestem Silver bluestem A. ischaemum ~. saccharides Little bluestem A, scoparius -. Euffalo grass Buchloe dactyloides sedge Carex aquatilis Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon Rusty sedge Cyperus ferruginescens Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli Spike rush Eleocharis macrostachya Virginia wild rye Elymus virginicus Weeping lovegrass Eragostis curvula Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea purslane Ludwigia palustris Panic grass Panicum agrostoides Beaked Switch Johnson panicum grass grass? ~ P_. virgatum Sorghum halepense Purpletop Tridens flavus A-13

17 EP Missouri River Division Woody Common Scientific Box elder Silver maple Acer negundo ~. saccharinum Pecan Carya illinoensis Hawthorn Crataegus spp. Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Sycamore Platanus occid&ntalis Cottonwood Populus deltoides Swamp white Quercus bicolor Bur Pin ~. macrocarpa ~. palustris Willow Salix spp. Bald cypress Taxodium distichum American Ulmus americana Herbaceous Quackgrass Agropyron repens Western wheatgrass ~. smithii Garrison creeping foxtail Saltgrass Alopecurus Distichlis arundinaceus spicata Foxtail barley Hordeum jubatum Reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea A-14

18 EP Common reed Phragmites australis Kentucky Bulrush bluegrass Poa pratensis Scirpus validus Cattail Typha latifolia A-15

19 EP North Central Division Woody Common Scientific Box elder Acer negundo Silver maple A. saccharinum Alder Alnus spp. River birch Betula nigra Bitternut Shagbark Mockernut hickory hickory hickory - Cordiformis ~. ovata C. tomentosa Hackberry Celtis occidentals Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentals Red bud Cercis canadensis Grey dogwood Cornus racemosa Red stem dogwood C. stolonifera Red haw Crataegus mollis Persimmon Diospy ros virginiana Wahoo Euonymus atropurpureus Swamp privet Forestiera accuminata White ash Fraxinus americana Green ash F. pennsylvanica Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Deciduous holly Ilex decidua Black walnut Juglans nigra A-16

20 EP White mulberry Morus alba Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Sycamore Platanus occidental.is Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides Swamp white Shingle Bur ~. ~mbricaria ~. macrocarpa Pin Q. palustris Missouri gooseberry Ribes missouriense Black willow Salix nigra Common elder Sambucus canadensis Bristly greenbrier Smilax hispida Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia Coralberry Symphoricarpos orbiculatus American Slippery U1.mus americana U. rubra z River bank grape Vitis riparia Herbaceous Giant ragweed Ambrosia trifida Beggarticks Sedge Bidens Carex spp. atherodes Gray s Sedge Sedge sedge ~. grayii C. lacustris c. pseudo-cyp erus Enchanter s nightshade Circaea latifolia A-17

21 EP Spring beauty Claytonia virginica Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis Three way sedge Dulichium arundinaceum Needle spike rush ~leocharis acicularis Spikerush E. palustris Cleavers Galium aparine Bedstraw Avens G. concinnum Geum vernum Pale touch-me not Impatiens pallida Wood nettle Laportea canadensis Rice cutgrass Leersia oryzoides Loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata Moneywort ~. nummularia Phlox Phlox divaricata Richweed Piles pumila Climbing false buckwheat Polygonum scandens Smartweed P. virginianum Pickerelweed Pontederia cordata Kidneyleaf buttercup Ranunculus abortivus Swamp buttercup R. septentrionalis Sanicle Sanicula canadensis Hardstem bulrush Scirpus acutus Woolgrass S. cyperinus Great bulrush S. validus Greenbrier Smilax ecirrhata Greenbrier S. lasioneuron Bur reed Sparganium chlorocarpum A-18

22 Connnon cattail Nettle Xild rice e. Urtica latif~li.a gracilis Zizania q~latj.ca. EP A-19

23 EP North Pacific Dj.vision Woody Common Scientific Box elder. Acer negundo Riverbank Nuttall s mugwort dogwood Arterncsia lindj.eyana Corn~ls nuttallii Red-osj.er dogwood Walnut.Juglans s~p. Bog laurel Kalmia polifolj.a J.abrader tea Ledum ~roenlandicurn Apple Sitka spruce Pizzz. :;itchensis. Lodgepole Ponderosa pine pine Cottonwood trichocarpa Smooth Narrow Hooker Pacific Elder sumac leaf willow willow willow Rh.llsg.lahra -.. Sal.iXexigua.. S. lzsizndra Sanbucu5 c.a:~licar~ Hardback -.- Spirsa -. dollgl.asii Western red cedar Western hemlock. Tsl~. heterophylla Blueberry -. Vaccinium uliginosum A-20

24 EP Herbaceous Common Scientific Bedge Carex praegracilis Beaked sedge C. rostrata Salt grass Distichlis stricta Beardless wildrye ~~ triticoides Dwarf hesperochiron Hesperochiron pumilus Foxtail barley Hordeum jubatum Baltic Nevada rush bluegrass Juncus balticus Poa nevadensis Slender r.inquefoil Potentilla gracilis A-21

25 EP South Pacific Division Woody Common Scientific Green wattle Acacia decurrens Silver maple Acer saccharinum Pecan Carya illinoensis Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentals Red gum Eucalyp tus camaldulensis Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata Thornless honey locust Gleditsi.a triacanthos var. inermis London plane tree. Platanus acerifolia American sycamore P. occidentali.s Balm of Gilead Poplllus candicans Fremont Carolina poplar poplar P. fremontii P. Canadensis Valley Q~lercus lobata Golden weeping willow Willow Salix alba Tristis - s. goodingii Corkscrew willow S. matsudana Dune willow ~. piperi Bald cypress Taxodi~lm distichum Mexican fan palm Washingtonian robusta A-22

26 Herbaceous EP Western wheatgrass Agropyron smithii Tiff green hybrid bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon Tiff Green Desert saltgrass Distichlis stricta Lady s thumb Polygonum persicaria Alkali sacaton Sporobolus airoides A-23